Ashta nindita purusha

1. A¹ ÌlÉÎlSiÉ mÉÑÂwÉA¹ ÌlÉÎlSiÉ mÉÑÂwÉ
In co relation with endocrinal disordersIn co relation with endocrinal disorders
Presented byPresented by
Dr.Prashant A.S.Dr.Prashant A.S.
M.D.(Ayu.)M.D.(Ayu.)
Asst.Asst. Professor Dept of KayachikitsaProfessor Dept of Kayachikitsa
Ayurveda MahavidyalayaAyurveda Mahavidyalaya
Hubli-24Hubli-24

2. A¹ ÌlÉÎlSiÉ mÉÑÂwÉA¹ ÌlÉÎlSiÉ mÉÑÂwÉ
CWû ZÉsÉÑ vÉUÏUqÉÍkÉMüirÉɹÉæCWû ZÉsÉÑ vÉUÏUqÉÍkÉMüirÉɹÉæ
mÉÑÂwÉÉ ÌlÉÎlSiÉÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ iÉkrÉiÉÉ –mÉÑÂwÉÉ ÌlÉÎlSiÉÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ iÉkrÉiÉÉ –
AÌiÉSÏbÉï¶É AÌiɾûxuÉ¶É AÌiÉsÉÉåqÉ cÉAÌiÉSÏbÉï¶É AÌiɾûxuÉ¶É AÌiÉsÉÉåqÉ cÉ
AsÉÉåqÉ cÉ AÌiÉM×üwhÉ¶É AÌiÉaÉÉæU¶ÉAsÉÉåqÉ cÉ AÌiÉM×üwhÉ¶É AÌiÉaÉÉæU¶É
AÌiÉxjÉÔsÉ¶É AÌiÉM×üvɶÉåÌiÉAÌiÉxjÉÔsÉ¶É AÌiÉM×üvɶÉåÌiÉ
(cÉ xÉÔ 3/21)(cÉ xÉÔ 3/21)

3. AÌiÉ xjÉÔsÉAÌiÉ xjÉÔsÉ
WåûiÉÑWåûiÉÑ
iÉSè AÌiÉxjÉÉæsrÉqÉÌiÉ xÉqmÉÔUhÉÉSè aÉÑÂiÉSè AÌiÉxjÉÉæsrÉqÉÌiÉ xÉqmÉÔUhÉÉSè aÉÑÂ
qÉkÉÑU vÉÏiÉÎxlÉakÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉSurÉrÉÉqÉÉSèqÉkÉÑU vÉÏiÉÎxlÉakÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉSurÉrÉÉqÉÉSè
ÌSuÉxuÉmlÉÉSWûwÉïÌlÉirÉiuÉÉSÉÍcÉliÉlÉÉSèÌSuÉxuÉmlÉÉSWûwÉïÌlÉirÉiuÉÉSÉÍcÉliÉlÉÉSè
ÌoÉeÉxuÉpÉÉuÉÉccÉÉåmÉeÉÉrÉiÉåÌoÉeÉxuÉpÉÉuÉÉccÉÉåmÉeÉÉrÉiÉå
 Over eatingOver eating
 Intake of Heavy foods and sweetsIntake of Heavy foods and sweets
 Lack of exerciseLack of exercise
 No active sexNo active sex
 Day sleepingDay sleeping
 Happiness and pleasant environmentHappiness and pleasant environment
 GeneticGenetic

4. •xÉqmÉÔxÉqmÉÔ
UhÉÉSèUhÉÉSè
Over eatingOver eating
vÉÏiÉvÉÏiÉaÉÑÂ qÉkÉÑUaÉÑÂ qÉkÉÑUxlÉakÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉSurÉrÉÉqxlÉakÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉSurÉrÉÉq
ÉÉSèÉÉSè
-Intake of Heavy foods n sweets-Intake of Heavy foods n sweets

5.  ÌSuÉxuÉmlÉÉSÌSuÉxuÉmlÉÉSDay sleepingDay sleeping
•WûwÉïÌlÉirÉiuÉÉSWûwÉïÌlÉirÉiuÉÉSHappiness and pleasant environmentHappiness and pleasant environment

6.  AurÉrÉÉqÉÉSAurÉrÉÉqÉÉS
1.Means to be lazy1.Means to be lazy
2.Lack of exercise2.Lack of exercise

7. GeneticGeneticÌoÉeÉxuÉpÉÌoÉeÉxuÉpÉ
ÉuÉÉuÉ
3. No active sex3. No active sex

8. xÉqmÉëÉÎmiÉxÉqmÉëÉÎmiÉ
qÉåSxÉÉÅÅuÉ×iÉqÉÉaÉïiuɲÉrÉÑÈqÉåSxÉÉÅÅuÉ×iÉqÉÉaÉïiuɲÉrÉÑÈ
MüÉå¹å ÌuÉvÉåwÉiÉÈ cÉUlÉçMüÉå¹å ÌuÉvÉåwÉiÉÈ cÉUlÉç
xÉlkÉѤÉrÉirÉÉÎalÉqÉÉWûÉUÇxÉlkÉѤÉrÉirÉÉÎalÉqÉÉWûÉUÇ
vÉÉåwÉrÉirÉÌmÉvÉÉåwÉrÉirÉÌmÉ

9. Flow ChartFlow Chart
qÉåS uÉ×ÎkSqÉåS uÉ×ÎkS
xÉëÉåiÉÉåuÉUÉåkÉxÉëÉåiÉÉåuÉUÉåkÉ
uÉÉrÉÑuÉÉrÉÑ inin MüÉå¹MüÉå¹
eÉPûUÉÎalÉ mÉëSÏmiÉeÉPûUÉÎalÉ mÉëSÏmiÉ
Digests food quicklyDigests food quickly
If food is not given in properIf food is not given in proper
time it starts burning himtime it starts burning him
LiÉÉæ ÌWû SWûiÉÈ xjÉÔsÉÇ uÉlÉSÉlÉå uÉlÉÇLiÉÉæ ÌWû SWûiÉÈ xjÉÔsÉÇ uÉlÉSÉlÉå uÉlÉÇ
rÉjÉÉrÉjÉÉ

10. sɤÉhÉsɤÉhÉ
qÉåSÉå qÉÉÇxÉÉÌiÉuÉ×kSiuÉÉiÉçqÉåSÉå qÉÉÇxÉÉÌiÉuÉ×kSiuÉÉiÉç
cÉsÉÎxTüMü ESUxiÉlÉÈcÉsÉÎxTüMü ESUxiÉlÉÈ
ArÉjÉÉåmÉcÉrÉÉåixÉÉWûÉåArÉjÉÉåmÉcÉrÉÉåixÉÉWûÉå
lÉUÉåÅÌiÉxjÉÔsÉ EcrÉiÉålÉUÉåÅÌiÉxjÉÔsÉ EcrÉiÉå

