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Testicular tumours
1. Dr. Minhajuddin Khurram
Moderator: Dr Sajid A. Mudhol (Prof . And HOD Dept.
Of Surgery)
Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur, India.
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
3. EpidemiologyEpidemiology
1 -2 % of all cancers in USA
5 per 1 lac cases
90% GCT are in testes
2-5% in extra gonadal (eg retropreitoneum)
Cure rate increased with introduction of
platinum based chemotherapy from 10 to
80%
4. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
1. Cryptochordism
2. Positive family history
3. Positive personal history
4. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
5. Trauma
6. Hormonal factors
7. Exposure to environmental oestrogen and
contaminations
5. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
1. Cryptochordism
Most important risk factor
6 times higher risk1
Risk reduces to 2-3 times if orchidopexy done
before puberty
One in five will have tumors in the normally
descended testis
Probable pathogenesis: Increased
gonadotrophins/ abnormal reaction to
gonatrophins
6. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
2. Positive family history
Men with first degree relative with testicular
cancer
Median age being less by 2-3 yrs
Affected brother: 8-10 times more
Affected father: 2-4 times
7. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
3. Positive personal history
12 folds increased risk of developing GCT in
the contralateral testis
Higher risk for contralateral tumor if
Younger age
Seminoma
8. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
4. Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia
(ITGCN)
A precursor lesion
ITGCN consists of undifferentiated germ cells
having appearance of seminoma located basally
within seminiferous tubules.
No spermatogenesis
Present in adjascent testicular parenchyma in 80%
50% risk of GCT in 5 yrs, 70% in 7yrs
5-9% in unaffected contralateral testis; increases to
36% in atrophy or cryptochordism
9. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
5. Trauma
No link proved yet between trauma and
testicular tumor
May simply draw the patient’s attention to
the site
Or may possibly hasten the growth of the
tumor
10. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
6. Hormonal Factors
Thought to be a contributing factor
Peak incidence after puberty
Tumors are more common in dizygous twin
pregnancies than monozygous : More
maternal oestrogen in dizygous pregnancy!!
11. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
7. Exposure to environmental oestrogen
and contaminations
Testicular tumors on a rise in the past 30yrs
Synthetic oestrogen in plastics and
detergents
Exposure to DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane):
It is a potent androgen receptor antagonist
Half life 60-100 yrs: trapped in food chain
16. SeminomaSeminoma
The commonest variety of testicular tumour
Adults are the usual target (4th
and 5th
decade); never seen in infancy
Right > Left Testis
Starts in the mediastinum: compresses the
surrounding structure.
Patients present with painless testicular
mass
30 % have metastases at presentation, but
only 3% have symptoms related to
metastases
17. SeminomaSeminoma
Serum alpha fetoprotein is normal
Beta HCG is elevated in 30% of patients
with Seminoma
Classification (of no clinical significance)
a) Typical
b) Anaplastic
c) Spermatocytic
19. SeminomaSeminoma
Microscopically:
Typical seminoma Cells have round to oval
nuclei with one to several nucleoli & clear
to eosinophillic cytoplasm.
Cell borders are well defined arranged in
solid nests separated by fibrous septa.
Active lymphocytic infiltration in 80% cases.
Strongly positive for placental Alkaline
phosphatase (PLAP)
21. Spermatocytic SeminomaSpermatocytic Seminoma
A rare GCT and accounts for less than 1%
It represents a distinct clinicopathological
entity from other GCT
Does not arise from ITGCN
Not associated with crytochordism
Benign tumour; complete cure by
orchidectomy1
Not positive to PLAP
23. Embryonal CarcinomaEmbryonal Carcinoma
2nd
most common germ cell tumor
Present in majority of mixed germ cell
tumors
Most men present in their 20s to 30s with
a testicular mass
Highly malignant tumours; may invade the
cord stuctures
High degree of metastasis
Serum AFP is normal , & beta HCG is
elevated in 60 % of cases
24. Embryonal CarcinomaEmbryonal Carcinoma
Macroscopically:
Tan to yellow neoplasms (fleshy tumor) that
exhibit large areas of hemorrhage and necrosis.
Microscopically:
Undifferentiated malignant cells with crowded
pleomorphic nuclei
Solid sheets,
Papillary
Glandular
Tubular arrangement of cells
• Most undifferentiated; capacity to differentiate
to other NSGCT within primary or mets
27. ChoriocarcinomaChoriocarcinoma
A rare and aggressive tumour (5yrs survival is
5%)
Typically elevated hCG
Presents with disseminated disease
Metastasis to lungs and brain
Primary is very small and often exhibit NO
TESTICULAR ENLARGEMENT
Small palpable nodule may be present.
