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Fundamental Concepts of
Anatomy & Physiology in
      Ayurveda

     Dr. S.K. Sharma,      M.D. (Ay) Ph.D
              Adviser (Ayurveda)
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,
   Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy (AYUSH)
    Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
             Government of India
                Telefax : 011-23328576
         E-mail :   adv_ayurveda@yahoo.com

          www.indianmedicine.nic.in
Ayu               +   Veda




Life: The unified State of        Science:
   Body, Mind & Soul             Knowledge


           Ayurveda = Science of Life
Mind Body Soul Trinity:
     Personality in Ayurveda

PURUSH       Soul       CONSCIOUS
                          (Living)



PRAKRITI     Mind        Non-living
                          Matrix



             Body
AYURVEDA-What it has?
   Ayurveda is a science of life which deals with
    promotion of positive health
   Etiological factors of various diseases
   Pathogenesis of diseases
   Clinical manifestations of almost all known diseases
   Various dietary and seasonal regimens
   Curative methods for treating illness
   Vast Materia Medica of Plants, Minerals, Metals and
    Animal by products for various dosage forms
Eight Branches of Ayurveda
“Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago




     Kayachikitsa              Shalyatantra
       Internal Medicine            Surgery




    Kaumarbhritya              Shalakyatantra
    Gynae, Obs & Paediatrics    ENT & Opthalmology
Eight Branches of Ayurveda
“Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago




           Agadtantra                  Bhootvidhya
              Toxicology                 Psychiatry




           Rasayana                    Vajikarana
  Rejuvnative and Anti-aging therapy    Aphrodisiac
Objectives of
              Ayurveda
Preventive Care to
 Preserve Health




                            Therapeutic means to
                                treat Disease

          Disease Care Vs Health Care
Ayurvedic Approach of Health and
            Disease
Promotion                           Prevention
   of                                   of
  Health                             Disease

                 Ayurveda
            Science of Longevity
             with quality of life




                  Holistic
                management
                 of disease
Definition of Health


                                     Dosha - 3 (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)
                     Physical &      Agni   - 13 (Metabolic fire)
                    Physiological
                                     Dhatu - 7 (Body tissues)
Components of                        Mala   - 3 (Waste products)
   health                            Indriya - 5 (Sensory motor organs)
                     Psychological
                                     Manas - 1 (Mind)

                       Spiritual     Atma   - Soul

 One whose doshas, agni, functions of doshas and malas
 are in state of equilibrium, who has cheerful atman, mind,
 intellect and sense organs is designated as healthy.
MAN AND BIOSPHERE
          Geographical   Environment



                  Mind
            S               R          T

            P               V        K
                Body

           Socio Cultural   Environment




Macrocosm (Universe)            Vs       Microcosm (Man)
PANCHAMAHABHUTA THEORY- 5 elements


AKASH       VAYU         AGNI    JALA     PRITHVI
 Space          Air      Fire    Water      Earth



         VATA          PITTA     KAPHA +     SOUL



          TRIDOSHA THEORY- 3 DOSHAS

 HEALTH                                  DISEASE
                      AYURVEDA
EQUILIBRIUM                         DISEQUILIBRIUM
 of 3 DOSHAS                           of 3 DOSHAS
Panch      Sense     Sensory               Properties                     Actions
Mahabhutas   Organs    Faculty
                                   *Creates natural void in the body Produces softness,
  Space       Ears      Hearing           * No distinct taste        lightness and porosity

                                         *Light, clear and dry.
                                   *Governs inhalation, exhalation,
                                    opening and closing of eyelids,    Creates dryness,
   Air        Skin       Touch       extension and contraction of       lightness and
                                     joints, locomotion and other         emaciation.
                                            motor functions.
                                          *slightly bitter taste

                                         *Rough & bright eyes         Helps in digestion,
                                    *Controls temperature and luster maturation, improves
   Fire       Eyes    Visual(Sight)          of body colour.              eye sight
                                             *Pungent taste

