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Investing in Tech Startups &
Building Startup Ecosystems
Make Lots of Little Bets.
Expect Most to Fail.
@DaveMcClure
@500Startups http://500.co
#iBridge Berlin, June 2015
[ This Talk ]
• Changes in Building Technology Startups
• Changes in Venture Capital Investing
• Building Startup Ecosystems
Dave McClure

Founding Partner & Chief Troublemaker, 500 Startups
00’s & 10’s:
• VC: Founders Fund, Facebook fbFund, 500 Startups
• Angel: Mashery, Mint.com, SlideShare, Twilio, Wildfire, SendGrid
• Marketing: PayPal, Simply Hired, Mint.com, O’Reilly
80’s & 90’s:
• Entrepreneur: Aslan Computing (acq’d by Servinet/Panurgy)
• Developer: Windows / SQL DB consultant (Intel, MSFT)
• Engineer: Johns Hopkins‘88, BS Eng / Applied Math
• What is 500?
– $175M silicon valley VC fund + startup accelerator
– 50 people / 20 investing partners / 12 countries / 20+ languages
– Locations: SV/SF, MEX, BRZ, IND, CHN/TWN, KOR, SE Asia, UK, MENA
– 2000+ Founders / 200+ Mentors
– Community + Content + Conferences
• ~1000+ Portfolio Co’s / 50+ Countries
– Wildfire (acq GOOG, $350M)
– MakerBot (acq SSYS, $400M)
– Viki (acq Rakuten, $200M)
– Simple (acq BBVA, $117M)
– Sunrise (acq MSFT, $100M)
– Credit Karma
– Twilio
– SendGrid
– Udemy
– TheRealReal
– Barkbox
– Intercom
– TalkDesk
500 Startups

Global Seed Fund & Startup Accelerator
[ This Talk ]
• Changes in Building Technology Startups
• Changes in Venture Capital Investing
• Building Startup Ecosystems
Before & After 2 Dot-Com Crashes

LEAN Startup: Simpler, Faster, Cheaper, Smarter
Before 2000
”Big, Fat, Dinosaur Startup”
• Sun Servers
• Oracle DB
• Exodus Hosting
• 12-24mo dev cycle
• 6-18mo sales cycle
• <100M people online
• $1-2M seed round
• $3-5M Series A
• Sand Hill Road crawl
After 2008
”Lean, Little, Cockroach Startup”
• AWS, Google, PayPal, FB, TW
• Cloud + Open Source SW
• Lean Startup / Startup Wknd
• 3-90d dev cycle
• SaaS / online sales
• >3B people online
• <$100K incub + <$1M seed
• $1-3M Series A
• Angel List global visibility
Changes in Tech Startups
• LESS Capital required to build product, get to market
– Dramatically reduced cost for servers, software, bandwidth
– Funding Platforms: KickStarter, Angel List, Funders Club, etc
– Access to online platforms for 100M-1B+ consumers, smallbiz, etc
• MORE Customers via ONLINE platforms (100M+ users)
– Search (Google, Baidu)
– Social (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn)
– Mobile (Apple, Android)
– E-Commerce (Amazon, Ebay/PayPal, Alibaba)
– Media (YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram)
– Comm/Msgs (WeChat/WhatsApp, Email, Voice, SMS, etc)
• LOTS of little bets: Accelerators, Angels, Angel List, Small Exits
– Capital + Co-working + Mentoring -> Design, Data, Distribution
– “Fast, Cheap Fail”, network effects, quantitative + iterative investments
Platforms 2.0

Search, Social, Mobile,
Video, Messaging
Startup Founder Education
• Business Plans / Revenue Projections
• Software + Design/UX
• Lean Startups + Continuous Deploy (Iterate)
• Metrics Framework + Continuous Testing
• Functional Prototypes / Customer Development
• Scalable [Internet] Marketing & Sales
• Cash-Flow Positive Unit Economics
• Pitching + Fundraising (Angel List)
• Monetization + Payments
• Customer Service + Support
9
[ This Talk ]
• Changes in Building Technology Startups
• Changes in Venture Capital Investing
• Building Startup Ecosystems
VC Industry Changes
• Financial Market Crises (2000, 2008)
• Startup Efficiency, Lean Startup Movement, Reduced Capital Costs
• Growing Market, Global Distribution Platforms, “Growth Hacking”
• Improved Monetization, Payments Infrastructure
• Developing Startup Ecosystems, Global M&A
• Micro VC: Seed Funds (ex: First Round Capital)
• Incubators & Accelerators (ex: Y Combinator, 500 Startups)
• Funding Platforms (ex: Angel List, Kickstarter)
• Global Market of Angel Investors, Accelerators, Seed Funds
more info: http://PreMoney.co
Portfolio Diversification
“Spray, not Pray”
Investor Education
• Startups are NOT Real Estate
• Most Startups Fail / Power Law Returns
• Portfolio Approach (20+ investments)
• Legal Structure, Financial Structure
• Syndication + Co-Investment
• Access to Downstream Capital
• Exits & Liquidity
13
500 Strategy: Lots of Little Bets*
1) make lots of little
bets on pre-traction,
early-stage startups
3) wait 3-10 years for returns:
-10-20% small exits @1-5X ($5-25M+)
-5-10% larger exits @5-20X ($25-250M+)
-1-2% unicorns @20-50X+ ($250M-1B+)
*See Peter Sims book: “Little Bets”
2) over the next 2 years,
double-down on top 20%
The Lean Investor
Make lots of little bets:
• Start with many small “experiments”
• Filter out failures + small wins
• Double-down on stuff that looks like it’s working
• Incubation: $0-100K (“Build & Validate Product”)
• Seed: $100K-$1M (“Test & Grow Marketing Channels””)
• Venture: $1M-$10M (“Maximize Growth & Revenue”)
Startup Risk Reduction
Concept
Early
Customer
Usage
Scalable
Customer
Acquisition
[about to be]
Profitable
Unit
Economics
Scalable
Profitable
Business
Functional
Prototype
PRODUCT
MARKET
REVENUE
Exit?
When 500
Likes to
Invest
Investment Stage #1: 