Prone to hemorrhage, sometimes spontaneous
(lungs and brain)
Catastrophic hemorrhage immediately after
chemotherapy;
28. ChoriocarcinomaChoriocarcinoma
Macroscopically:
Primary lesion may be a hemorrhagic or a
clotted mass in which bits of grey tumor can
be seen
Presents as nodules
• Microscopically:
Consists of both syncitiotrophoblast and
cytotrophoblast
Prominent areas of hemorrhage and
necrosis.
30. Yolk Sac TumourYolk Sac Tumour
Most common germ cell tumor ( & most
common testicular tumor ) in children,
where it occurs in its pure form.
In adults, it is unusual in pure form, but is
found approx. 50 % of mixed germ cell
tumors.
Testicular mass the most usual
presentation.
Always produce AFP, never hCG
Easily detectable, lower relapse
31. Yolk Sac TumourYolk Sac Tumour
Macroscopically:
White to tan masses, with myxoid & cystic
changes
• Microscopically:
Reticular network of medium sized
cuboidal cellswith cytoplasmic and
extracytoplasmic eosinophil, hyaline like
goblets (84%)
Glandular, papillary or microcystic pattern
Schiller-Duval bodies are characteristic
32. TeratomaTeratoma
Teratoma in greek means “monster
tumor”
Occurs in its pure form with a mean age of
diagnosis at 20 months
In adults, occur as a component of mixed
germ cell tumor & is identified in > 47 % of
mixed tumors.
Pure teratomas are uncommon.
Normal serum markers.
◦ Mildly elevated AFP levels
33. TeratomaTeratoma
Histologically benign, but found at
metastatic sites in NSGCT
Perhaps metastatised as Embryonal cell
ca
They are resistant to chemotherapy1
Surgical resection required post
chemotherapy in 40-50% cases
34. TeratomaTeratoma
Growing Teratoma Syndrome:
May grow uncontrollably, invade the
surrunding tissueand become unresectable
Teratoma with malignant
transformation
Rarely teratoma may transform into a
somatic malignancy such as
rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarnoma or
primitive neuroectodermal tumour
35. TeratomaTeratoma
Macroscopically:
Largely depends on elements within it with solid &
cystic areas
Microscopically:
Contain more than one germ cell layers(ectoderm,
endodermand mesoderm).
Range from “mature” with well differentiated tissue to
“immature” with undifferentiated primitive tisuue.
Composed of somatic type of tissues that include
enteric type glands, respiratory epithelium, cartilage,
muscles, hair etc.
Immature Teratomas contain immature
neuroepithelium, blastema or cellular stroma.
Can give rise to carcinoma, such as adenocarcinoma , or
sarcoma, such as rhabdomyosarcoma.
37. SpreadSpread
1. Direct Spread:
This spread occurs by invasion.
Whole of testis in involved and restricted
Tunica albuginea is rarely penetrated
May be crossed by “blunder biopsy”
Scrotal skin involvement
Fungation on the anterior aspect
Spread to spermatic cord and epidedymis
may occur : points towards bad prognosis
39. SpreadSpread
2. Lyphatic spread:
Seminoma metastasize exclusively through
lymphatics
They drain primarily to para-aortic lymph nodes
in the region of origin of tetsticular arteries
Left supraclavicular fossa through the thoracic
duct
Lymph from medial side of testes run along the
artery to the vas to drain to nodes at the
bifurcation of common iliac
No inguinal nodes until scrotal skin involvement
41. SpreadSpread
3. Blood Spread
NSGCT spread through blood route
Lungs, liver, bones and brain are the usual
sites usually involved
42. Clinical Features / PresentaionClinical Features / Presentaion
1. Due to primary tumor
a) Painless testicular lump
b) Sensation of heaviness if size > than 2-3
times
c) Rarely dragging pain is complained of (1/3rd
cases)
d) May mimic epidedymo-orchitis
e) Sudden pain and enlargement due to
hemorrhage mimicking torsion
f) History of trauma (co-incidental)
43. Clinical Features / PresentaionClinical Features / Presentaion
2. Due to metastasis
Abdominal or lumbar pain (lymphatic spread)
Mass in epigastrium
Dyspnoea, hemoptysis and chest pain with lung
mets
Jaundice with liver mets
Hydronephrosis by para-aortic lymph nodes
enlargement
Pedal oedema by IVC obstruction
Troiser’s sign
44. Clinical Features / PresentaionClinical Features / Presentaion
3. Clinical examination:
a) Enlarged testis (except choriocarcinoma)
b) Nodular testis
c) Firm to hard in consistency
d) Loss of testicular sensation (be gentle)
e) Secondary hydrocele
f) Flat and difficult to feel epidedymis
g) Sign of Vas negetive
h) General examination for mets
45. Clinical Features / PresentaionClinical Features / Presentaion
3. Clinical examination:
a) Enlarged testis (except choriocarcinoma)
b) Nodular testis
c) Firm to hard in consistency
d) Loss of testicular sensation (be gentle)
e) Secondary hydrocele
f) Flat and difficult to feel epidedymis
g) Sign of Vas negetive
h) General examination for mets
46. InvestigationsInvestigations
1. USG testes: gold standard
2. Tumor markers/ hormones
a) AFP
b) Beta hCG
3. Chest radiography
4. USG abdomen
5. CT abdomen
6. MRI: intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic
secondaries
7. IVP and RFT : obstruction on ureters
47. Clinical StagingClinical Staging
Stage I – Tumor confined to the testis
Stage II – Nodal disease present but
confined to below the diaphragm
Stage III – Nodal disease above the
diaphragm
Stage IV – Nonlymphatic metastatic
disease
48. AJCC Staging (TNM)AJCC Staging (TNM)
Primary Tumor (pT)
pTx: Primary tumor cannot be assessed
pT0: No evidence of primary tumor
pTis: ITGCN
pT1: Tumor confined to testicle; may invade into
the albuginea but not the tunica vaginalis
pT2: Tumor extending thru tunica albuginea
with involvement of tunica vaginalis or the
presence of angiolymphatic invasion.
pT3: Spermatic cord involvement.
pT4: Scortal involvement
49. AJCC Staging (TNM)AJCC Staging (TNM)
Regional Lymph nodes (by non-invasive
assessment)
Nx: nodal status unknown.
N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.
N1:single or multiple lymph node involved, <
2 cm
N2: single node, 2-5 cm or multiple nodes <
5 cm
N3:any nodes > 5 cm
50. AJCC Staging (TNM)AJCC Staging (TNM)
Distant metastasis (M)
Mx: status of metastases unknown
M0: no distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis
52. TreatmentTreatment
1. Scrotal exploration and orchidectomy for
suspected testicular tumor
Orchidectomy undertaken by the inguinal incision
Spermatic cords are displayed
A soft clamp applied across the cord
Mobilise testis to the wound
If neseccary, bisect the testes along the anterior
convexity to examine
Take biopsy, send for frozen section
In case of tumor, double transfix and divide at the
level of the deep ring
Some advice hemi-scrotectomy along with
orchidectomy
53. TreatmentTreatment
2. Radio/Chemotherapy
A. Stage I tumor:
Seminomas:
Radio-sensitive and chemo sensitive (platinum based
regimen)
Current protocol: radiotherapy is the mainstay of
treatment with CT and tumor marker based surveillance
In men who demonstrate relapse, chemotherapy to be
applied
NSGCT
Not radio-sensitive
Subjected to BEP (Bleomycin, etoposide and cis-platinum)
55. TreatmentTreatment
Radiotherapy:
Given to para-aortic and ipsilateral lymph
nodes, field extending from D10-11interspace
to the lower border of the obturator foramen
Anterior and posterior fields are given
alternatively
Laterally to the hila of the kidneys
Contralateral testis being protected by thick
lead cups
High enery Xrays- 6-8MeV with linear
accilerator
3000 rads delivered in 3-4 wks
57. TreatmentTreatment
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection:
Rationale for RPLND:
The retroperitoneum is the most common site of occult
metastasis
15-25% of retroperitoneal teratoma, resistant to
cheotherapy
Low risk of Abdomino-pelvic recurrence no need for
long term surveillance after bilateral RPLND
Offers high cure rates
The long term survival approaches 100% with RPLND +
adjuvant chemotherapy
Disadvantage:
Experienced surgeon
Major surgical procedure
59. SurveillanceSurveillance
Rationale for surveillance:
70-80% patients of stage I are cured by
orchidectomy alone
No need of chemotherapy in majority of the
patients
The disadvantages being:
Higher risk of relapse
Need for long term surveillance (>5yrs)
Potential for secondary malignancies by
surveillance CT
More intensive therapy required in cases of
relapse than primary chemotherapy
60. SurveillanceSurveillance
No fixed surveillance protocol
Surveillance imaging and testing intense in