                                     *Heavy, immobile, compact & *Increases firmness &
                                                  rough.
  Earth      Nose        Smell     *Controls organs as teeth, nails, strength of the body
                                    flesh, skin, tendons & muscles. emollient andnutrient,
                                                                      *Acts as a
                                                                                  purgative
                                              *Sweet taste.
                                                                      *Imparts glossiness.
                                           *Cold, heavy fluid            *Enhances fluid
                                    *Slimy, fat and sweat by nature   content & purgative
  Water      Tongue      Taste        *Sweet & astringent, sour &       *Acts as nutrient,
                                              saline taste.               emollient and
                                                                           purgative.
Three Doshas (Tridoshas)

 Tridoshas    are Vata, PItta & Kapha
 Tridosha concept is applicable in living organisms
 Tridoshas are biological entities responsible for
  structure, function and behaviour dimensions of
  all living organisms
 Therefore human body mind constitution
  (Prakriti), diseases, Medicines and Food all has
  been categorized in Vata type, Pitta type and
  Kapha type.
 But nothing is absolute pure; every thing is
  permutation and combination of Tridoshas
HUMAN BEING
        (Soul + Intellect + Mind + Body)
Food:   Human body - Three Dosha:     Drugs:
V       1. Vatta              V       V
 P      2. Pitta              P       P
 K      3. Kapha              K       K

                  Five elements:
S       1. Space              S       S
 A      2. Air                A       A
 F      3. Fire               F       F
 W      4. Water             W        W
 E      5. Earth             E        E
The Malas
   Malas are the various waste products of the dhatus produced
    during the normal metabolical process. The three primary malas
    being Purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat).

   Purisa is the waste left back after nutrients of digested food have
    been absorbed in the small intestine.

   Mutra The first stage of urine formation begins in the large
    intestine where fluids are absorbed into the system. The entire
    urinary system (kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra) takes part in
    the formation and elimination of urine, regulating the fluid balance
    in our body and also maintaining blood pressure.

   Sweda is the third primary mala , and it occurs as a waste
    product during the synthesis of meda dhatu (fatty tissue).
    Eliminated through skin pores, it controls body temperature and
    helps to regulate the electrolytic balance.
Concept of Body (Sarira)
There are two type of Sarira

 Gross   body (Sthula Sarira)
      Sthula sarira:-The gross body is the combination
       of the five eternal elements known as the
       panchamahbhuta and it provide matrix for
       consciousness. It is also seat of all the diseases
       and pains

 Subtle body (Suksma Sarira)
      Suksma sarira :- subtle body is composed of five
       sense-organs (jnanaindriya) five karmaindriya
       (motar organs), mahat (intellect), ahamkara (ego),
       manas    (mind)   and   five   tanmatras   (subtle
       elements). Subtle body carries all the impression
       of previous life through mind. Subtle body is a
       seat of atma (soul) . It is only Indian concept
       which elaborates what happens after death &
       rebirth.
Dhatubheden Purush Vivechana
 Ek Dhatu Purush
 Shaddhat pursh
 Chaturvinshatmak dhatu purush
Concept of Sapta Dhatus
             ( 7 Body Tissues)
Body is made up of Seven Tissues and their
  function is to maintain the body matrix
              1. Rasa                     5. Asthi
              (Plasma)                    (Bones)

              2. Rakta                   6. Majja
               (Blood)                 (Bone marrow)

              3. Mansa                   7. Shukra
               (Muscles)                 (Reproductive
                                            tissues)
              4. Medas
                (Fats)                      Ojas
                                 (Responsible for Immunity)
Dhatu Nirmana & Poshan Krama
 Ksheer-dadhi Nyaya:

  (Whole conversion)

 Kedari-kulya Nyaya:

(Sequential Conversion)

 Kalekapot Nyaya:
 (Whole conversion but time taken
for conversion depends on sequence)
Body-Mind Constitution (Prakriti)

   It is the group of specific
    characters emerged by the union
    the “Shukra” (Spermatozoa) and
    the “Shonita” (Ovum) of the
    parents at the time of conception.

   This formulate the Genetic
    Architect of body-mind and
    decides health, likes & dislikes

   It can tell us the diseases
    susceptibility of an individual.
Concept of Prakriti
             (Body Mind Constitution and Temperament)

 Concept  of Prakriti (human constitution) occupies
  prime position in relation to physiological attributes to
  health and disease.