11. xjÉÉæsrÉ SÉåwÉxjÉÉæsrÉ SÉåwÉ
AÌiÉxjÉÔsÉxrÉ iÉÉuÉSÉrÉÑwÉÉåAÌiÉxjÉÔsÉxrÉ iÉÉuÉSÉrÉÑwÉÉå
¾ûÉxÉÉå eÉuÉÉåmÉUÉåkÉȾûÉxÉÉå eÉuÉÉåmÉUÉåkÉÈ
M×ücdíurÉuÉÉrÉiÉÉ SÉæoÉïsrÉM×ücdíurÉuÉÉrÉiÉÉ SÉæoÉïsrÉ
SÉæaÉïlkrÉÇ xuÉåSÉoÉÉkÉÈSÉæaÉïlkrÉÇ xuÉåSÉoÉÉkÉÈ
¤ÉÑSÉÌiÉqÉɧɤÉÑSÉÌiÉqÉɧÉ
ÌmÉmÉÉxÉÉÌiÉrÉÉåaɶÉåÌiÉÌmÉmÉÉxÉÉÌiÉrÉÉåaɶÉåÌiÉ
pÉuÉlirɹÉæ SÉåwÉÈpÉuÉlirɹÉæ SÉåwÉÈ
1.1. ObeseObese
2.2. Smaller life spanSmaller life span
3.3. Fast agingFast aging
4.4. Difficulty to perform sexual actDifficulty to perform sexual act
5.5. WeaknessWeakness
6.6. Excessive sweating or lack of sweatingExcessive sweating or lack of sweating

12. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
Concept 1Concept 1
xÉiÉiÉÇ cÉÉåmÉcÉrÉÉæï ÌWû MüwÉïlÉæxÉiÉiÉÇ cÉÉåmÉcÉrÉÉæï ÌWû MüwÉïlÉæ
oÉ×WûhÉæUÌmÉoÉ×WûhÉæUÌmÉ
aÉÑ cÉ AmÉiÉmÉïhÉ cÉå¹Ç xjÉÔsÉÉlÉÉÇaÉÑ cÉ AmÉiÉmÉïhÉ cÉå¹Ç xjÉÔsÉÉlÉÉÇ
MüwÉïhÉ mÉëÌiÉMüwÉïhÉ mÉëÌiÉ
sÉÇbÉlÉsÉÇbÉlÉ
¤ÉhɤÉhÉ }} AmÉiÉmÉïhÉAmÉiÉmÉïhÉ
xuÉåSlÉxuÉåSlÉ

13. sÉÇbÉlÉsÉÇbÉlÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£üÌlÉÂÌ£ü
rÉiÉç ÌMüÎgcÉssÉÉbÉuÉMüUÇ SåWåûrÉiÉç ÌMüÎgcÉssÉÉbÉuÉMüUÇ SåWåû
iÉssÉÇbÉlÉÇ xqÉ×iÉqÉçiÉssÉÇbÉlÉÇ xqÉ×iÉqÉç
Makes you feel lightMakes you feel light
sÉÇbÉlÉ aÉÑhÉsÉÇbÉlÉ aÉÑhÉ
sÉbÉÑ EwhÉ iÉϤhÉ ÌuÉvÉS Â¤É ZÉUsÉbÉÑ EwhÉ iÉϤhÉ ÌuÉvÉS Â¤É ZÉU
xÉÔ¤qÉ xÉUxÉÔ¤qÉ xÉU

14. SvÉÌuÉkÉ sÉÇbÉlÉSvÉÌuÉkÉ sÉÇbÉlÉ
cÉiÉÑwmÉëMüUÉ xÉÇvÉÑÎkSÈcÉiÉÑwmÉëMüUÉ xÉÇvÉÑÎkSÈ
ÌmÉmÉÉxÉ qÉÂiÉÉiÉmÉÉæÌmÉmÉÉxÉ qÉÂiÉÉiÉmÉÉæ
mÉÉcÉlÉÉlrÉÑmÉuÉxɶÉmÉÉcÉlÉÉlrÉÑmÉuÉxɶÉ
urÉÉrÉÉqɶÉåÌiÉ sÉÇbÉlÉqÉçurÉÉrÉÉqɶÉåÌiÉ sÉÇbÉlÉqÉç
sÉÇbÉlÉ MüÉsÉsÉÇbÉlÉ MüÉsÉ
ÍvÉÍvÉU + WåûqÉliÉ ÂiÉÑÍvÉÍvÉU + WåûqÉliÉ ÂiÉÑ

15. ¤ÉhɤÉhÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£üÌlÉÂÌ£ü
UÉæ¤ÉÇ ZÉUiuÉÇ uÉævÉkrÉÇ rÉiMÑürÉÉïiÉÎkSUÉæ¤ÉÇ ZÉUiuÉÇ uÉævÉkrÉÇ rÉiMÑürÉÉïiÉÎkS
¤ÉhÉǤÉhÉÇ
That which makes the body rough.That which makes the body rough.
¤ÉhÉ aÉÑhɤÉhÉ aÉÑhÉ
sÉbÉÑ ZÉU iÉϤhÉ EwhÉ ÎxjÉU ÌuÉvÉSsÉbÉÑ ZÉU iÉϤhÉ EwhÉ ÎxjÉU ÌuÉvÉS
¤ÉhɤÉhÉ
MüOÒû ÌiÉ£ü MüwÉÉrÉÉhÉÉÇ xÉåuÉlÉÇMüOÒû ÌiÉ£ü MüwÉÉrÉÉhÉÉÇ xÉåuÉlÉÇ
Îx§ÉmÉuÉxÉÇrÉqÉ ÌiÉsÉÎx§ÉmÉuÉxÉÇrÉqÉ ÌiÉsÉ
ZÉÉÍsÉÌmÉhrÉÉMü iÉ¢üÉhÉÉÇ qÉkuÉSÏlÉÉÇ cÉZÉÉÍsÉÌmÉhrÉÉMü iÉ¢üÉhÉÉÇ qÉkuÉSÏlÉÉÇ cÉ

16. xuÉåSlÉxuÉåSlÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£üÌlÉÂÌ£ü
xiÉqpÉaÉÉæUuÉ vÉÏiÉblÉÇ xuÉåSlÉÇxiÉqpÉaÉÉæUuÉ vÉÏiÉblÉÇ xuÉåSlÉÇ
xuÉåSMüÉUMüqÉçxuÉåSMüÉUMüqÉç
That which removes stiffness heaviness and coldnessThat which removes stiffness heaviness and coldness
xuÉåSlÉ aÉÑhÉxuÉåSlÉ aÉÑhÉ
EwhÉ iÉϤhÉ xÉU ÎxlÉakÉ Â¤É xÉÔ¤qÉ SìuÉEwhÉ iÉϤhÉ xÉU ÎxlÉakÉ Â¤É xÉÔ¤qÉ SìuÉ
ÎxjÉUÎxjÉU xuÉåSlÉxuÉåSlÉ
Types :-Types :-
 §ÉrÉÉåSvÉ xÉÉÎalÉ xuÉåS§ÉrÉÉåSvÉ xÉÉÎalÉ xuÉåS

