Capital punishment by DR FAIZ AHMAD

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
BY
DR FAIZ AHMAD,
JR ,DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE J,N,M,C A.M.U. ALIGARH
,U.P

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
 The term capital originates from the
latin capitalis, literally "regarding the
head" (referring to execution by
beheading).
 capital punishment, death
penalty or execution is punishment by
death.
 The sentence that someone be
punished in this manner is a death
sentence.
 Crimes that can result in a death
penalty are known as capital
crimes or capital offences.

ANCIENT HISTORY
 Eighteenth Century B.C. Code of King
Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified
the death penalty for 25 different crimes.
 Fourteenth Century B.C.'s Hittite Code;
 Seventh Century B.C.'s Draconian Code
of Athens, which made death punishment
for all crimes;
 Fifth Century B.C.'s Roman Law of the
Twelve Tablets. Death sentences were
carried out by means as crucifixion,
drowning, beating to death, burning alive,
and impalement.

MIDDLE AGES
 In medieval and early modern
Europe, before the development
of modern prison systems, the
death penalty was also used as a
generalized form of punishment.
 During the reign of Henry VIII
,of England as many as 72,000
people are estimated to have
been executed.

 In England, the Buggery Act 1533
stipulated hanging as punishment for
"buggery". James Pratt and John
Smith were the last two Englishmen
executed for sodomy in 1835
 The 12th century Jewish legal
scholar, Moses Maimonides wrote,
"It is better and more satisfactory to
acquit a thousand guilty persons
than to put a single innocent man to
death”

 The Abbasid Caliphs
in Baghdad , such as Al-
Mu'tadid, were often cruel in
their punishments. For hudud
crimes such as zina
(consensual extramarital or
homosexual sex) and apostasy
(leaving Islam and converting
to another religion),

MODERN ERA
 Fundamental to the concept of nation state is the idea
of citizenship.
 This caused justice to be increasingly associated with
equality and universality,
 which in Europe saw an emergence of the concept
of natural rights, emergence of standing police forces and
permanent penitential institutions.

 By 1820 in Britain, there
were 160 crimes that
were punishable by death,
crimes such as:
 shoplifting,
 petty theft,
 stealing cattle,
 or cutting down trees in
public place.
The severity of the so-
called Bloody Code,

MOVEMENTS TOWARDS PAINLESS EXECUTION
 Trends in most of the world have long been to move to less painful,
or more humane, executions.
 France developed the guillotine in the final years of the 18th
century,
 Britain banned drawing and quartering in the early 19th century.
 Hanging by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a
bucket, which causes death by suffocation, was replaced by long
drop "hanging“ where the subject is dropped a longer distance to
dislocate the neck and sever the spinal cord.

 Shah of Persia introduced throat-cutting and blowing from a gun as
quick and painless alternatives to more tormentous methods of
executions used at that time.
 In the U.S., the electric chair and the gas chamber were introduced
as more humane alternatives to hanging, but have been almost
entirely superseded by lethal injection,
 some countries still employ slow hanging methods, beheading by
sword and stoning.

METHODS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
o Crushing by elephant,
o Devouring by
animals,(lions
,alligators, crocodiles, pir
anha, and sharks.)
o Stings from scorpions and
bites by snakes, spiders,
etc.
Official chronicle of the reign of Akbar, the
third Mughal emperor

o Tearing apart by horses
(medieval Europeand Imp
erial China, with four
horses quartering).
o Trampling by horses ( Al-
Musta'sim, the
last Abbasi Caliph in Bag
hdad).

o Back breaking
(A Mongolian method of execution
that avoided the spilling of blood on
the ground ( the Mongolian leader
Jamukha was probably executed
this way in 1206).
o Blowing from a gun
(Tied to the mouth of a cannon,
which is then fired)
.
Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the
English

 Blood Eagle
(Cutting the skin of the
victim by the spine,
breaking the ribs so they
resembled blood-stained
wings, and pulling the
lungs out through the
wounds in the victim's
back. Used by
the Vikings.