 Prakriti is a composite whole of Mind-Body complex.
  It is determined by relative predominance of dosha in
  intra-uterine life of a fetus.

 Prakritiis unchangeable throughout the life span, but
  one can take remedial measures in diet and behavior
  suitable to his/her prakriti to maintain health and
  prevention of disease.
Prakriti
             A. Deha Prakriti (7 types)
Physical manifestations: Single, Dual and Three Doshaj
                     Types of Saririk Prakriti (7)
Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Vata+Pitta, Vata+Kapha, Pitta+Kapha, and Tridoshaj




          B. Manas Prakriti (16 types)
                    Psychic Manifestations:
                      Types of Manasik Prakriti
                Satvik (7), Rajasik (6),Tamasik (3)
Significance of Prakriti in Clinical
                   Medicine
   For Promotive & Preventive Health
       Know your prakriti and diseases susceptibility
       Prakriti will tell the risk factors, course of disease,
        complications and prognosis
       Follow your diet, behaviour, profession and life style
        suitable to your prakriti to lead a healthy life.
   Curative Health
       Select the drugs and dose as per prakriti
       Drug body interaction and reaction pattern depend upon
        the prakriti of individual & drug
       Associated complications of a disease, prognosis and
        their treatment can be improved as per prakriti of
        disease & individual
Disease Susceptibility & Prakriti
 Vataj    person:
  Insomnia,  Neurological disorders, Joint
    disorders etc.
 Pittaj   person:
  Peptic  ulcer, Bleeding disorders, Liver
    disorders etc.
 Kaphaj    person:
  Obesity,    Diabetes, Heart diseases etc.
Ojas
 Essence of all body tissues
 Site of Ojas- Hridya
 Gets nutrition from food
 Two types
  Par Oja- Ardhanjali
  Apar Oja- Eight Drops

 Ojakshaya
  Visransan: Mild deficiency
  Vyapat: Moderate deficiency
  Kshaya- Severe deficiency- Loss of Immunity
Twacha (Skin), Kala
          (Membranes)
 Six Layers       Six Kalas
  Avbhasini        Mansadhara
  Lohita           Raktadhara
  Shweta           Medadhara
  Tamra            Shelshmadhara
  Vedini           Prishadhara
  Mansdhara        Pittadhara
Asthi (Bones)
 Bones form the structure
  and whole body rests on
  this structure
 Bones are formed from
  Pitraj Bhava during
  embryonic development
 There are 206 bones in
  the body
Sandhi (Joints)
 The places where Bones meet are called Sandhis
 Number of Sandhis in body
   As per Charaka- 290
   As per Sushruta- 210

 Types-Two: Chala & Achala
 Types-Eight: Kora (Hinge Joints),

 Ulukhal (Ball & Socket),
 Samudag (Slightly movable),
 Pratar (Gliding),
 Tunnasevni (Suture),
 Vayastunda (Jaw),
 Shankavarta
Anatomical Division of Body
 Shadang
  Shakha (4)- Extremities

   - two hands, two legs
  Madhya Sarira- Middle Body
  Urdhvajatru- Above neck
Concept of Srotas in Body
       (Macro & Micro Channels of Circulation)
   Human body is made up of srotas
    (Macro- & Micro- Channels)

   Smooth flow of materials inside channels
    leads to health & fitness
   Obstruction in srotas initiates the disease
    process- intracellular to system level
   E.g.- The function of athero-thrombotic
    plaques is responsible for Cardiovascular
    disorders
   Endothelial    dysfunction     leads     to
    obstruction and variety of diseases in the
    body
   Srotas concept is very significant from
    clinical point of view for prevention & cure
    of diseases
Charaka Samhita describes thirteen srotas.
Three srotas connect the individual to the external world:
 Prana vaha srota--the channels carrying prana, the breath.
 Anna vaha srota--the channels transporting solid and liquid foods
 Udaka vaha srotas--the channels transporting water (no Western equivalent)