17. Concept 2Concept 2
uÉÉiÉblÉ A³ÉmÉlÉÉÌlÉ vsÉåwqÉqÉåSÉåuÉÉiÉblÉ A³ÉmÉlÉÉÌlÉ vsÉåwqÉqÉåSÉå
WûUÉÍhÉ cÉWûUÉÍhÉ cÉ
¤ÉÉåwhÉ oÉxiÉrÉÎxiɤhɤÉÉåwhÉ oÉxiÉrÉÎxiɤhÉ
¤ÉÉhrÉѲiÉïlÉÉÌlÉ cɤÉÉhrÉѲiÉïlÉÉÌlÉ cÉ
aÉÑSÕÍcÉ pÉSìqÉÑxiÉÉlÉÉÇ mÉërÉÉåaÉaÉÑSÕÍcÉ pÉSìqÉÑxiÉÉlÉÉÇ mÉërÉÉåaÉ
̧ÉTüsÉxiÉiÉȨ́ÉTüsÉxiÉiÉÉ
iÉ¢üÉËU¹ mÉërÉÉåaÉ¶É mÉërÉÉåaÉÉåiÉ¢üÉËU¹ mÉërÉÉåaÉ¶É mÉërÉÉåaÉÉå
qÉͤÉMüxrÉ cÉqÉͤÉMüxrÉ cÉ

18. ÌuÉQûÇaÉ lÉÉaÉUÇ ¤ÉÉU:ÌuÉQûÇaÉ lÉÉaÉUÇ ¤ÉÉU:
MüÉsÉsÉÉåWûUeÉÉå qÉkÉÑMüÉsÉsÉÉåWûUeÉÉå qÉkÉÑ
rÉuÉÉqÉsÉMü cÉÔhÉï cÉ mÉërÉÉåaÉÈ ´Éå¹rÉuÉÉqÉsÉMü cÉÔhÉï cÉ mÉërÉÉåaÉÈ ´Éå¹
EcrÉiÉåEcrÉiÉå
ÌoÉsuÉÉÌS mÉgcÉqÉÔsÉxrÉ mÉërÉÉåaÉÈÌoÉsuÉÉÌS mÉgcÉqÉÔsÉxrÉ mÉërÉÉåaÉÈ
¤ÉÉæSìxÉÇrÉÑiÉȤÉÉæSìxÉÇrÉÑiÉÈ
ÍvÉsÉÉeÉiÉÑ mÉërÉÉåaɶÉÍvÉsÉÉeÉiÉÑ mÉërÉÉåaɶÉ
xÉÉÎalÉqÉlrÉUxÉÈ mÉU:xÉÉÎalÉqÉlrÉUxÉÈ mÉU:

19. mÉjrÉmÉjrÉ
AÉWûÉUAÉWûÉU
ÌmÉërÉÉÇaÉÑ rÉuÉ MÑüsÉijÉ mÉiÉÉåsÉÌmÉërÉÉÇaÉÑ rÉuÉ MÑüsÉijÉ mÉiÉÉåsÉ
AËU¹ mÉërÉÉåaÉAËU¹ mÉërÉÉåaÉ
ÌuÉWûÉUÌuÉWûÉU
mÉëeÉÉaÉU urÉuÉÉrÉÇ cÉ urÉrÉÉqÉmÉëeÉÉaÉU urÉuÉÉrÉÇ cÉ urÉrÉÉqÉ
ÍcÉliÉlÉÉÌlÉ cÉÍcÉliÉlÉÉÌlÉ cÉ

20. ÌuÉÍvɹû ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÌuÉÍvɹû ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
 ÌuÉQûÇaÉÉÌS cÉÔhÉïÌuÉQûÇaÉÉÌS cÉÔhÉï
 §ÉrÉÑwhÉÉÌS sÉÉåWû§ÉrÉÑwhÉÉÌS sÉÉåWû
 iÉÉmrÉÉÌS sÉÉåWûiÉÉmrÉÉÌS sÉÉåWû
 ̧ÉTüsÉÉ aÉÑaaÉÑsÉŅ̃ÉTüsÉÉ aÉÑaaÉÑsÉÑ
 sÉÉåWû UxÉÉrÉlÉsÉÉåWû UxÉÉrÉlÉ

21. ObesityObesity
 ObesityObesity is ais a medical conditionmedical condition in which excessin which excess
body fatbody fat has accumulated to the extent that it mayhas accumulated to the extent that it may
have an adverse effect on health, leading to reducedhave an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced
life expectancylife expectancy and increased health problems .and increased health problems .

22.  Body mass indexBody mass index (BMI), a measurement which(BMI), a measurement which
comparescompares weightweight and height, defines people asand height, defines people as
overweight (pre-obese)overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is betweenwhen their BMI is between
25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is
greater than 30 kg/m2.greater than 30 kg/m2.
CausesCauses
 by a combination of excessiveby a combination of excessive
dietary caloriesdietary calories, lack of physical activity, and, lack of physical activity, and
genetic susceptibilitygenetic susceptibility, although a few cases, although a few cases
are caused primarily byare caused primarily by genesgenes,, endocrineendocrine
disorders,disorders, medicationsmedications oror psychiatric illnesspsychiatric illness

23. ComplicationsComplications
 Obesity increases the likelihood ofObesity increases the likelihood of various diseasesvarious diseases
, particularly, particularly heart diseaseheart disease,, type 2 diabetestype 2 diabetes,,
breathing difficulties during sleepbreathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of, certain types of
cancercancer, and, and osteoarthritisosteoarthritis
TreatmentTreatment
The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and
physical exercise. To supplement this,
anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or
inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is
performed to reduce stomach volume and bowel
length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability
to absorb nutrients from food.

24. HypothyroidismHypothyroidism
 Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the bodyHypothyroidism is a condition in which the body
lacks sufficientlacks sufficient thyroidthyroid hormone. Since the mainhormone. Since the main
purpose of thyroid hormone is to "run the body'spurpose of thyroid hormone is to "run the body's
metabolism’’metabolism’’
In fact, as many as 10% of women may have some
degree of thyroid hormone deficiency.

25. CausesCauses
There are three common causes
1.The first is a result of previous inflammation of
the thyroid gland, which leaves a large
percentage of the cells of the thyroid damaged
and incapable of producing sufficient hormone.
Eg:-autoimmune thyroiditis
2.The treatment of many thyroid conditions warrants
surgical removal of a portion or all of the thyroid
gland. If the total mass of thyroid producing cells left
within the body are not enough to meet the needs of
the body, the patient will develop hypothyroidism.

26. 3.3. A completely "normal" thyroid gland that is notA completely "normal" thyroid gland that is not
making enough hormone because of a problemmaking enough hormone because of a problem
in thein the pituitary glandpituitary gland. If the pituitary does not. If the pituitary does not
produce enough thyroid stimulating hormoneproduce enough thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH) then the thyroid simply does not have the(TSH) then the thyroid simply does not have the
"signal" to make hormone."signal" to make hormone.