Product Validation + Customer Usage
• Structure
– 1-3 founders
– $25-$100K investment
– Incubator environment: multiple peers, mentors/advisors
• Test Functional Prototype / “Minimum Viable Product” (MVP):
– Prototype->Alpha, ~3-6 months
– Develop Minimal Critical Feature Set => Get to “It Works! Someone Uses It.”
– Improve Design & Usability, Setup Conversion Metrics
– Test Small-Scale Customer Adoption (10-1000 users)
• Demonstrate Concept, Reduce Product Risk, Test Functional Use
• Develop Metrics & Filter for Possible Future Investment
Investment Stage #2: 

Market Validation + Revenue Testing
• Structure
– 2-10 person team
– $100K-$1M investment
– Syndicate of Angel Investors / Small VC Funds
• Improve Product, Expand Customers, Test Revenue:
– Alpha->Beta, ~6-12 months
– Scale Customer Adoption => “Many People Use It, & They Pay.”
– Test Marketing Campaigns, Customer Acquisition Channels + Cost
– Test Revenue / Unit Economics, Find Profitable Customer Segments
• Prove Solution/Benefit, Assess Market Size
• Test Channel Cost, Unit Economics, Revenue Opportunity
• Determine Org Structure, Key Hires
Investment Stage #3: 

Revenue Validation + Growth
• Structure
– 5-25 person team
– $1M-$10M investment
– Seed & Venture Investors
• Make Money (or Go Big), Get to Sustainability:
– Beta->Production, 12-24 months
– Revenue / Growth => “We Can Make (a lot of) Money!”
– Mktg Plan => Predictable Channels / Campaigns + Budget
– Scalability & Infrastructure, Customer Service & Operations
– Connect with Distribution Partners, Expand Growth
• Prove/Expand Market, Operationalize Business
• Future Milestones: Profitable/Sustainable, Exit Options
The Flat, The Elbow, The Wall
• Invest @ “The Flat”
when prices are low
• Double-down if/when you
detect “The Elbow” (if
valuation isn’t crazy)
• consider investing up
“The Wall” if you have
capital — but if valuation
is expensive, note you
may not be able to buy
meaningful ownership
relative to existing.
Time
Good Things
Happening Startup 3 (winner)
Startup 1 (loss)
Startup 2 (survive)
“The Flat”
“The Elbow”
“The Wall”
1
2
3
3
[ This Talk ]
• Changes in Building Technology Startups
• Changes in Venture Capital Investing
• Building Startup Ecosystems
Critical Ecosystem Factors
• Optimism & Belief (“Silicon Valley”)
• Mentorship + Education (Knowledge)
• Universities + Companies (People)
• Capital, Legal, Finance (Infrastructure)
• Engineering + Design / UX (Product)
• Platforms + Distribution (Customers)
• Online Payments (Monetization)
• IPO / M&A Market (Exits)
22
Example Startup Ecosystem
• 1,000 Bootstrap Startups ($0-10K)
• = 1,000 Parents/Garages/Basements @ $0-500/mo food+rent
• 300 Accelerator Startups ($10-100K)
• = 10-20 Accelerators @ $1-5M/yr, 20-50 co’s/yr
• 100 Seed-Stage Startups ($100K-$1M)
• = 5-10 Micro-VC Funds @ $10-30M/yr, 10-20 co’s/yr
• 30 Series A/B Startups ($1-10M)
• = 3-5 Early-Stage Funds @ $25-100M/yr, 5-10 co’s/yr
• 10 Later-Stage Companies ($10-100M)
• = 2-3 Later-Stage Funds @ $50-250M/yr, 3-5 co’s/yr
• 1-3 Mature Company IPOs ($100M+) 23
TOUGH
BUT
CRITICAL
Investor Ecosystem
Angels &
Incubators
($0-10M)
“Micro-VC” Funds
($10-100M)
“Big” VC Funds
($100-500M)
“Mega” VC Funds
(>$500M)
Incubation
0-$100K
Seed
$100K-$1M
Series A/B
$2-10M
Series B/C
$10-50M
Bootstrap, KickStarter,
AngelList, Crowdfunding
stage where
500 writes
first checks
stage where 500
doubles-down
(maybe)
Questions? Comments?
• More?
– http://500.co (our company)
– http://500hats.com (my blog)
– https://angel.co/500startups (our fund & syndicates)
– Dave McClure, @DaveMcClure