Seven srotas represent channels to and from the tissues (dhatus):
 Rasa vaha srotas--the channels carrying plasma and lymph
 Rakta vaha srotas--the channels carrying blood cells and specifically
  hemoglobin
 Mamsa vaha srotas--the channels carrying muscle nutrients and wastes
 Meda vaha srotas--the channels supplying the various adipose tissues of the
  body
 Asthi vaha srotas--the channels bring nutrients to the bones and transporting
  wastes.
 Majja vaha srotas--the channels supplying the bone marrow and nerves
  including the brain
 Sukra vaha srota--the channels carrying the sperm and ova and supplying their
  nutrients
Conti….
Three srotas regulate the elimination of metabolic waste products:
 Purisha vaha srotas--the channels which carry the feces
 Mutra vaha srotas--the channels which carry the urine
 Sveda vaha srotas--the channels which carry perspiration

Two srotas are specific for women:
 Artava vaha srotas--the channels which carry the menstrum
 Stanya vaha srotas--the channels carrying the breast milk during
  lactation
One srota is associated with the mind (manas):
 Mano vaha srota--the channels which carry thoughts, ideas,
  emotions, and impressions
Obstruction of Srotas in
      Aetiopathogenesis of Diseases

 Intestinal   Obstruction

 Common    Bile Duct
  Obstruction

 Arthroscerosis
    Coronary  Artery Disease
    Transient Ischemic
     Attack
Cleaning-Purification of Srotas for
         Treatment of Diseases
   Panchkarma procedures like Sweating, Emesis,
    Purgation, Enema etc. are meant for purification of
    Srotas – At Macro- & Micro- levels

   Kaphahara medicines are aimed to reduce the
    obstruction of srotas

   Activities like fasting, exercise also clear the
    Srotas – lead to good health

   Yogic Shatkriya (Six procedures)- Neti, Dhauti,
    Nauli Basti, Kapalbhati, Trataka etc.
Concept of Agni – Metabolic Fire
   Physiological concept of digestion and
    metabolism is based on the concept of Agni-
    Metabolic fire
   Food digestion in stomach & GIT is initiated by
    major Jathragni. This can be equated with
    enzymes, hormones and secretions of
    digestion.
   Nutrition & tissue metabolism is carried out by
    seven Dhatwagnies – at various tissues of body
   Micro-digestion and bio-transformation at
    cellular, subatomic and elemental levels is
    carried out by 5 Bhutagnis at gene level
   Therefore from gross to subtle level, digestion,
    nutrition & metabolism is carried out by 13
    types of metabolic fires-Agnis
   The status of health and nutrition depends upon
CONCEPT OF AGNI (BIOLOGICAL FIRE)

                  Normal Agni
                      Food
Essence of digested          Waste products (Mala)
   food (Sara)               normal excretion
- Nutrition to body
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Nutrition of Panchbhoota (5 elements)

Balance of Dosha – VPK - Health
CONCEPT OF AMA
 (Toxic metabolites are produced due to improper digestion)
      Abnormal Agni (abnormal biological fire)

                      Aahar (Food)
Improperly digested            Improper waste products
         food products              & accumulation of
wastes

- Malnutrition of the body tissue

- Formation of Ama (undigested toxic food products)

- Toxic metabolites (act as allergens)

- Start of Antigen- Antibody Reaction

- Stimulates – auto-immune complex formation
Significance of Agni in
    Aetiopathogenesis / Clinical Medicine
   Digestive Disorders
     Dyspepsia
     Irritable Bowel Syndrome
     Colitis

   Allergies of Skin,
    Respiratory system

   Autoimmune Disorders
       Rheumatoid Arthritis

   Life Style Disorders
     Metabolic Syndrome
     Obesity
Six Stages of Pathogenesis -
              Shatkriyakala
                          S
    1. Sanchaya                    4. Sthansamshraya
(Stage of Accumulation)   A   (Stage of Deposition at weak site)
                          M
     2. Prakopa           P          5. Vyaktavastha
  (Stage of Vitiation)
                          R   (Stage of Disease Manifestation
                                    Signs & Symptoms)
                          A
     3. Prasara
  (Stage of Spread)       P          6. Bhedavastha
                                  (Stage of Complications)
                          T
                          I
Marma Vigyana
          (Vital Points of Body)
 Trimarma- Vasti, Hridya, Shir
 Total Numbers of marmas: 107
 Types- Based on Structure & Based on
 Discomfort/ Dysfunction
   Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma,
   Sandhimarma, Asthimarma, Dnamnimarma
   Sadhyapranahara, Kalantarpranahar,

