9. SUBLINGUAL/BUCCAL ROUTE
Tab or pellet containing the drug is placed under
tongue or crushed in mouth and spread over
the buccal mucosa.
Ex- GTN, buprenorphine
17 September 2018
10. SUBLINGUAL
• ADVANTAGES
• Quick onset of action
• Bypass first pass effect
• Can be spitted out if
side effects occur
• DISADVANTAGES
• Distasteful drugs cannot
be given
• Drugs of high molecular
weight are not well
absorbed.
17 September 2018
11. RECTAL ROUTE
• Drugs that are administered rectally
as a suppository.
• In this form, a drug is mixed with
a waxy substance that dissolves
or liquefies after inserted
into the rectum.
• E.G.- Diazepam, indomethacin,
paraldehyde, ergotamine
17 September 2018
12. RECTAL
• ADVANTAGES
• Useful in patients with
nausea and vomiting
• Bypass first pass effect
• Useful if drug is gastric
irritant
• DISADVANTAGES
• Chances of rectal
inflammation
• Absorption unreliable
• Inconvenient and
embarrasing to the
patient
17 September 2018
13. Urethral Route
Advantages of :-
1. Unconscious patients
and children
2. If patient is having
nausea or vomiting
Disadvantages
1. May cause irritation
2. Absorption may be
variable
17 September 2018
14. PARENTERAL ROUTES
INTRAVENOUS
• ADVANTAGES
• Quick onset
• Bypass first pass effect
• Useful in unconscious
• Large volume fluids
• Gastric irritant drugs-
given
• Amount of drug-
controlled
• DISADVANTAGES
• painful
• Aseptic conditions
needed
• Risk of
thrombophlebitis
• Introduction of air or
particulate-embolism
17 September 2018
15. INTRAMUSCULAR
• ADVANTAGES
• Absorption is more
predictable and rapid
compared to oral
• Depot injections can be
given- for sustained
drug effect
• DISADVANTAGES
• Painful
• Aseptic conditions
needed
• Chances of abscess,
nerve damage
• Large volumes cannot
be given
17 September 2018
16. SUBCUTANEOUS
• ADVANTAGES
• Smooth absorption for
longer periods
• Depot injections can be
given
• DISADVANTAGES
• Small volumes of
drug(max 2 ml)
• Irritant drugs- necrosis,
sloughing
• Not suitable in states of
shock.
17 September 2018
20. INTRATHECAL
• ADVANTAGES
• Drug acts directly on
meninges and CNS
• Bypass blood-brain
barrier and blood-csf
barrier
• DISADVANTAGES
• Strict aseptic
precautions needed
• Painful procedure
• Expertise needed
17 September 2018
21. INTRAARTERIAL
• ADVANTAGES
• Greater concentrations
of drug can be delivered
to desired site
• DISADVANTAGES
• Painful
• Aseptic conditions
• Expertise needed
17 September 2018
25. Transdermal Route
• Administration achieves systemic effects by
application of drugs to the skin, usually via a
transdermal medicated adhesive patch
17 September 2018
26. Examples
• Nitroglycerine
• Clonidine
• Estradiol
• Fentanyl
• Scopolamine
• Testosterone
Chest, upper arm
-Angina
Shaven areas of upper
arm -Hypertension
Trunk
Trunk -chronic pain
Behind the ear -motion
sickness.
Scrotum –testosterone
deficiency
17 September 2018
28. Introduction
Modifications of the existing systems or new
systems developed to promote therapeutic effects
and minimize the toxic effects of a drug by
increasing the amount and persistence in the
vicinity of a target cell.
17 September 2018
29. Benefits
• Improved patient compliance.
• Decreased ADRs.
• Increased efficacy.
• Ease of administration.
• Reduces dosage frequency.
• Cost reduction.
• Achieved by Optimization of duration of
action, controlling the site of release and
maintaining constant drug levels
17 September 2018
35. Inhalational Route
• Endotracheal – used only in emergency e.g.
epinephrine
• Intranasal – Local e.g. decongestants Systemic –
rich vasculature, increased
absorption. Direct delivery to CNS.
Drugs use : Desmopressin, oxytocin, lypressin, insulin
• Pulmonary route
Most commonly implied for asthma, anesthesia.
17 September 2018
37. Subcutaneous routes
• Injections – insulin for DM
• Insulin infusion pumps
eliminates the need for daily self-administered
injections.
Maintains blood glucose at near-normal levels on a
constant basis.
Provides patient convenience,compliance
-Dermojet – subcutaneous needleless injections.high
velocity jet of drug solution is projected from a
microfine orifice – painless
17 September 2018