o Boiling to death
(This penalty was carried out
using a large cauldron filled with
water, oil, tar, tallow, or even
molten lead).
o Breaking wheel
(Also known as the Catherine
wheel, after a saint who was
allegedly sentenced to be
executed by this method)
The London Dungeon. Boiling in oil

o Buried alive,
(Traditional punishment
for Vestal virgins who
had broken their vows)
o Burning,
(famous as a method of
execution
for heretics and witches
in native america)
o Cooking, by Brazen Bull
Chinese civilians being buried alive
during the Nanking Massacre

o Crucifixion
(Roping or nailing to a wooden
cross or similar apparatus (such as
a tree) and allowing to perish)
o Decapitation,
Also known as beheading. One
of the most famous execution
methods is execution
by guillotine.(saudi arabia
,iran,ymen,qatar)

o Disembowelment, seppuku
(harakiri), which was
sometimes used as a form of
capital punishment.
o Drawing and
quartering(English method
of executing those found
guilty of high treason)

 Falling,
The victim is thrown off
a height or into a hollow
 Flaying,
The skin is removed from
the body
 Garrote
Used most commonly
in Spain and in former
Spanish colonies.

Gibbeting,
The act of gibbeting refers to the
use of a gallows-type structure
from which the victim was
usually placed within a cage
which is then hung in a public
location and the victim left to die
to deter other existing or
potential
criminals.(England,USA,canada)

 Hanging: One of the most common
methods of execution, still in use in a
number of countries,
 Immurement:The confinement of a
person by walling off any exits; since
they were usually kept alive through an
opening, this was more a form
of imprisonment for life than of capital
punishment (Elisabeth Báthory, who
lived for four more years after having
been immured)
 Impalement: penetration of human
body by an object like stake,pole ,hook
either partial or complete.

 Keelhauling ,
European method of punishment.
 Scaphism,
An Ancient Persian method of
execution in which the condemned
was placed in between two boats,
force fed a mixture of honey and milk,
and left floating in a stagnant pond.
The victim would then suffer from
severe diarrhea, which would attract
insects that would burrow, nest, and
feed on victim.

 Shooting
By cannon
By firing squad
By a single shot (neck
shot,on a kneeling prisoner,
as in China,maxico.)
 Slow slicing: china,vietnam.
 Smothering
(Asphyxia)Suffocation in
ash
 Starvation /Dehydration

 Stoning,
The condemned is
pummeled by stones
thrown by a group of
people with the totality of
the injuries suffered
leading to eventual death.
Arab,iran,iraq,afganistan,qt
ar,indonesia,pakistan’etc

RELIGIOUS VIEWS
Buddhism
 There is disagreement among Buddhists as to whether or not Buddhism forbids the
death penalty.
 The first of the Five Precepts (Pancha-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life.
 Chapter 10 , Dhammapada states:
Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore you do
not kill or cause to be killed.
 Chapter 26, Dhammapada, states,
"Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all
creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill."
 Many stories in Buddhist scripture stress the superior power of the Buddha's
teaching to rehabilitate murderers and other criminals.

CHRISTIAN
 Views on the death penalty in Christianity run a spectrum of opinions, from
complete condemnation of the punishment, seeing it as a form of
revenge and as contrary to Christ's message of forgiveness,
 Jesus Christ in the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of Matthew, message to
his followers that one should "Turn the other cheek" and his example in the
story Pericope Adulterae, in which Jesus intervenes in the stoning of an
adulteress, are generally accepted as his condemnation of
physical retaliation ).
Many Christians have believed that Jesus' doctrine of peace speaks only to
personal ethics and is distinct from civil government's duty to punish crime.

HINDUISM
 A basis can be found in Hindu teachings both for permitting and forbidding
the death penalty.
 Hinduism preaches ahimsa (or ahinsa, non-violence), but also teaches that
the soul cannot be killed and death is limited only to the physical body. The
soul is reborn into another body upon death (Moksha)
 The religious, civil and criminal law of Hindus is the Dharmaśāstras and
the Arthasastra.
 The Dharmasastras describe many crimes and their punishments and call
for the death penalty in several instances, including murder and righteous
warfare.