   Vaikalyakar, Vishalyagh, Rujakara
Trividh Naadi, Shatchakra-
       Components of Nervous System
 Ida, Pingala Sushmuna
 14 major Nadis, Overall

  more than 3.5 Lakh
 Shatchakra
  Muladhar
  Swadhishthan
  Manipoor
  Anahat
  Vishuddh
  Agyachakra
Indriysharira
 Gyanendriyas (Sensory Organs)
  Eyes
  Ears
  Nose
  Skin
  Tongue

 Karmendriyas (Motor organs)
 Mana
THANKS

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Fundamental concept of anatomy physiology ircs course 1.03.11

  • 1. Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy & Physiology in Ayurveda Dr. S.K. Sharma, M.D. (Ay) Ph.D Adviser (Ayurveda) Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy (AYUSH) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Telefax : 011-23328576 E-mail : adv_ayurveda@yahoo.com www.indianmedicine.nic.in
  • 2. Ayu + Veda Life: The unified State of Science: Body, Mind & Soul Knowledge Ayurveda = Science of Life
  • 3. Mind Body Soul Trinity: Personality in Ayurveda PURUSH Soul CONSCIOUS (Living) PRAKRITI Mind Non-living Matrix Body
  • 4. AYURVEDA-What it has?  Ayurveda is a science of life which deals with promotion of positive health  Etiological factors of various diseases  Pathogenesis of diseases  Clinical manifestations of almost all known diseases  Various dietary and seasonal regimens  Curative methods for treating illness  Vast Materia Medica of Plants, Minerals, Metals and Animal by products for various dosage forms
  • 5. Eight Branches of Ayurveda “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago Kayachikitsa Shalyatantra Internal Medicine Surgery Kaumarbhritya Shalakyatantra Gynae, Obs & Paediatrics ENT & Opthalmology
  • 6. Eight Branches of Ayurveda “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago Agadtantra Bhootvidhya Toxicology Psychiatry Rasayana Vajikarana Rejuvnative and Anti-aging therapy Aphrodisiac
  • 7. Objectives of Ayurveda Preventive Care to Preserve Health Therapeutic means to treat Disease Disease Care Vs Health Care
  • 8. Ayurvedic Approach of Health and Disease Promotion Prevention of of Health Disease Ayurveda Science of Longevity with quality of life Holistic management of disease
  • 9. Definition of Health Dosha - 3 (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) Physical & Agni - 13 (Metabolic fire) Physiological Dhatu - 7 (Body tissues) Components of Mala - 3 (Waste products) health Indriya - 5 (Sensory motor organs) Psychological Manas - 1 (Mind) Spiritual Atma - Soul One whose doshas, agni, functions of doshas and malas are in state of equilibrium, who has cheerful atman, mind, intellect and sense organs is designated as healthy.
  • 10. MAN AND BIOSPHERE Geographical Environment Mind S R T P V K Body Socio Cultural Environment Macrocosm (Universe) Vs Microcosm (Man)
  • 11. PANCHAMAHABHUTA THEORY- 5 elements AKASH VAYU AGNI JALA PRITHVI Space Air Fire Water Earth VATA PITTA KAPHA + SOUL TRIDOSHA THEORY- 3 DOSHAS HEALTH DISEASE AYURVEDA EQUILIBRIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM of 3 DOSHAS of 3 DOSHAS
  • 12. Panch Sense Sensory Properties Actions Mahabhutas Organs Faculty *Creates natural void in the body Produces softness, Space Ears Hearing * No distinct taste lightness and porosity *Light, clear and dry. *Governs inhalation, exhalation, opening and closing of eyelids, Creates dryness, Air Skin Touch extension and contraction of lightness and joints, locomotion and other emaciation. motor functions. *slightly bitter taste *Rough & bright eyes Helps in digestion, *Controls temperature and luster maturation, improves Fire Eyes Visual(Sight) of body colour. eye sight *Pungent taste *Heavy, immobile, compact & *Increases firmness & rough. Earth Nose Smell *Controls organs as teeth, nails, strength of the body flesh, skin, tendons & muscles. emollient andnutrient, *Acts as a purgative *Sweet taste. *Imparts glossiness. *Cold, heavy fluid *Enhances fluid *Slimy, fat and sweat by nature content & purgative Water Tongue Taste *Sweet & astringent, sour & *Acts as nutrient, saline taste. emollient and purgative.
