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Nutritional anemia
1. NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
Dr. Moumita Pal
MBBS, DPH, MD
Dept. of Community
Medicine
College of Medicine and
Sagar Dutta Hospital
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2. Iron
Group Requirement (mg) / day RDA(mg)
Male 0.84 17
Female 1.65 21
Pregnancy 2.80 35
Lactation 1.65 21
•Micro element- mineral
•Adult body contains- 4 gm iron; >2/3rd i.e. 2.4 gm
present in haemoglobin
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3. Iron- sources
• Haem-iron: Non vegetarian sources- meat,
fish, poultry, liver. Help in absorption of
Non haem iron. Milk is poor source but iron
in breast milk is well utilized.
• Non haem iron: vegetarian sources like
cereals, green leafy vegetables, pulses,
nuts, dry fruits, jaggery. Bioavailability is
poor.
• Decrease absorption- Phytic acid( cereals,
fibre), polyphenols( in plants), tannins
( tea), phosphates ( milk, eggs), calcium
• Enhance non haem iron absorption- haem
iron, ascorbic acid, low pH ( vit C ).
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4. Absorption and Loss
• Mostly from duodenum and upper small intestine in
ferrous state according to body need.
• Absorption from habitual Indian diet is <5%
• Transported as Plasma Ferritin
• Stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney.
• Lost by-1. hemorrhages- physiological(menstruation,
childbirth)
• Pathological( hookworm, malaria, hemorrhoids, peptic
ulcers)
• 2. Basal loss- through urine, sweat, bile and
desquamation of surface cells.
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5. Functions
• Formation of haemoglobin and Myoglobin.
• Constituents of enzymes like cytochromes,
catalase, peroxidase,
• Oxygen transport and cellular respiration.
• Cellular immune response and functioning of
phagocytes.
• Brain development and function
• Regulation of body temperature and muscle
activity.
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6. Iron deficiency
Decreased storage but no S/S
Latent iron deficiency – serum Ferritin n
Transferrin saturation( falls to <15%)
Overt iron deficiency- fall down HB
conc.
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7. Evaluation of iron status
• Haemoglobin concentration-
• Serum iron concentration- 0.80-1.80 mg/L
• Serum ferritin- < 10mcg/L absence of store.
• Serum transferrin saturation-30%
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8. Definition
• Disease syndrome by malnutrition
• A condition in which the hemoglobin content
of blood is lower than normal as a result of a
deficiency of one or more essential nutrients
regardless of the cause of such deficiency.
(WHO)
• Most common- IDA ( Microcytic)
• Less common- Vit B12 and Folic acid Deficiency
( Macro/,megaloblastic Anemia)
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9. WHO CUT OFF CRITERIA OF HB%
(IN VENOUS BLOOD)
Age/gender group HB ( g/dl)
Adult man 13
Adult woman (non
pregnant)
12
Adult woman (pregnant) 11
Child above 6 yrs 12
Child below 6 yrs 11
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10. The problem Statement
• World wide problem specially for developing
countries.
• More prevalent in women of child baring age,
young children, pregnancy, lactation.
• In India >50% of women, 70% of children are
anemic.
• Adolescent girls- 72.6% anemic ( DLHS)
• Megaloblastic anemia masked by IDA. 30% in
pregnant women
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11. Causes -IDA
Inadequate intake of iron Poor diet
Poverty
Ignorance
Inadequate folate/vit C
intake
Poor absorption and bioavailability of iron Absorption-5%
Poor absorption- Non heame iron
Inhibitors- phosphates, phytates, oxalates,
fibre, tea(tannin), calcium
Excessive loss of iron Normal man (1mg/dl)
Menstruation( 2 mg/dl)
IUDs
Intestinal worms
Malaria
Repeated pregnancies
Increased demand of iron Pregnancy
Growth
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12. Increased risk of Iron deficiency
women
Growing children and adolescents
Pregnancy and lactation
Heavy menstruation
Chronis bleed- hemorrhoids, peptic ulcers, acute gastritis
Iron deficient diet
Strict vegetarians
Heavy tae coffee drinkers
Reduced gastric acid secretion
Atrophic gastritis
Chronic antacid use
Reduced transport due to deficiency of- Vit-A, Vit B6, Copper
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13. Prevention and control
(Integrated approach)
• Breastfeeding and appropriate weaning.
• Dietary modification
• De-worming
• Control of infection
• Supplementation
• Iron fortification
• Nutrition education
• Home gardening
• Care of pregnant and lactating women.
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14. Iron fortification
• By National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
• Addition of ferric ortho-phosphate or ferrous
sulphate with sodium bisulphate to fortify
common salt
• Consumed over 12-18 months-reduced
prevalence
• Advantages- universally consumed by all
sections, no special delivery system needed.
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15. National nutritional anemia
prophylaxis program
• Launched in 1972
• Beneficiaries : pregnant and lactating women,
children 1-5 years and women acceptors of
family planning.
• Currently operating as a part of RMNCH+A.
• Target group includes infants(6-12 months),
School children 5-10 years and adolescents
10-19 years.
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19. NATIONAL IRON + INITIATIVE
• Continuum of care- management of anemia across all life
stages.
• Use of folic acid in planned pregnancies-3 months before
and 3 months after conception to prevent Neural tube
defect.
• For 6-60months- ASHA are key person to visit home to
provide 1 dose under direct observation and educate
mother about importance of IFA.
• IFA tablets for adolescent is colored blue- IRON KI NILI GOLI
to distinguish it from red IFA for pregnant and lactating
women.
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20. The weekly Iron and Folic Acid
supplementation (WIFS)
• Community based intervention
• address IDA amongst adolescents( boys and
girls) for both Urban and Rural areas.
• Covers adolescent enrolled in class VI-XII of
Govt., Govt. aided and Municipal schools.
• Includes out of school girls too through
anganwadis.
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21. Cont. Key features of WIFS
• Supervised administration of weekly IFA
• Screening of target groups for mod and severe
anemia and referral to appropriate facility
• Bi annual de worming
• IEC for improve diet and prevention of worm
infestation.
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22. Causes of poor out come of the
program
• Poor perception of the problem by population
• Poor compliance
• Medicine supply and stock inadequate and
poor quality
• Knowledge of functionaries and beneficiaries
poor
• Evaluation system not implimented
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