Fundamental concept of anatomy physiology ircs course 1.03.11
1. Fundamental Concepts of
Anatomy & Physiology in
Ayurveda
Dr. S.K. Sharma, M.D. (Ay) Ph.D
Adviser (Ayurveda)
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy (AYUSH)
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Government of India
Telefax : 011-23328576
E-mail : adv_ayurveda@yahoo.com
www.indianmedicine.nic.in
2. Ayu + Veda
Life: The unified State of Science:
Body, Mind & Soul Knowledge
Ayurveda = Science of Life
3. Mind Body Soul Trinity:
Personality in Ayurveda
PURUSH Soul CONSCIOUS
(Living)
PRAKRITI Mind Non-living
Matrix
Body
4. AYURVEDA-What it has?
Ayurveda is a science of life which deals with
promotion of positive health
Etiological factors of various diseases
Pathogenesis of diseases
Clinical manifestations of almost all known diseases
Various dietary and seasonal regimens
Curative methods for treating illness
Vast Materia Medica of Plants, Minerals, Metals and
Animal by products for various dosage forms
5. Eight Branches of Ayurveda
“Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago
Kayachikitsa Shalyatantra
Internal Medicine Surgery
Kaumarbhritya Shalakyatantra
Gynae, Obs & Paediatrics ENT & Opthalmology
6. Eight Branches of Ayurveda
“Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 yrs ago
Agadtantra Bhootvidhya
Toxicology Psychiatry
Rasayana Vajikarana
Rejuvnative and Anti-aging therapy Aphrodisiac
7. Objectives of
Ayurveda
Preventive Care to
Preserve Health
Therapeutic means to
treat Disease
Disease Care Vs Health Care
8. Ayurvedic Approach of Health and
Disease
Promotion Prevention
of of
Health Disease
Ayurveda
Science of Longevity
with quality of life
Holistic
management
of disease
9. Definition of Health
Dosha - 3 (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)
Physical & Agni - 13 (Metabolic fire)
Physiological
Dhatu - 7 (Body tissues)
Components of Mala - 3 (Waste products)
health Indriya - 5 (Sensory motor organs)
Psychological
Manas - 1 (Mind)
Spiritual Atma - Soul
One whose doshas, agni, functions of doshas and malas
are in state of equilibrium, who has cheerful atman, mind,
intellect and sense organs is designated as healthy.
10. MAN AND BIOSPHERE
Geographical Environment
Mind
S R T
P V K
Body
Socio Cultural Environment
Macrocosm (Universe) Vs Microcosm (Man)
11. PANCHAMAHABHUTA THEORY- 5 elements
AKASH VAYU AGNI JALA PRITHVI
Space Air Fire Water Earth
VATA PITTA KAPHA + SOUL
TRIDOSHA THEORY- 3 DOSHAS
HEALTH DISEASE
AYURVEDA
EQUILIBRIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM
of 3 DOSHAS of 3 DOSHAS
12. Panch Sense Sensory Properties Actions
Mahabhutas Organs Faculty
*Creates natural void in the body Produces softness,
Space Ears Hearing * No distinct taste lightness and porosity
*Light, clear and dry.
*Governs inhalation, exhalation,
opening and closing of eyelids, Creates dryness,
Air Skin Touch extension and contraction of lightness and
joints, locomotion and other emaciation.
motor functions.
*slightly bitter taste
*Rough & bright eyes Helps in digestion,
*Controls temperature and luster maturation, improves
Fire Eyes Visual(Sight) of body colour. eye sight
*Pungent taste
*Heavy, immobile, compact & *Increases firmness &
rough.
Earth Nose Smell *Controls organs as teeth, nails, strength of the body
flesh, skin, tendons & muscles. emollient andnutrient,
*Acts as a
purgative
*Sweet taste.
*Imparts glossiness.
*Cold, heavy fluid *Enhances fluid
*Slimy, fat and sweat by nature content & purgative
Water Tongue Taste *Sweet & astringent, sour & *Acts as nutrient,
saline taste. emollient and
purgative.
13. Three Doshas (Tridoshas)
Tridoshas are Vata, PItta & Kapha
Tridosha concept is applicable in living organisms
Tridoshas are biological entities responsible for
structure, function and behaviour dimensions of
all living organisms
Therefore human body mind constitution
(Prakriti), diseases, Medicines and Food all has
been categorized in Vata type, Pitta type and
Kapha type.
But nothing is absolute pure; every thing is
permutation and combination of Tridoshas
14. HUMAN BEING
(Soul + Intellect + Mind + Body)
Food: Human body - Three Dosha: Drugs:
V 1. Vatta V V
P 2. Pitta P P
K 3. Kapha K K
Five elements:
S 1. Space S S
A 2. Air A A
F 3. Fire F F
W 4. Water W W
E 5. Earth E E
15. The Malas
Malas are the various waste products of the dhatus produced
during the normal metabolical process. The three primary malas
being Purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat).
Purisa is the waste left back after nutrients of digested food have
been absorbed in the small intestine.