  • 13. Three Doshas (Tridoshas)  Tridoshas are Vata, PItta & Kapha  Tridosha concept is applicable in living organisms  Tridoshas are biological entities responsible for structure, function and behaviour dimensions of all living organisms  Therefore human body mind constitution (Prakriti), diseases, Medicines and Food all has been categorized in Vata type, Pitta type and Kapha type.  But nothing is absolute pure; every thing is permutation and combination of Tridoshas
  • 14. HUMAN BEING (Soul + Intellect + Mind + Body) Food: Human body - Three Dosha: Drugs: V 1. Vatta V V P 2. Pitta P P K 3. Kapha K K Five elements: S 1. Space S S A 2. Air A A F 3. Fire F F W 4. Water W W E 5. Earth E E
  • 15. The Malas  Malas are the various waste products of the dhatus produced during the normal metabolical process. The three primary malas being Purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat).  Purisa is the waste left back after nutrients of digested food have been absorbed in the small intestine.  Mutra The first stage of urine formation begins in the large intestine where fluids are absorbed into the system. The entire urinary system (kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra) takes part in the formation and elimination of urine, regulating the fluid balance in our body and also maintaining blood pressure.  Sweda is the third primary mala , and it occurs as a waste product during the synthesis of meda dhatu (fatty tissue). Eliminated through skin pores, it controls body temperature and helps to regulate the electrolytic balance.
  • 16. Concept of Body (Sarira) There are two type of Sarira  Gross body (Sthula Sarira)  Sthula sarira:-The gross body is the combination of the five eternal elements known as the panchamahbhuta and it provide matrix for consciousness. It is also seat of all the diseases and pains  Subtle body (Suksma Sarira)  Suksma sarira :- subtle body is composed of five sense-organs (jnanaindriya) five karmaindriya (motar organs), mahat (intellect), ahamkara (ego), manas (mind) and five tanmatras (subtle elements). Subtle body carries all the impression of previous life through mind. Subtle body is a seat of atma (soul) . It is only Indian concept which elaborates what happens after death & rebirth.
  • 17. Dhatubheden Purush Vivechana  Ek Dhatu Purush  Shaddhat pursh  Chaturvinshatmak dhatu purush
  • 18. Concept of Sapta Dhatus ( 7 Body Tissues) Body is made up of Seven Tissues and their function is to maintain the body matrix 1. Rasa 5. Asthi (Plasma) (Bones) 2. Rakta 6. Majja (Blood) (Bone marrow) 3. Mansa 7. Shukra (Muscles) (Reproductive tissues) 4. Medas (Fats) Ojas (Responsible for Immunity)
  • 19. Dhatu Nirmana & Poshan Krama  Ksheer-dadhi Nyaya: (Whole conversion)  Kedari-kulya Nyaya: (Sequential Conversion)  Kalekapot Nyaya: (Whole conversion but time taken for conversion depends on sequence)
  • 20. Body-Mind Constitution (Prakriti)  It is the group of specific characters emerged by the union the “Shukra” (Spermatozoa) and the “Shonita” (Ovum) of the parents at the time of conception.  This formulate the Genetic Architect of body-mind and decides health, likes & dislikes  It can tell us the diseases susceptibility of an individual.
  • 21. Concept of Prakriti (Body Mind Constitution and Temperament)  Concept of Prakriti (human constitution) occupies prime position in relation to physiological attributes to health and disease.  Prakriti is a composite whole of Mind-Body complex. It is determined by relative predominance of dosha in intra-uterine life of a fetus.  Prakritiis unchangeable throughout the life span, but one can take remedial measures in diet and behavior suitable to his/her prakriti to maintain health and prevention of disease.