27. SymptomsSymptoms of Hypothyroidismof Hypothyroidism
 FatigueFatigue
 WeaknessWeakness
 Weight gain or increased difficulty losing weightWeight gain or increased difficulty losing weight
 Coarse, dry hairCoarse, dry hair
 Dry, rough pale skinDry, rough pale skin
 Hair lossHair loss
 Cold intolerance (you can't tolerate cold temperaturesCold intolerance (you can't tolerate cold temperatures
like those around you)like those around you)
 Muscle cramps and frequent muscle achesMuscle cramps and frequent muscle aches
 ConstipationConstipation
 DepressionDepression
 IrritabilityIrritability
 Memory lossMemory loss
 Abnormal menstrual cyclesAbnormal menstrual cycles
 Decreased libidoDecreased libido

28. Diagnostic testingDiagnostic testing
1.Free triiodothyronine (fT3)
2.Free levothyroxine (fT4)
3.Total T3
4.Total T4
Treatment
Hypothyroidism is treated with the levorotatory
forms of thyroxine (L-T4) and triiodothyronine (L-
T3). Both synthetic and animal-derived thyroid
tablets are available

29. Cushing syndromeCushing syndrome
 Cushing's syndromeCushing's syndrome also calledalso called
hyperadrenocorticismhyperadrenocorticism oror hypercorticismhypercorticism is ais a
endocrineendocrine disorder caused by high levels ofdisorder caused by high levels of cortisolcortisol
(hypercortisolism) in the blood.(hypercortisolism) in the blood.
CausesCauses
1. Taking glucocorticoid drugs.
2. By tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH).
3. Cushing's disease refers to one specific cause, a tumor
(adenoma) in the pituitary gland that produces large
amounts of ACTH, which in turn elevates cortisol.
4. Adrenal tumors.
5. Familial cushing’s syndrome.

30. What are the signs and symptoms ofWhat are the signs and symptoms of
Cushing’s syndrome?Cushing’s syndrome?
1.1.upper body obesityupper body obesity
2.2. a rounded facea rounded face
3.3. increased fat around the neckincreased fat around the neck
4.4.slender arms and legs.slender arms and legs.
5.5. Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates.Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates.
6.6. skin is fragile and thin, bruises easily, and heals poorly.skin is fragile and thin, bruises easily, and heals poorly.
7.7. Purple or pink stretch marks may appear on the abdomen,Purple or pink stretch marks may appear on the abdomen,
thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts.thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts.
8.8.The bones are weakened, and routine activities such asThe bones are weakened, and routine activities such as
bending, lifting, or rising from a chair may lead to backachesbending, lifting, or rising from a chair may lead to backaches
and rib or spinal column fractures.and rib or spinal column fractures.
9.9.Women with Cushing’s syndrome usually have excess hairWomen with Cushing’s syndrome usually have excess hair
growth on their face, neck, chest, abdomen, and thighs.growth on their face, neck, chest, abdomen, and thighs.
10.10. Their menstrual periods may become irregular or stop.Their menstrual periods may become irregular or stop.
11.11.Men may have decreased fertility with diminished or absentMen may have decreased fertility with diminished or absent
desire for sex and, sometimes, erectile dysfunction.desire for sex and, sometimes, erectile dysfunction.

32. TreatmentTreatment

33. AÌiÉMüÉvrÉïAÌiÉMüÉvrÉï
WåûiÉÑWåûiÉÑ
xÉåuÉÉ Â¤ÉɳÉmÉÉlÉÉlÉÉÇxÉåuÉÉ Â¤ÉɳÉmÉÉlÉÉlÉÉÇ
sÉÇbÉlÉqÉç mÉëÍqÉiÉÉvÉlÉqÉç ÌsÉÇbÉlÉqÉç mÉëÍqÉiÉÉvÉlÉqÉç Ì
¢ürÉÉÌiÉrÉÉåaÉ:¢ürÉÉÌiÉrÉÉåaÉ: vÉÉåMü¶ÉvÉÉåMü¶É uÉåaÉuÉåaÉ
ÌlÉSìÉÌuÉÌlÉaÉëWûÉiÉ Â¤ÉxrÉÉå²iÉïlÉÌlÉSìÉÌuÉÌlÉaÉëWûÉiÉ Â¤ÉxrÉÉå²iÉïlÉ
xlÉÉlÉxrÉÉprÉÉxÉ mÉëM×üÌiÉ eÉUÉxlÉÉlÉxrÉÉprÉÉxÉ mÉëM×üÌiÉ eÉUÉ
ÌuÉMüÉUÉlÉÑvÉrÉÈ ¢üÉåkÉÈÌuÉMüÉUÉlÉÑvÉrÉÈ ¢üÉåkÉÈ
MÑüuÉïlirÉÌiÉM×üvÉÇ lÉUqÉçMÑüuÉïlirÉÌiÉM×üvÉÇ lÉUqÉç

34. sɤÉhÉsɤÉhÉ
vÉÑwMüÎxTüaÉÑSUÉÌaÉëuÉÉåvÉÑwMüÎxTüaÉÑSUÉÌaÉëuÉÉå
kÉqÉÌlÉeÉsÉxÉliÉiÉ:kÉqÉÌlÉeÉsÉxÉliÉiÉ:
iuÉaÉÉÎxjÉvÉåwÉÉåÅÌiÉM×üvÉ:iuÉaÉÉÎxjÉvÉåwÉÉåÅÌiÉM×üvÉ:
xjÉÔsÉmÉuÉÉï lÉUÉå qÉiÉÈxjÉÔsÉmÉuÉÉï lÉUÉå qÉiÉÈ
Put picPut pic

35. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
 oÉ×ÇWûhÉoÉ×ÇWûhÉ

xlÉåWûlÉxlÉåWûlÉ }} xÉliÉmÉïhÉ ÍcÉ.xÉliÉmÉïhÉ ÍcÉ.
 xiÉqpÉlÉxiÉqpÉlÉ

36. oÉ×ÇWûhÉoÉ×ÇWûhÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£üÌlÉÂÌ£ü
oÉ×WûiuÉ rÉcNûUÏUxrÉ eÉlÉrÉåiÉccÉoÉ×WûiuÉ rÉcNûUÏUxrÉ eÉlÉrÉåiÉccÉ
oÉ×WûhÉqÉçoÉ×WûhÉqÉç
aÉÑhÉaÉÑhÉ
aÉÑ vÉÏiÉ qÉ×SÕ ÎxlÉakÉ aÉÉRûaÉÑ vÉÏiÉ qÉ×SÕ ÎxlÉakÉ aÉÉRû
ÌmÉÎcNûsÉ qÉlS ÎxjÉUÌmÉÎcNûsÉ qÉlS ÎxjÉU