ISLAM
 In the four primary schools of Sunni fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and the two
primary schools of Shi'a fiqh, certain types of crimes mandate capital
punishment.
 crimes against Allah and require capital punishment in public.
 Apostasy (leaving Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion
such as Christianity)
 Fasad (mischief in the land, or moral corruption against Allah, social
disturbance and creating disorder within the Muslim state)
 Zina (consensual heterosexual or homosexual relations not allowed by Islam).

 Qisas,where sharia permits capital punishment, for intentional
or unintentional murder.
 In the case of death, sharia gives the murder victim's nearest
relative or Wali (‫)ولي‬ a right to, if the court approves, take the
life of the killer.
 In case of Qisas-related capital punishment, sharia offers the
victim's guardian the option of Diyya (monetary
compensation).

JUDAISM
 The official teachings of Judaism approve the death penalty in principle
but the standard of proof required for application of death penalty is
extremely stringent.
 In practice, it has been abolished.
 The 12th-century Jewish scholar, Maimonides said:
"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons
than to put a single innocent one to death
 The state of Israel retains the death penalty only for Nazis convicted of
crimes against humanity.

CRIMES AND OFFENDERS PUNISHABLE BY DEATH
 Aggravated Murder,
Murder is punishable by death under Article 302 of the
Penal Code, and in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab,
India's Supreme Court held that the death penalty was
constitutional only when applied as an exceptional
penalty in ”the rarest of the rare” cases.

CAPITAL OFFENSES
 120B of IPC: Being a party to a criminal conspiracy to
commit a capital offense.
 121 of IPC: Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting
waging of war, against the Government of India.
 132 of IPC: Abetting a mutiny in the armed forces (if a
mutiny occurs as a result), engaging in mutiny.
 194 of IPC: Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent
to procure a conviction of a capital offense.

 302, 303 of IPC :Murder
 305 of IPC: Abetting the suicide of a minor,
mentally ill person, or intoxicated person.
 Part II Section 4 of Prevention of Sati Act: Aiding or
abetting an act of Sati.
 364A of IPC: Kidnapping, in the course of which the
victim was held for ransom or other coercive
purposes

 31A of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
ActDrug trafficking in cases of repeat offenses.
 396 of IPC :Banditry with murder - in cases where a
group of five or more individuals commit banditry and
one of them commits murder in the course of that crime,
all members of the group are liable for the death penalty.

 376A of IPC and Criminal Law (Amendment) Act,
2013Rape if the perpetrator inflicts injuries that result in
the victim's death or incapacitation in a persistent
vegetative state, or is a repeat offender.
 Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Bill,
2009In Gujarat only - Manufacture and sale of poisoned
alcohol which results in death.

CATEGORIES OF OFFENDERS EXCLUDED FROM THE DEATH
PENALTY
Individuals Below Age 18 At Time of Crime.
 According to the Juvenile Justice (Care and
Protection of Children) Act 2000, individuals who
were under the age of 18 at the time of the crime
cannot be executed.
 Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have
executed child offenders, the most being from Iran.

 Pregnant Women.
According to a 2009 amendment, a pregnant woman
sentenced to death must be granted clemency.

Intellectually Disabled.
 According to the Indian Penal Code, individuals who
were mentally ill at the time of the crime and who did
not understand the nature of the act or know that the act
was wrong or against the law cannot be held criminally
liable.
 This could be interpreted to exclude intellectually
disabled persons from the death penalty.

Mentally Ill.
According to the Indian Penal Code, individuals who were
mentally ill at the time of the crime and who did not understand
the nature of the act or know that the act was wrong or against
the law cannot be held criminally liable.
Under Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, advanced age may be a
mitigating factor in sentencing, although it does not have the
same exclusionary effect as youth does.