  • 22. Prakriti A. Deha Prakriti (7 types) Physical manifestations: Single, Dual and Three Doshaj Types of Saririk Prakriti (7) Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Vata+Pitta, Vata+Kapha, Pitta+Kapha, and Tridoshaj B. Manas Prakriti (16 types) Psychic Manifestations: Types of Manasik Prakriti Satvik (7), Rajasik (6),Tamasik (3)
  • 23. Significance of Prakriti in Clinical Medicine  For Promotive & Preventive Health  Know your prakriti and diseases susceptibility  Prakriti will tell the risk factors, course of disease, complications and prognosis  Follow your diet, behaviour, profession and life style suitable to your prakriti to lead a healthy life.  Curative Health  Select the drugs and dose as per prakriti  Drug body interaction and reaction pattern depend upon the prakriti of individual & drug  Associated complications of a disease, prognosis and their treatment can be improved as per prakriti of disease & individual
  • 24. Disease Susceptibility & Prakriti  Vataj person: Insomnia, Neurological disorders, Joint disorders etc.  Pittaj person: Peptic ulcer, Bleeding disorders, Liver disorders etc.  Kaphaj person: Obesity, Diabetes, Heart diseases etc.
  • 25. Ojas  Essence of all body tissues  Site of Ojas- Hridya  Gets nutrition from food  Two types Par Oja- Ardhanjali Apar Oja- Eight Drops  Ojakshaya Visransan: Mild deficiency Vyapat: Moderate deficiency Kshaya- Severe deficiency- Loss of Immunity
  • 26. Twacha (Skin), Kala (Membranes)  Six Layers  Six Kalas Avbhasini Mansadhara Lohita Raktadhara Shweta Medadhara Tamra Shelshmadhara Vedini Prishadhara Mansdhara Pittadhara
  • 27. Asthi (Bones)  Bones form the structure and whole body rests on this structure  Bones are formed from Pitraj Bhava during embryonic development  There are 206 bones in the body
  • 28. Sandhi (Joints)  The places where Bones meet are called Sandhis  Number of Sandhis in body  As per Charaka- 290  As per Sushruta- 210  Types-Two: Chala & Achala  Types-Eight: Kora (Hinge Joints), Ulukhal (Ball & Socket), Samudag (Slightly movable), Pratar (Gliding), Tunnasevni (Suture), Vayastunda (Jaw), Shankavarta
  • 29. Anatomical Division of Body  Shadang Shakha (4)- Extremities - two hands, two legs Madhya Sarira- Middle Body Urdhvajatru- Above neck
  • 30. Concept of Srotas in Body (Macro & Micro Channels of Circulation)  Human body is made up of srotas (Macro- & Micro- Channels)  Smooth flow of materials inside channels leads to health & fitness  Obstruction in srotas initiates the disease process- intracellular to system level  E.g.- The function of athero-thrombotic plaques is responsible for Cardiovascular disorders  Endothelial dysfunction leads to obstruction and variety of diseases in the body  Srotas concept is very significant from clinical point of view for prevention & cure of diseases
  • 31. Charaka Samhita describes thirteen srotas. Three srotas connect the individual to the external world:  Prana vaha srota--the channels carrying prana, the breath.  Anna vaha srota--the channels transporting solid and liquid foods  Udaka vaha srotas--the channels transporting water (no Western equivalent) Seven srotas represent channels to and from the tissues (dhatus):  Rasa vaha srotas--the channels carrying plasma and lymph  Rakta vaha srotas--the channels carrying blood cells and specifically hemoglobin  Mamsa vaha srotas--the channels carrying muscle nutrients and wastes  Meda vaha srotas--the channels supplying the various adipose tissues of the body  Asthi vaha srotas--the channels bring nutrients to the bones and transporting wastes.  Majja vaha srotas--the channels supplying the bone marrow and nerves including the brain  Sukra vaha srota--the channels carrying the sperm and ova and supplying their nutrients