37. oÉ×ÇWûhÉoÉ×ÇWûhÉ
xlÉÉlÉqÉÑixÉÉSlÉqÉç xuÉmlÉÉåxlÉÉlÉqÉÑixÉÉSlÉqÉç xuÉmlÉÉå
qÉkÉÑUÉ: xlÉåWû oÉxiÉrÉ:qÉkÉÑUÉ: xlÉåWû oÉxiÉrÉ:
SìurÉSìurÉ
vÉMïüUÉ ¤ÉÏUxÉÌmÉïÌwÉ xÉuÉåïwÉÉvÉMïüUÉ ¤ÉÏUxÉÌmÉïÌwÉ xÉuÉåïwÉÉ
ÌuÉÎkS oÉ×WûhÉqÉçÌuÉÎkS oÉ×WûhÉqÉç

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40. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ xÉÔ§ÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ xÉÔ§É
xuÉmlÉÉå WûwÉïÈ xÉÑZÉÉ vÉrrÉÉxuÉmlÉÉå WûwÉïÈ xÉÑZÉÉ vÉrrÉÉ qÉlÉxÉÉåqÉlÉxÉÉå
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aÉÑQûuÉæM×üiÉqÉçaÉÑQûuÉæM×üiÉqÉç

41. oÉxiÉrÉÈoÉxiÉrÉÈ
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aÉlkÉqÉÉsrÉÌlÉwÉåuÉhÉqÉçaÉlkÉqÉÉsrÉÌlÉwÉåuÉhÉqÉç
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lÉ×hÉÉqÉÑmÉcÉrÉÇ mÉUqÉçlÉ×hÉÉqÉÑmÉcÉrÉÇ mÉUqÉç

42. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
 AÍcÉliÉlÉÉccÉ MürÉÉïhÉÉÇ kÉëÑuÉÇAÍcÉliÉlÉÉccÉ MürÉÉïhÉÉÇ kÉëÑuÉÇ
xÉliÉmÉïhÉålÉ cÉxÉliÉmÉïhÉålÉ cÉ
xuÉmlÉmÉëxÉÇaÉÉccÉ lÉUÉå uÉUÉWû CuÉxuÉmlÉmÉëxÉÇaÉÉccÉ lÉUÉå uÉUÉWû CuÉ
mÉÑwrÉÌiÉmÉÑwrÉÌiÉ
AÍcÉliÉlÉÇAÍcÉliÉlÉÇ

43. EmaciationEmaciation
 EmaciationEmaciation occurs when an organism losesoccurs when an organism loses
substantial amounts of much needed fat andsubstantial amounts of much needed fat and
often muscle tissue, making that organism lookoften muscle tissue, making that organism look
extremely thin. The cause of emaciation is a lackextremely thin. The cause of emaciation is a lack
of nutrients fromof nutrients from starvationstarvation or disease.or disease.

44. FeaturesFeatures
1.The shape of the bones in a severely-1.The shape of the bones in a severely-
emaciated person is distinguishable.emaciated person is distinguishable.
2. The shoulder blades are prominently2. The shoulder blades are prominently
sharp.sharp.
3. The ribs and spine can be clearly seen.3. The ribs and spine can be clearly seen.
4. The arms and legs are not significantly4. The arms and legs are not significantly
wider than the bones that support them.wider than the bones that support them.
5. Death may occur.5. Death may occur.

46. Mal nutritionMal nutrition

47. Scurvy- A type of malnutritionScurvy- A type of malnutrition
 ScurvyScurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency ofis a disease resulting from a deficiency of
vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis ofvitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of
collagen in humans. The chemical name forcollagen in humans. The chemical name for
vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latinvitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin
name of scurvy,name of scurvy, scorbutusscorbutus
•Scurvy leads to the formation of spots on the
skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the
mucous membranes
•Scurvy does not occur in most animals
because they can synthesize their own vitamin C

49. KwashiorkorKwashiorkor
 KwashiorkorKwashiorkor is anis an acuteacute form of childhoodform of childhood
protein-energy malnutritionprotein-energy malnutrition

50. SymptomsSymptoms
1.E1.Edemadema,,
2. Irritability2. Irritability
3.A3.Anorexianorexia
4.Ulcerating dermatoses4.Ulcerating dermatoses
5. Enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates5. Enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates
6.The defining sign of kwashiorkor in a malnourished
child is pedal edema
7. Distended abdomen
8. Thinning of hair
9. Loss of teeth
10.Skin depigmentation and dermatitis.

51. MarasmusMarasmus
 MarasmusMarasmus is a form of severeis a form of severe
protein-energy malnutritionprotein-energy malnutrition characterizedcharacterized
byby energy deficiencyenergy deficiency
 picpic

52. Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
1. Extensive tissue and muscle wasting1. Extensive tissue and muscle wasting
2. Variable edema.2. Variable edema.
3. Dry skin, loose3. Dry skin, loose skin foldsskin folds hanging over thehanging over the gluteiglutei,, axillaeaxillae,,
etcetc
4.There is also drastic loss of4.There is also drastic loss of adipose tissueadipose tissue from normalfrom normal
areas of fat deposits likeareas of fat deposits like buttocksbuttocks andand thighsthighs..
5.The afflicted are often fretful, irritable, and voraciously5.The afflicted are often fretful, irritable, and voraciously
hungryhungry
6.A child with marasmus looks emaciated.
7.Body weight may be reduced to less than 80% of
the normal weight for that height.
8.Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1

53. TreatmentTreatment
 It is necessary to treat not only theIt is necessary to treat not only the
symptoms but also the complications ofsymptoms but also the complications of
the disorder, includingthe disorder, including infectionsinfections,,
dehydrationdehydration, and, and circulationcirculation disorders,disorders,
which are frequently lethal and lead towhich are frequently lethal and lead to
high mortalityhigh mortality if ignored.if ignored.

54. AÌiÉSÏbÉïAÌiÉSÏbÉï
 AÌiÉSÏbÉÉïSrÉ¶É wÉÌQûWûAÌiÉSÏbÉÉïSrÉ¶É wÉÌQûWû
ÌlÉÎlSiÉmÉëxiÉÉuÉÉSÒcrÉliÉå;ÌlÉÎlSiÉmÉëxiÉÉuÉÉSÒcrÉliÉå;
ÌlÉÎlSiÉiuÉÇ cÉ iÉåwÉÉÇÌlÉÎlSiÉiuÉÇ cÉ iÉåwÉÉÇ
sÉÉåMüÌuÉaÉÉlÉÉSåuÉsÉÉåMüÌuÉaÉÉlÉÉSåuÉ
(cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ OûÏMüÉ)(cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ OûÏMüÉ)

55. GigantismGigantism
 GigantismGigantism, also known as, also known as giantismgiantism derivedderived
fromfrom GreekGreek wordword gigasgigas,, gigantasgigantas means "means "giantgiant",",
is a condition characterized by excessive growthis a condition characterized by excessive growth
and height significantly aboveand height significantly above averageaverage..
Many of those who have been identified with
gigantism have suffered from multiple health
problems involving their circulatory or
skeletal system.