YEAR OF LAST KNOWN EXECUTION
 July 30, 2015(central
jail,nagpur) hanging of Yakub
Memon, convicted of financing
the 1993 Mumbai bombings.
 February 9, 2013(Tihar
jail,delhi) hanging of
Muhammad Afzal, convicted of
plotting the 2001 attack on
India’s Parliament,

 November 21, 2012(Yerwada
jail,pune) hanging of
Mohammad Ajmal Amir Qasab
,2008 Mumbai attack gunman,
 Dhananjoy Chatterjee,
August14,(Alipore central
jail,kolkata) 2004 for the murder
and rape of a 14-year old girl.
 This, in turn, was the country’s
first execution since 1995.

CLEMENCY IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
 After the award of the death sentence by a sessions (trial) court,the
sentence must be confirmed by a High Court to make it final.
 Once confirmed, the condemned convict has the option of appealing
to the Supreme Court.
 If this is not possible or if the Supreme Court turns down the appeal
or refuses to hear the petition, the condemned person can submit a
‘mercy petition’ to the President of India and the Governor of the
State.

Power of the President
 The present day constitutional clemency powers of the President and Governors originate from
the ”Government of India Act 1935 “.
Constitutional power
 Article 72(1) of the Constitution of India states:
The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or
remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any
person convicted of any offence.
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any
law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

METHOD OF EXECUTION IN INDIA
 The execution of death sentence in India is carried out
by hanging by the neck till death.
Hanging
 The Code of Criminal Procedure (1898) called for the method
of execution to be hanging. The same method was adopted in
the Code of Criminal Procedure (1973). Section 354(5) of the
above procedure reads as "When any person is sentenced to
death, the sentence shall direct that the person be hanged by
the neck till the person is dead."

Shooting
 The Army Act and Air Force Act also provide for the execution of
the death sentence.Section 34 of the Air Force Act, 1950 empowers
the court martial to impose the death sentence for the offences
mentioned in section 34(a) to (o) of The Air Force Act, 1950. Section
163 of the Act provides for the form of the sentence of death.
 "In awarding a sentence of death, a court-martial direct that the
offender shall suffer death by being hanged by the neck until he be
dead or shall suffer death by being shot to death".
 The Army Act, 1950, and the Navy Act, 1957 also provide for the
similar provisions as in The Air Force Act, 1950.

CONTROVERSY AND DEBATE
 Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize
it for its irreversibility and lacks of deterrent effect.
 There are many organizations worldwide, such as Amnesty
International, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), that have abolition
of the death penalty as a fundamental purpose.
 Advocates of the death penalty argue that it deters crime,is a good tool for
police and prosecutors to makes sure that convicted criminals do not offend
again.
 Execution discriminates against minorities and the poor, and that it
encourages a "culture of violence" and violates human rights.

RETRIBUTION
 Supporters argued that death penalty is morally justified when
applied in murder, multiple homicide, child murderers, cop
killers, torture murder and mass killing such as terrorism, massacre,
or genocide.
 Some even argue that not applying death penalty in latter cases is
patently unjust.
 This argument is defended by New York Law School's
Professor Robert Blecker,"who says that the punishment must be
painful in proportion to the crime.

HUMAN RIGHTS
 Capital punishment is the worst violation of human
rights.
 Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling
it "cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment".
 Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate
irreversible denial of Human Rights”

WRONGFUL EXECUTION
 Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the
case of Timothy Evans, an innocent man who was hanged in 1950.
 capital punishment leads to miscarriage of justice through the wrongful
execution of innocent persons.
 DNA evidence prevented the pending execution of more than 15death
row inmates in the US,
 Amnesty International argues that in Singapore "the Misuse of Drugs
Act” contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the
prosecution to the accused.

RACIAL, ETHNIC AND SOCIAL CLASS BIAS
 Capital punishment is being used more often against
criminals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, racial
and ethnic minorities ,than those criminals who come
from a privileged background; and that the background
of the victim also influences the outcome.
 White Americans are more likely to support the death
penalty when told that it is mostly applied to African
Americans.