Mutra The first stage of urine formation begins in the large
intestine where fluids are absorbed into the system. The entire
urinary system (kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra) takes part in
the formation and elimination of urine, regulating the fluid balance
in our body and also maintaining blood pressure.
Sweda is the third primary mala , and it occurs as a waste
product during the synthesis of meda dhatu (fatty tissue).
Eliminated through skin pores, it controls body temperature and
helps to regulate the electrolytic balance.
16. Concept of Body (Sarira)
There are two type of Sarira
Gross body (Sthula Sarira)
Sthula sarira:-The gross body is the combination
of the five eternal elements known as the
panchamahbhuta and it provide matrix for
consciousness. It is also seat of all the diseases
and pains
Subtle body (Suksma Sarira)
Suksma sarira :- subtle body is composed of five
sense-organs (jnanaindriya) five karmaindriya
(motar organs), mahat (intellect), ahamkara (ego),
manas (mind) and five tanmatras (subtle
elements). Subtle body carries all the impression
of previous life through mind. Subtle body is a
seat of atma (soul) . It is only Indian concept
which elaborates what happens after death &
rebirth.
18. Concept of Sapta Dhatus
( 7 Body Tissues)
Body is made up of Seven Tissues and their
function is to maintain the body matrix
1. Rasa 5. Asthi
(Plasma) (Bones)
2. Rakta 6. Majja
(Blood) (Bone marrow)
3. Mansa 7. Shukra
(Muscles) (Reproductive
tissues)
4. Medas
(Fats) Ojas
(Responsible for Immunity)
19. Dhatu Nirmana & Poshan Krama
Ksheer-dadhi Nyaya:
(Whole conversion)
Kedari-kulya Nyaya:
(Sequential Conversion)
Kalekapot Nyaya:
(Whole conversion but time taken
for conversion depends on sequence)
20. Body-Mind Constitution (Prakriti)
It is the group of specific
characters emerged by the union
the “Shukra” (Spermatozoa) and
the “Shonita” (Ovum) of the
parents at the time of conception.
This formulate the Genetic
Architect of body-mind and
decides health, likes & dislikes
It can tell us the diseases
susceptibility of an individual.
21. Concept of Prakriti
(Body Mind Constitution and Temperament)
Concept of Prakriti (human constitution) occupies
prime position in relation to physiological attributes to
health and disease.
Prakriti is a composite whole of Mind-Body complex.
It is determined by relative predominance of dosha in
intra-uterine life of a fetus.
Prakritiis unchangeable throughout the life span, but
one can take remedial measures in diet and behavior
suitable to his/her prakriti to maintain health and
prevention of disease.
22. Prakriti
A. Deha Prakriti (7 types)
Physical manifestations: Single, Dual and Three Doshaj
Types of Saririk Prakriti (7)
Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Vata+Pitta, Vata+Kapha, Pitta+Kapha, and Tridoshaj
B. Manas Prakriti (16 types)
Psychic Manifestations:
Types of Manasik Prakriti
Satvik (7), Rajasik (6),Tamasik (3)
23. Significance of Prakriti in Clinical
Medicine
For Promotive & Preventive Health
Know your prakriti and diseases susceptibility
Prakriti will tell the risk factors, course of disease,
complications and prognosis
Follow your diet, behaviour, profession and life style
suitable to your prakriti to lead a healthy life.
Curative Health
Select the drugs and dose as per prakriti
Drug body interaction and reaction pattern depend upon
the prakriti of individual & drug
Associated complications of a disease, prognosis and
their treatment can be improved as per prakriti of
disease & individual
25. Ojas
Essence of all body tissues
Site of Ojas- Hridya
Gets nutrition from food
Two types
Par Oja- Ardhanjali
Apar Oja- Eight Drops
Ojakshaya
Visransan: Mild deficiency
Vyapat: Moderate deficiency
Kshaya- Severe deficiency- Loss of Immunity
26. Twacha (Skin), Kala
(Membranes)
Six Layers Six Kalas
Avbhasini Mansadhara
Lohita Raktadhara
Shweta Medadhara
Tamra Shelshmadhara
Vedini Prishadhara
Mansdhara Pittadhara
27. Asthi (Bones)
Bones form the structure
and whole body rests on
this structure
Bones are formed from
Pitraj Bhava during
embryonic development
There are 206 bones in
the body
28. Sandhi (Joints)
The places where Bones meet are called Sandhis
Number of Sandhis in body
As per Charaka- 290
As per Sushruta- 210
Types-Two: Chala & Achala
Types-Eight: Kora (Hinge Joints),
Ulukhal (Ball & Socket),
Samudag (Slightly movable),
Pratar (Gliding),
Tunnasevni (Suture),
Vayastunda (Jaw),
Shankavarta
29. Anatomical Division of Body
Shadang
Shakha (4)- Extremities
- two hands, two legs
Madhya Sarira- Middle Body
Urdhvajatru- Above neck
30. Concept of Srotas in Body
(Macro & Micro Channels of Circulation)
Human body is made up of srotas
(Macro- & Micro- Channels)
Smooth flow of materials inside channels
leads to health & fitness
Obstruction in srotas initiates the disease
process- intracellular to system level
E.g.- The function of athero-thrombotic
plaques is responsible for Cardiovascular
disorders
Endothelial dysfunction leads to
obstruction and variety of diseases in the
body
Srotas concept is very significant from
clinical point of view for prevention & cure
of diseases
31. Charaka Samhita describes thirteen srotas.
Three srotas connect the individual to the external world:
Prana vaha srota--the channels carrying prana, the breath.