  • 32. Conti…. Three srotas regulate the elimination of metabolic waste products:  Purisha vaha srotas--the channels which carry the feces  Mutra vaha srotas--the channels which carry the urine  Sveda vaha srotas--the channels which carry perspiration Two srotas are specific for women:  Artava vaha srotas--the channels which carry the menstrum  Stanya vaha srotas--the channels carrying the breast milk during lactation One srota is associated with the mind (manas):  Mano vaha srota--the channels which carry thoughts, ideas, emotions, and impressions
  • 33. Obstruction of Srotas in Aetiopathogenesis of Diseases  Intestinal Obstruction  Common Bile Duct Obstruction  Arthroscerosis  Coronary Artery Disease  Transient Ischemic Attack
  • 34. Cleaning-Purification of Srotas for Treatment of Diseases  Panchkarma procedures like Sweating, Emesis, Purgation, Enema etc. are meant for purification of Srotas – At Macro- & Micro- levels  Kaphahara medicines are aimed to reduce the obstruction of srotas  Activities like fasting, exercise also clear the Srotas – lead to good health  Yogic Shatkriya (Six procedures)- Neti, Dhauti, Nauli Basti, Kapalbhati, Trataka etc.
  • 35. Concept of Agni – Metabolic Fire  Physiological concept of digestion and metabolism is based on the concept of Agni- Metabolic fire  Food digestion in stomach & GIT is initiated by major Jathragni. This can be equated with enzymes, hormones and secretions of digestion.  Nutrition & tissue metabolism is carried out by seven Dhatwagnies – at various tissues of body  Micro-digestion and bio-transformation at cellular, subatomic and elemental levels is carried out by 5 Bhutagnis at gene level  Therefore from gross to subtle level, digestion, nutrition & metabolism is carried out by 13 types of metabolic fires-Agnis  The status of health and nutrition depends upon
  • 36. CONCEPT OF AGNI (BIOLOGICAL FIRE) Normal Agni Food Essence of digested Waste products (Mala) food (Sara) normal excretion - Nutrition to body - Organs - Tissues - Cells - Nutrition of Panchbhoota (5 elements) Balance of Dosha – VPK - Health
  • 37. CONCEPT OF AMA (Toxic metabolites are produced due to improper digestion) Abnormal Agni (abnormal biological fire) Aahar (Food) Improperly digested Improper waste products food products & accumulation of wastes - Malnutrition of the body tissue - Formation of Ama (undigested toxic food products) - Toxic metabolites (act as allergens) - Start of Antigen- Antibody Reaction - Stimulates – auto-immune complex formation
  • 38. Significance of Agni in Aetiopathogenesis / Clinical Medicine  Digestive Disorders  Dyspepsia  Irritable Bowel Syndrome  Colitis  Allergies of Skin, Respiratory system  Autoimmune Disorders  Rheumatoid Arthritis  Life Style Disorders  Metabolic Syndrome  Obesity
  • 39. Six Stages of Pathogenesis - Shatkriyakala S 1. Sanchaya 4. Sthansamshraya (Stage of Accumulation) A (Stage of Deposition at weak site) M 2. Prakopa P 5. Vyaktavastha (Stage of Vitiation) R (Stage of Disease Manifestation Signs & Symptoms) A 3. Prasara (Stage of Spread) P 6. Bhedavastha (Stage of Complications) T I
  • 40. Marma Vigyana (Vital Points of Body)  Trimarma- Vasti, Hridya, Shir  Total Numbers of marmas: 107  Types- Based on Structure & Based on Discomfort/ Dysfunction  Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma, Sandhimarma, Asthimarma, Dnamnimarma  Sadhyapranahara, Kalantarpranahar, Vaikalyakar, Vishalyagh, Rujakara
  • 41. Trividh Naadi, Shatchakra- Components of Nervous System  Ida, Pingala Sushmuna  14 major Nadis, Overall more than 3.5 Lakh  Shatchakra Muladhar Swadhishthan Manipoor Anahat Vishuddh Agyachakra
  • 42. Indriysharira  Gyanendriyas (Sensory Organs) Eyes Ears Nose Skin Tongue  Karmendriyas (Motor organs)  Mana