INTERNATIONAL VIEWS
 The United Nations introduced a resolution during the
General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a
universal ban and deals with human rights issues,
 Again in 2008, in the UN General Assembly (Third
Committee) on 20 November. 105 countries voted in
favour, 48 voted against and 31 abstained.

 European Convention on Human Rights.
 6th Protocol (abolition in time of peace)
 13th Protocol (abolition in all circumstances)
 The same is also stated under the Second Protocol in the American Convention
on Human Rights,
 European Union and Council of Europe have made the abolition of the death
penalty (during time of peace) a requirement of membership.
 Russia is a member of the Council of Europe, and the death penalty remains in
its law,
 Russia has not executed anyone since 1996(abolitionist in
practice), Kazakhstan (abolitionist for ordinary crimes only)

ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF ABOLITION OF CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
 Ambiguity and lack of uniformity in what constitutes the 'rarest of
the rare cases‘
Dhananjoy Chatterjee cse: security guard had raped and murdered an
18 year old girl,
Soni Thomas's case: rape and murder of an 11 year old girl by the co-
paying guest,
Mohd Chaman's case: life sentence for the murder and rape of a one
and half year old girl.
The murders were all equally brutal and shocking and arguably
fulfilled the 'rarest of the rare' criteria, but the court for reasons
recorded in the judgment did not deem fit to give capital
punishment.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS CRUEL, DEGRADING AND
DISPROPORTIONATE
 capital punishment is founded on vengeance and
retribution, and not on reformation of the criminals and
prevention of future crimes,which is the purpose of
punishment, i.e., the deterrence argument.
 Recent crime figures from abolitionist countries fail to
show that abolition has harmful effects.

FALLIBILITY OF JUDGMENT IN CASE OF CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
 A judgment being given by human beings based on evidence
produced in courts, the possibility of human error cannot be ruled
out and the irreversibility of death penalty makes it dangerous.
 The risk of executing the innocent will never be eliminated.
 Justice P.N. Bhagwati,in Bachan Singh' case has made two astute
observations.
 Firstly, that it is impossible to eliminate the chance of judicial error.
 Secondly,death penalty strikes mostly against the poor and deprived
sections of society.

UNFAIR DISTRIBUTION OF PUNISHMENT: DEATH PENALTY DISCRIMINATES
BETWEEN THE
PRIVILEGED AND THE UNDERPRIVILEGED
 Justice Bhagwati in Bachan Singh’s case pointed out that death penalty strikes most
against the poor and deprived sections of society.
 Most of the convicted persons are poor and illiterate, who cannot afford a competent
lawyer.
 The defence lawyers provided by the State are often incompetent or do not take
serious interest in the case.
 Justice Chinnappa Reddy, experience that the burden of capital punishment is upon
the ignorant, the impoverished and the underprivileged.
 In USA,those who kill white persons are more likely to be sentenced to death than
those who kill blacks, regardless of the race of the defendant.

DELAY IN EXECUTION
 It is an undisputed fact that litigation in India is a very
time consuming affair.
 Extensive delay in the execution of a sentence of death
does not serve any kind of purpose and is sufficient to
invoke Article 21and demand its substitution by the
sentence of life-imprisonment.

REFORMATIVE APPROACH
 In Narotam Singh v. State of Punjab46 the Supreme
Court has taken the
following view:
“Reformative approach to 'punishment should be the
object of criminal law, in order to promote rehabilitation
without offending community conscience and to secure
social justice.”

MORAL GROUNDS
 By allowing death penalty morally nothing is achieved
except more death,suffering and pain.
 Secondly, why should a person be allowed to die a
quick,almost painless death if he murdered another
person violently?.
 Death penalty legitimizes an irreversible act of violence
by the state.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABOLITION OF CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
Delay in executions is no ground for abolition
 A considerable time between imposition of the capital
punishment and the actual execution is unavoidable,
given the procedural safeguards required by the courts in
such cases.

APPROPRIATE PUNISHMENT IS IMPERATIVE FOR SECURITY
IN SOCIETY
 In Mahesh v. State of M.P.,the Apex Court
expressing a fear observed:
“ to give the lesser punishment for the appellants
would be to render the justicing system of this
country. The common man will lose faith in courts.
In such a case, he understands and appreciates the
language of deterrence more than the reformative
jargon.”