57. TypesTypes
 ““Pituitary gigantism” overproduce due toPituitary gigantism” overproduce due to
prepubertalprepubertal growth hormonegrowth hormone excess. An excessexcess. An excess
of growth hormone leads to "pituitary gigantism"of growth hormone leads to "pituitary gigantism"
(vertical growth) if the(vertical growth) if the epiphysealepiphyseal platesplates havehave
not yet closed, but it leads to "acromegaly"not yet closed, but it leads to "acromegaly"
(lateral growth) if they have closed.(lateral growth) if they have closed.
 "Cerebral gigantism", also known as"Cerebral gigantism", also known as SotosSotos
syndromesyndrome, which is due to a mutation in, which is due to a mutation in NSD1NSD1..

58. AcromegalyAcromegaly
 AcromegalyAcromegaly taken fromtaken from GreekGreek akrosakros "extreme""extreme"
or "extremities" andor "extremities" and megalosmegalos "large" -"large" -
extremities enlargement is aextremities enlargement is a syndromesyndrome thatthat
results when theresults when the pituitarypituitary gland produces excessgland produces excess
growth hormonegrowth hormone (hGH) after(hGH) after epiphysealepiphyseal plateplate
closure at pubertyclosure at puberty
CausesCauses
A number of disorders may increase the
pituitary's GH output, although most commonly it
involves a GH producing tumor called
pituitary adenoma,

59.  AcromegalyAcromegaly most commonly affects adults inmost commonly affects adults in
middle age, and can result in severemiddle age, and can result in severe
disfigurement, serious complicating conditions,disfigurement, serious complicating conditions,
and premature death if unchecked.and premature death if unchecked.
Acromegaly is often also associated with gigantism.

60. SymptomsSymptoms
 Facial aspect of a patient with acromegalyFacial aspect of a patient with acromegaly
1.The nose is widened and thickened.
2. the cheekbones are obvious.
3. the forehead bulges
4.the lips are thick and the facial lines are marked.
5. The forehead and overlying skin is thickened, which may lead
to frontal bossing (an unusually prominent forehead sometimes
with a heavy brow ridge).

61.  As compared with the hand of a typical personAs compared with the hand of a typical person
(left), the hand of a patient with acromegaly (right)(left), the hand of a patient with acromegaly (right)
1. Hand is large
2. The fingers are widened, thickened and
stubby
3.The soft tissue is thickened.

62.  MandibularMandibular overgrowth leads toovergrowth leads to prognathismprognathism, maxillary, maxillary
widening, teeth separation and jawwidening, teeth separation and jaw malocclusionmalocclusion..
• Photo of teeth showing classic teeth gapping due to
acromegaly on lower jaw.

63. ComplicationsComplications
 SevereSevere headacheheadache
 ArthritisArthritis andand carpal tunnel syndromecarpal tunnel syndrome
 Enlarged heartEnlarged heart
 HypertensionHypertension
 Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus
 Heart failureHeart failure
 Kidney failureKidney failure
 Compression of theCompression of the optic chiasmoptic chiasm leading to lossleading to loss
of vision in the outer visual fields (typicallyof vision in the outer visual fields (typically
bitemporalbitemporal hemianopiahemianopia))
 Increased palmar sweating andIncreased palmar sweating and sebumsebum
production over the face (production over the face (seborrheaseborrhea) are clinical) are clinical
indicators of active growth hormone (GH)indicators of active growth hormone (GH)

64. TreatmentTreatment
 The goals of treatment are to reduce GHThe goals of treatment are to reduce GH
production to normal levels, to relieve theproduction to normal levels, to relieve the
pressure that the growing pituitary tumor exertspressure that the growing pituitary tumor exerts
on the surrounding brain areas, to preserveon the surrounding brain areas, to preserve
normal pituitary function, and to reverse ornormal pituitary function, and to reverse or
ameliorate the symptoms of acromegaly.ameliorate the symptoms of acromegaly.
 Currently, treatment options includeCurrently, treatment options include surgicalsurgical
removalremoval of the tumor,of the tumor, drug therapydrug therapy, and, and
radiation therapyradiation therapy of the pituitary.of the pituitary.

65. AÌiɾûxuÉAÌiɾûxuÉ
 MÑüoeÉÉÌSÌlÉÎlSiÉaÉëWûhÉÉjÉïqÉçMÑüoeÉÉÌSÌlÉÎlSiÉaÉëWûhÉÉjÉïqÉç
(cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ OûÏMüÉ)(cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ OûÏMüÉ)

66. DwarfismDwarfism
 DwarfismDwarfism is a medical disorder, describes a personis a medical disorder, describes a person
ofof short statureshort stature. It is sometimes defined as a person. It is sometimes defined as a person
with an adult height under 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm).with an adult height under 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm).

67. CausesCauses
Two disordersTwo disorders
1.1. AchondroplasiaAchondroplasia
2.2. Growth hormone deficiency (also known as pituitaryGrowth hormone deficiency (also known as pituitary
dwarfism), are responsible for the majority of dwarfismdwarfism), are responsible for the majority of dwarfism
casescases
Some other causes areSome other causes are
•Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
Diastrophic dysplasia
•Pseudoachondroplasia
•Hypochondroplasia
•Primordial dwarfism
•Turner syndrome
•Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI).
•Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also
occurs in several of the Mucopolysaccharidoses and
other storage disorders.

68. TypesTypes
1.Disproportionate1.Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized bydwarfism is characterized by
one or more body parts being relatively large orone or more body parts being relatively large or
small in comparison to those of a normal adult,small in comparison to those of a normal adult,
with growth abnormalities in specific areas beingwith growth abnormalities in specific areas being
apparent.apparent.
2.2. PProportionateroportionate dwarfism, the body appearsdwarfism, the body appears
normally proportioned, but is clearly abnormallynormally proportioned, but is clearly abnormally
small.small. HypotoniaHypotonia, or a lack of muscle, is, or a lack of muscle, is
common in dwarfs, but intelligence and lifespancommon in dwarfs, but intelligence and lifespan
are usually normal.are usually normal.

69. Important featuresImportant features
1. Many involve joint pain1. Many involve joint pain
caused by abnormal bonecaused by abnormal bone
alignment, or fromalignment, or from nervenerve
compression (e.g.,compression (e.g., spinalspinal
stenosisstenosis).).
2. Early degenerative joint2. Early degenerative joint
disease, exaggerateddisease, exaggerated lordosislordosis
oror scoliosisscoliosis, and constriction, and constriction
ofof spinal cordspinal cord or nerve rootsor nerve roots
can cause pain and disability.can cause pain and disability.
3.Reduced3.Reduced thoracicthoracic size cansize can
restrict lung growth andrestrict lung growth and
reduce pulmonary function.reduce pulmonary function.

70. TreatmentTreatment
 There is no single treatment for dwarfism.There is no single treatment for dwarfism.
Individual abnormalities such as bone growthIndividual abnormalities such as bone growth
disorders can sometimes be treated throughdisorders can sometimes be treated through
surgery.surgery.
 Some hormone disorders can be treated throughSome hormone disorders can be treated through
medication,.medication,.