first 2 yrs
Less frequent in 3-5 yrs
Surveillance after 5 yrs for late relapse
Different studies had surveillance CT
scans 2-13 times in 5 yrs
61. Interstitial cell tumorsInterstitial cell tumors
1. Leydig cell tumors
Considered a pre-ubertal tumor
May affect 20-60yrs of age
A masculinising tumor, produces androgens
No association with crytochordism
Presents with painless testicular mass
Precocious puberty
Prominent external genitalia
Deep masculinised voice
Pubic hair
Gynacomastia and decreased libodo due to
oestrogen production by perpheral conversion
62. Interstitial cell tumorsInterstitial cell tumors
1. Leydig cell tumors
10% are malignant
Orchidectomy is te treatment of choice
Regression of symptoms after orchidectomy
may not be complete
Metastasize by blood to lungs and
retroperitoneum
Abdominopelvic CT, chest Xray, RPLND
Insensitive to radiotherapy and chemtherapy
63. Interstitial cell tumorsInterstitial cell tumors
2. Sertoli Cell Tumor
Considered a post pubertal tumor
But can occur in any age group including infants
No association with crytochordism
Gynacomastia in 1/3rd
of cases
10 % are malignant
Inguinal orchidectomy is the treatment
RPLND
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are ineffective
64. Interstitial cell tumorsInterstitial cell tumors
3. Gonadoblastoma
Mixed germ cell/sex cord/stromal tumor
Composed of seminoma like germ cells and
Sertoli differentiation
Exclusively in patients with dysgenic gonads
and intersex syndromes
80% are phenotype females with primary
amenorrhoea
20% are males with crytochordism and
dysgenic gonads and hypospadias
65. Interstitial cell tumorsInterstitial cell tumors
3. Gonadoblastoma
Considered in-situ malignant form of GCT
Bilateral orchidectomy because of risk of
bilateral tumours
66. Miscellaneous Testicular NeoplasmsMiscellaneous Testicular Neoplasms
1. Epidermoid Cyst
A rare benign neoplasm
Mondermally differentiated teratoam
Resemmbles Dermoid cyst
Enucleation or orchidectomy
HPR is must
67. Miscellaneous Testicular NeoplasmsMiscellaneous Testicular Neoplasms
2. Adeno-carcinoma of rete testis
A rare but highly malignant neoplasm
Arises from collecting system of testis
Usual presentation: painless swellinng with
hydrocoele
More than 50% present with mets
Mean survival period is 1 yr
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are ineffective
RPLND in cases of limited retroperitoneal mets
68. Secondary tumorsSecondary tumors
1. Lymphoma
Primary testicular Non-Hodgekin’s lymphoma is
rare
Mostly involvement of testes by dissemination from
other sites
Bilateral involvement in 35 % cases
Presents as painless testicular mass
25% have systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats
and weight loss)
10% CNS involvement
Radical inguinal orchidectomy
Refer to heamto-oncologist for staging and
subsequent therapy
69. Secondary tumorsSecondary tumors
2. Leukemic Infiltration
Relapse of ALL in testes
Diagnosis by biopsy
No orchidectomy
Local control with low dose radiotherapy
(20Gy)
Should include the contralateral testis:
Bilateral involvement
70. Secondary tumorsSecondary tumors
3. Metastases
Metastases from prostate cancer
Lung cancer
Melanoma
Colon cancer
Kidney malignancy
Presents as diffuse metastatic disease
71. Tumours of the Testicular AdnexaTumours of the Testicular Adnexa
1. Adenomatoid
Most cmmon paratesticular tumour
Involving the epidedymis mostly
May arise from spermatic cord
Presents as small (0.5 to 5cm) painless
paratesticular mass detected on routine
examination
3rd
to 4th
decade of life
Benign
Excision by inguinal route
72. Tumours of the Testicular AdnexaTumours of the Testicular Adnexa
2. Cystadenoma
Cystadenoma is benign epithelial hyperplasia of
epidedymis
Multicystic
Glandular or pappillary configuration
3. Mesothelioma
Arises from tunica vaginalis
Painless scrotal mass with hydrocele
Older adults
Both Benign and malignant varieties have been identified
Malignant cases ralted to asbestos exposure
Radical orchidectomy
RPLND in malignant cases
73. ReferencesReferences
1. Textbook of Urology 10th
Ed. By
Cambell and Walsh
2. Short practice of surgery, Bailey and
Love
3. A concise textbook of surgery by Dr S.
Das