CHANCES OF MISTAKE BY THE JUDICIARY ARE
NOT POSSIBLE
 Apex Court has confined capital punishment to the rarest of
rare cases so few people, after long careful proceedings, are
awarded death penalty.
 The sentence awarded by the Session Courts is subject to
automatic confirmation by the High Court of the concerned
state.
 This eliminates even a single atom of judicial error, after such a
long purification process.

ARGUMENTS, BASED ON THE THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
DETERRENCE
 If one assumes that death penalty will not operate as
deterrence on some criminals then no other lesser
punishment can logically deter them too.

LEGAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABOLITIONISTS
a. Crimes under grave and sudden provocation: For crimes
committed in
the heat of the moment, death penalty is either not possible or is
not awarded.
b. Fundamental Right to Life: Article 21 of our Constitution
“No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except
according to procedure established by law”.
The implied meaning of Article 21 is that a person can be deprived of
his life or personal liberty according to procedure established by law.

THE STOCKHOLM DECLARATION, 1977
 As per above declaration, death penalty not to be
awarded arbitrarily, it must be confined only to
extremely heinous crimes.
 Article 20 and 21and Section 354 (3) of the
CrPC.59,declares the same.

MORAL GROUNDS
Highest penalty for taking of human life that we affirm
the highest value of human life.

MURDER V. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
 Murder and execution are morally equivalent because both of them kill
people.
 Wrongful confinement of an innocent person by a civilian and
imprisonment of an offender by the state are morally equivalent,
because they both confine a person.
 Murder' term is used for unlawful killings only and capital punishment
by the judiciary is not unlawful
 Moreover every type of killing even by civilians is not murder.
 Thus there is only a legal difference between killing people and capital
punishment.

 1863 Venezuela
 1865 San Marino
 1877 CostaRica
 1903 Panama
 1906 Ecuador
 1907 Uruguay
 1910 Colombia
 1928 Iceland
 1949 Germany (FR)
 1956 Honduras
 1962 Monaco
 1966 Dominican Republic
 1968 Austria
 1969 Vatican City
 1972 Finland
 1973 Sweden
 1976 Canada Portugal
 1978 Denmark Solomon Islands Tuvalu
 1979 Kiribati Luxembourg Nicaragua Norway
 1980 Vanuatu
 1981 Cape Verde France
 1982 Netherlands

 1985 Australia
 1986 Marshall Islands F.S. Micronesia
 1987 Haiti Liechtenstein East Germany
 1989 Cambodia New Zealand
 1990 Andorra Czech Republic+ Slovakia (as Czechoslovakia) Hungary Ireland
Mozambique Namibia Romania São Tomé and Príncipe
 1991 Croatia Macedonia Slovenia
 1992 Angola Paraguay Switzerland
 1993 Guinea-Bissau Seychelles
 1994 Italy Palau
 1995 Djibouti Mauritius South Africa Spain Serbia+ Montenegro (as Yugoslavia)
 1996 Belgium
 1997 Nepal Poland
 1998 Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Estonia Lithuania
United Kingdom
 1999 Turkmenistan
 2000 Ivory Coast Malta Ukraine
 2001 Greece
 2002 Cyprus Timor-Leste
 2004 Bhutan Samoa Senegal Turkey
 2005 Mexico Moldova
 2006 Georgia Philippines
 2007 Albania Kyrgyzstan Rwanda
 2008 Uzbekistan
 2009 Argentina Burundi Togo Bolivia
 2010 Gabon
 2012 Latvia Benin Mongolia Madagascar
 2015 Fiji Suriname

Capital punishment by DR FAIZ AHMAD

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Similar a Capital punishment by DR FAIZ AHMAD

Similar a Capital punishment by DR FAIZ AHMAD (16)

Último

Último (20)

Capital punishment by DR FAIZ AHMAD

Notas del editor