71. AÌiÉsÉÉåqÉAÌiÉsÉÉåqÉ

72. HirsutismHirsutism
 HirsutismHirsutism derived from Latin wordderived from Latin word hirsutushirsutus ==
shaggy, hairy is the excessive and increasedshaggy, hairy is the excessive and increased
hairhair growth on female humans in those parts ofgrowth on female humans in those parts of
the body wherethe body where terminal hairterminal hair does not normallydoes not normally
occur or is minimal - for example, a beard oroccur or is minimal - for example, a beard or
chest hair.chest hair.

73. CausesCauses
 Hirsutism can be causedHirsutism can be caused
by either an increasedby either an increased
level oflevel of androgensandrogens..
 The maleThe male hormoneshormones..
 An oversensitivity ofAn oversensitivity of
hair follicleshair follicles to androgens.to androgens.
 Male hormones such asMale hormones such as
testosteronetestosterone stimulate hairstimulate hair
growth, increase size andgrowth, increase size and
intensify the growth andintensify the growth and
pigmentation of hair.pigmentation of hair.

74. The following may be some of the conditions that may increaseThe following may be some of the conditions that may increase
a woman's normally low level of male hormones:a woman's normally low level of male hormones:
 Polycystic ovary syndromePolycystic ovary syndrome
 Cushing's diseaseCushing's disease
 TumorsTumors in thein the ovariesovaries oror adrenal glandadrenal gland ((cancercancer))
 Certain medicationsCertain medications
 Congenital adrenal hyperplasiaCongenital adrenal hyperplasia
 Insulin resistanceInsulin resistance
 Stromal Hyperthecosis - in postmenopausal womenStromal Hyperthecosis - in postmenopausal women
 ObesityObesity: As there is peripheral conversion of estrogen to: As there is peripheral conversion of estrogen to
androgen in these patients, this is the same mechanism ofandrogen in these patients, this is the same mechanism of
PCOSPCOS
 Use of drugs likeUse of drugs like TetrahydrogestrinoneTetrahydrogestrinone

75. TreatmentTreatment
 Many women withMany women with
unwanted hair seekunwanted hair seek
methods ofmethods of hair removalhair removal..
However, the causes ofHowever, the causes of
the hair growth should bethe hair growth should be
evaluated.evaluated.
 One of the few treatmentsOne of the few treatments
is theis the antiandrogenantiandrogen drugdrug
SpironolactoneSpironolactone..

76. AsÉÉåqÉAsÉÉåqÉ

77. BaldnessBaldness
 BaldnessBaldness involves the state of lacking hairinvolves the state of lacking hair
where it often grows, especially on the head.where it often grows, especially on the head.
The most common form of baldness is aThe most common form of baldness is a
progressive hair thinning condition calledprogressive hair thinning condition called
androgenic alopeciaandrogenic alopecia or "male pattern baldness"or "male pattern baldness"

78.  Male pattern is characterized by hair recedingMale pattern is characterized by hair receding
from thefrom the laterallateral sides of the forehead, known assides of the forehead, known as
""receding hairlinereceding hairline". Receding hairlines are". Receding hairlines are
usually seen in males above the ages of 20 butusually seen in males above the ages of 20 but
can be seen as early as late teens as well.can be seen as early as late teens as well.

79. TypesTypes
1.1. The most common type ofThe most common type of alopecia areataalopecia areata
involves hair loss in one or more round spots oninvolves hair loss in one or more round spots on
the scalp.the scalp.
2.2. Hair may also be lost more diffusely over theHair may also be lost more diffusely over the
whole scalp, in which case the condition is calledwhole scalp, in which case the condition is called
diffuse alopecia areatadiffuse alopecia areata..
3.3. Alopecia areata monolocularisAlopecia areata monolocularis describesdescribes
baldness in only one spot. It may occur anywherebaldness in only one spot. It may occur anywhere
on the head.on the head.
4.4. Alopecia areata multilocularisAlopecia areata multilocularis refers to multiplerefers to multiple
areas of hair loss.areas of hair loss.

80. 5. The disease may be limited only to the beard, in5. The disease may be limited only to the beard, in
which case it is calledwhich case it is called Alopecia areata barbaeAlopecia areata barbae..
6. If the patient loses all the hair on his scalp, the6. If the patient loses all the hair on his scalp, the
disease is then calleddisease is then called Alopecia areata totalisAlopecia areata totalis..
7. If all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost, the
diagnosis then becomes Alopecia areata
universalis.

81. Alopecia areataAlopecia areata
 Alopecia areataAlopecia areata ((AAAA) is a condition affecting) is a condition affecting
humans, in whichhumans, in which hair is losthair is lost from some or allfrom some or all
areas of the body, usually from theareas of the body, usually from the scalpscalp
•Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially
in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot
baldness.
•In 1%–2% of cases, the condition can spread to the
entire scalp (Alopecia totalis) or to the entire
epidermis (Alopecia universalis).

82. CausesCauses
 HeredrityHeredrity
 Auto immune disordersAuto immune disorders

83. TreatmentTreatment
 Proven treatments such asProven treatments such as finasteridefinasteride,,
dutasteridedutasteride and topically appliedand topically applied minoxidilminoxidil
solution, in an attempt to prevent further losssolution, in an attempt to prevent further loss
and regrow hair.and regrow hair.
 As a general rule, it is easier to maintainAs a general rule, it is easier to maintain
remaining hair than it is to regrow.remaining hair than it is to regrow.

84. AÌiÉM×üwhÉAÌiÉM×üwhÉ

85. Hyper-pigmentationHyper-pigmentation
 Hyper-pigmentation occurs when there is eitherHyper-pigmentation occurs when there is either
an increase inan increase in melaninmelanin production ORproduction OR
melanocytesmelanocytes in our skin. This occurs when yourin our skin. This occurs when your
skin is stressedskin is stressed
e.g.e.g. due to sun exposure.due to sun exposure.

86. CausesCauses
 An excess production ofAn excess production of melaninmelanin..
 MelaninMelanin is produced byis produced by melanocytesmelanocytes at the lowerat the lower
layer of the epidermis.layer of the epidermis.
 As the body ages,As the body ages, melanocytemelanocyte distributiondistribution
becomes less diffuse and its regulation lessbecomes less diffuse and its regulation less
controlled by the body.controlled by the body.
 UV light stimulatesUV light stimulates melanocytemelanocyte activity, andactivity, and
where concentrations of the cells are denser thanwhere concentrations of the cells are denser than
surrounding areas, hyperpigmentation is effectedsurrounding areas, hyperpigmentation is effected

87. Acanthosis nigricansAcanthosis nigricans
 Acanthosis nigricansAcanthosis nigricans is a brown to black,is a brown to black,
poorly defined, velvetypoorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentationhyperpigmentation of theof the
skinskin. It is usually found in body folds, such as the. It is usually found in body folds, such as the
posterior and lateral folds of theposterior and lateral folds of the neckneck, the, the axillaaxilla,,
groingroin,, umbilicusumbilicus,, foreheadforehead, and other areas., and other areas.

88. CausesCauses
 HHypothyroidismypothyroidism oror hyperthyroidismhyperthyroidism..
 AcromegalyAcromegaly..
 PPolycystic ovary diseaseolycystic ovary disease ..
 IInsulin-resistant diabetesnsulin-resistant diabetes..
 Cushing's diseaseCushing's disease..