Anna vaha srota--the channels transporting solid and liquid foods
Udaka vaha srotas--the channels transporting water (no Western equivalent)
Seven srotas represent channels to and from the tissues (dhatus):
Rasa vaha srotas--the channels carrying plasma and lymph
Rakta vaha srotas--the channels carrying blood cells and specifically
hemoglobin
Mamsa vaha srotas--the channels carrying muscle nutrients and wastes
Meda vaha srotas--the channels supplying the various adipose tissues of the
body
Asthi vaha srotas--the channels bring nutrients to the bones and transporting
wastes.
Majja vaha srotas--the channels supplying the bone marrow and nerves
including the brain
Sukra vaha srota--the channels carrying the sperm and ova and supplying their
nutrients
32. Conti….
Three srotas regulate the elimination of metabolic waste products:
Purisha vaha srotas--the channels which carry the feces
Mutra vaha srotas--the channels which carry the urine
Sveda vaha srotas--the channels which carry perspiration
Two srotas are specific for women:
Artava vaha srotas--the channels which carry the menstrum
Stanya vaha srotas--the channels carrying the breast milk during
lactation
One srota is associated with the mind (manas):
Mano vaha srota--the channels which carry thoughts, ideas,
emotions, and impressions
33. Obstruction of Srotas in
Aetiopathogenesis of Diseases
Intestinal Obstruction
Common Bile Duct
Obstruction
Arthroscerosis
Coronary Artery Disease
Transient Ischemic
Attack
34. Cleaning-Purification of Srotas for
Treatment of Diseases
Panchkarma procedures like Sweating, Emesis,
Purgation, Enema etc. are meant for purification of
Srotas – At Macro- & Micro- levels
Kaphahara medicines are aimed to reduce the
obstruction of srotas
Activities like fasting, exercise also clear the
Srotas – lead to good health
Yogic Shatkriya (Six procedures)- Neti, Dhauti,
Nauli Basti, Kapalbhati, Trataka etc.
35. Concept of Agni – Metabolic Fire
Physiological concept of digestion and
metabolism is based on the concept of Agni-
Metabolic fire
Food digestion in stomach & GIT is initiated by
major Jathragni. This can be equated with
enzymes, hormones and secretions of
digestion.
Nutrition & tissue metabolism is carried out by
seven Dhatwagnies – at various tissues of body
Micro-digestion and bio-transformation at
cellular, subatomic and elemental levels is
carried out by 5 Bhutagnis at gene level
Therefore from gross to subtle level, digestion,
nutrition & metabolism is carried out by 13
types of metabolic fires-Agnis
The status of health and nutrition depends upon
36. CONCEPT OF AGNI (BIOLOGICAL FIRE)
Normal Agni
Food
Essence of digested Waste products (Mala)
food (Sara) normal excretion
- Nutrition to body
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Nutrition of Panchbhoota (5 elements)
Balance of Dosha – VPK - Health
37. CONCEPT OF AMA
(Toxic metabolites are produced due to improper digestion)
Abnormal Agni (abnormal biological fire)
Aahar (Food)
Improperly digested Improper waste products
food products & accumulation of
wastes
- Malnutrition of the body tissue
- Formation of Ama (undigested toxic food products)
- Toxic metabolites (act as allergens)
- Start of Antigen- Antibody Reaction
- Stimulates – auto-immune complex formation
38. Significance of Agni in
Aetiopathogenesis / Clinical Medicine
Digestive Disorders
Dyspepsia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Colitis
Allergies of Skin,
Respiratory system
Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Life Style Disorders
Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity
39. Six Stages of Pathogenesis -
Shatkriyakala
S
1. Sanchaya 4. Sthansamshraya
(Stage of Accumulation) A (Stage of Deposition at weak site)
M
2. Prakopa P 5. Vyaktavastha
(Stage of Vitiation)
R (Stage of Disease Manifestation
Signs & Symptoms)
A
3. Prasara
(Stage of Spread) P 6. Bhedavastha
(Stage of Complications)
T
I
40. Marma Vigyana
(Vital Points of Body)
Trimarma- Vasti, Hridya, Shir
Total Numbers of marmas: 107
Types- Based on Structure & Based on
Discomfort/ Dysfunction
Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma,
Sandhimarma, Asthimarma, Dnamnimarma
Sadhyapranahara, Kalantarpranahar,
Vaikalyakar, Vishalyagh, Rujakara
41. Trividh Naadi, Shatchakra-
Components of Nervous System
Ida, Pingala Sushmuna
14 major Nadis, Overall
more than 3.5 Lakh
Shatchakra
Muladhar
Swadhishthan
Manipoor
Anahat
Vishuddh
Agyachakra