89. EndocrineEndocrine
 The most common cause of AcanthosisThe most common cause of Acanthosis
nigricans isnigricans is insulin resistanceinsulin resistance, which leads to, which leads to
increased circulating insulin levels.increased circulating insulin levels. InsulinInsulin
spillover into the skin results in its abnormalspillover into the skin results in its abnormal
growth, and the stimulation of color producinggrowth, and the stimulation of color producing
cells (cells (melanocytesmelanocytes).).
 The most common cause of insulin resistance isThe most common cause of insulin resistance is
type 2type 2 diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitus. Other causes of insulin. Other causes of insulin
resistance includeresistance include obesityobesity, and, and
Polycystic ovary syndromePolycystic ovary syndrome..

90. MalignantMalignant
 acanthosis nigricans is aacanthosis nigricans is a paraneoplasticparaneoplastic syndromesyndrome andand
is then commonly referred to as acanthosis nigricansis then commonly referred to as acanthosis nigricans
maligna. Involvement of mucous membranes is raremaligna. Involvement of mucous membranes is rare
and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.
 When seen in individuals older than age 40, thisWhen seen in individuals older than age 40, this
disorder is commonly associated with an internaldisorder is commonly associated with an internal
malignancy, usually adenocarcinoma, and mostmalignancy, usually adenocarcinoma, and most
commonly of the GI tract or uterus; less commonly ofcommonly of the GI tract or uterus; less commonly of
the lung, prostate, breast, or ovary. The stomach is thethe lung, prostate, breast, or ovary. The stomach is the
most common site.most common site.
 Acanthosis nigricans of the oral mucosa or tongue isAcanthosis nigricans of the oral mucosa or tongue is
highly suggestive of a neoplasm, especially of the GIhighly suggestive of a neoplasm, especially of the GI
tract.tract.

91. TypesTypes
1.1. AcanthosisAcanthosis nigricansnigricans type Itype I
2.2. AcanthosisAcanthosis nigricansnigricans type IItype II
3.3. AcanthosisAcanthosis nigricansnigricans type IIItype III

92. TreatmentTreatment
 People with acanthosis nigricans shouldPeople with acanthosis nigricans should
be screened forbe screened for diabetesdiabetes and, althoughand, although
rare,rare, cancercancer..
 Controlling blood glucose levels throughControlling blood glucose levels through
exercise and diet often improvesexercise and diet often improves
symptoms.symptoms.
 Acanthosis nigricans maligna may resolveAcanthosis nigricans maligna may resolve
if the causative tumor is successfullyif the causative tumor is successfully
removed.removed.

93. AÌiÉaÉÉæUAÌiÉaÉÉæU

94. AlbinismAlbinism
 The word “albinism” refers to a group ofThe word “albinism” refers to a group of
inherited conditions. People with albinism haveinherited conditions. People with albinism have
little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair.little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair.
They have inherited altered genes that do notThey have inherited altered genes that do not
make the usual amounts of a pigment calledmake the usual amounts of a pigment called
melaninmelanin

95. • Albinism taken from Latin albus, "white"; also
called achromia, achromasia, or
achromatosis) is a congenital disorder
characterized by the complete or partial
absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes
due to absence or defect of an enzyme
involved in the production of melanin

96. CausesCauses
 Most forms of albinism are the result of theMost forms of albinism are the result of the
biological inheritance of genetically recessivebiological inheritance of genetically recessive
alleles (genes) passed from both parents of analleles (genes) passed from both parents of an
individual, though some rare forms are inheritedindividual, though some rare forms are inherited
from only one parent.from only one parent.
 There are other genetic mutations which areThere are other genetic mutations which are
proven to be associated with albinism. Allproven to be associated with albinism. All
alterations, however, lead to changes in melaninalterations, however, lead to changes in melanin
production in the body.production in the body.

97. Vision ProblemsVision Problems
((not correctable with eyeglasses)not correctable with eyeglasses)
 The degree of vision impairment varies with the differentThe degree of vision impairment varies with the different
types of albinism and many people with albinism aretypes of albinism and many people with albinism are
“legally blind,” but most use their vision for many tasks“legally blind,” but most use their vision for many tasks
including reading and do not use Braille.including reading and do not use Braille.
 Some people with albinism have sufficient vision to drive aSome people with albinism have sufficient vision to drive a
car.car.
 Vision problems in albinism result from abnormalVision problems in albinism result from abnormal
development of the retina and abnormal patterns of nervedevelopment of the retina and abnormal patterns of nerve
connections between the eye and the brain.connections between the eye and the brain.

 It is the presence of these eye problems that defines theIt is the presence of these eye problems that defines the
diagnosis of albinism.diagnosis of albinism.

98. Skin ProblemsSkin Problems
 While most people with albinism are fair inWhile most people with albinism are fair in
complexion, skin or hair color is not diagnostic ofcomplexion, skin or hair color is not diagnostic of
albinism.albinism.
 People with many types of albinism need to takePeople with many types of albinism need to take
precautions to avoid damage to the skin causedprecautions to avoid damage to the skin caused
by the sun such as wearing sunscreen lotions,by the sun such as wearing sunscreen lotions,
hats and sun-protective clothing.hats and sun-protective clothing.

99. Types of AlbinismTypes of Albinism
1.1.OculocutaneousOculocutaneous (pronounced ock-you-low-kew-(pronounced ock-you-low-kew-
TAIN-ee-us) albinism (OCA) involves the eyes,TAIN-ee-us) albinism (OCA) involves the eyes,
hair and skin.hair and skin.
2.2.Ocular albinismOcular albinism (OA), which is much less(OA), which is much less
common, involves primarily the eyes, while skincommon, involves primarily the eyes, while skin
and hair may appear similar or slightly lighterand hair may appear similar or slightly lighter
than that of other family members.than that of other family members.

100. uÉlkrÉÉ rÉÉåÌlÉ urÉÉmÉSèuÉlkrÉÉ rÉÉåÌlÉ urÉÉmÉSè
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102. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
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oÉÏeÉSÉåwÉɨÉÑoÉÏeÉSÉåwÉɨÉÑ
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104. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
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105. AxÉ×eÉÉAxÉ×eÉÉ
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106. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
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107. AUeÉxMüÉAUeÉxMüÉ
rÉÉåÌlÉaÉpÉÉïvÉrÉxjÉÇ cÉåiÉç ÌmɨÉÇrÉÉåÌlÉaÉpÉÉïvÉrÉxjÉÇ cÉåiÉç ÌmɨÉÇ
xÉÇSÕwÉrÉåSèxÉ×MçxÉÇSÕwÉrÉåSèxÉ×Mç
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eÉlÉlÉÏpÉ×vÉqÉçeÉlÉlÉÏpÉ×vÉqÉç
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108. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
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(cÉ.xÉÇ.ÍcÉ 30/100)(cÉ.xÉÇ.ÍcÉ 30/100)
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WåûiÉÑWåûiÉÑ
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