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Building Startup Ecosystems (Berlin, June 2015)

  • 1. Investing in Tech Startups & Building Startup Ecosystems Make Lots of Little Bets. Expect Most to Fail. @DaveMcClure @500Startups http://500.co #iBridge Berlin, June 2015
  • 2. [ This Talk ] • Changes in Building Technology Startups • Changes in Venture Capital Investing • Building Startup Ecosystems
  • 3. Dave McClure
 Founding Partner & Chief Troublemaker, 500 Startups 00’s & 10’s: • VC: Founders Fund, Facebook fbFund, 500 Startups • Angel: Mashery, Mint.com, SlideShare, Twilio, Wildfire, SendGrid • Marketing: PayPal, Simply Hired, Mint.com, O’Reilly 80’s & 90’s: • Entrepreneur: Aslan Computing (acq’d by Servinet/Panurgy) • Developer: Windows / SQL DB consultant (Intel, MSFT) • Engineer: Johns Hopkins‘88, BS Eng / Applied Math
  • 4. • What is 500? – $175M silicon valley VC fund + startup accelerator – 50 people / 20 investing partners / 12 countries / 20+ languages – Locations: SV/SF, MEX, BRZ, IND, CHN/TWN, KOR, SE Asia, UK, MENA – 2000+ Founders / 200+ Mentors – Community + Content + Conferences • ~1000+ Portfolio Co’s / 50+ Countries – Wildfire (acq GOOG, $350M) – MakerBot (acq SSYS, $400M) – Viki (acq Rakuten, $200M) – Simple (acq BBVA, $117M) – Sunrise (acq MSFT, $100M) – Credit Karma – Twilio – SendGrid – Udemy – TheRealReal – Barkbox – Intercom – TalkDesk 500 Startups
 Global Seed Fund & Startup Accelerator
  • 5. [ This Talk ] • Changes in Building Technology Startups • Changes in Venture Capital Investing • Building Startup Ecosystems
  • 6. Before & After 2 Dot-Com Crashes
 LEAN Startup: Simpler, Faster, Cheaper, Smarter Before 2000 ”Big, Fat, Dinosaur Startup” • Sun Servers • Oracle DB • Exodus Hosting • 12-24mo dev cycle • 6-18mo sales cycle • <100M people online • $1-2M seed round • $3-5M Series A • Sand Hill Road crawl After 2008 ”Lean, Little, Cockroach Startup” • AWS, Google, PayPal, FB, TW • Cloud + Open Source SW • Lean Startup / Startup Wknd • 3-90d dev cycle • SaaS / online sales • >3B people online • <$100K incub + <$1M seed • $1-3M Series A • Angel List global visibility
  • 7. Changes in Tech Startups • LESS Capital required to build product, get to market – Dramatically reduced cost for servers, software, bandwidth – Funding Platforms: KickStarter, Angel List, Funders Club, etc – Access to online platforms for 100M-1B+ consumers, smallbiz, etc • MORE Customers via ONLINE platforms (100M+ users) – Search (Google, Baidu) – Social (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) – Mobile (Apple, Android) – E-Commerce (Amazon, Ebay/PayPal, Alibaba) – Media (YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram) – Comm/Msgs (WeChat/WhatsApp, Email, Voice, SMS, etc) • LOTS of little bets: Accelerators, Angels, Angel List, Small Exits – Capital + Co-working + Mentoring -> Design, Data, Distribution – “Fast, Cheap Fail”, network effects, quantitative + iterative investments
  • 8. Platforms 2.0
 Search, Social, Mobile, Video, Messaging
  • 9. Startup Founder Education • Business Plans / Revenue Projections • Software + Design/UX • Lean Startups + Continuous Deploy (Iterate) • Metrics Framework + Continuous Testing • Functional Prototypes / Customer Development • Scalable [Internet] Marketing & Sales • Cash-Flow Positive Unit Economics • Pitching + Fundraising (Angel List) • Monetization + Payments • Customer Service + Support 9
  • 10. [ This Talk ] • Changes in Building Technology Startups • Changes in Venture Capital Investing • Building Startup Ecosystems
  • 11. VC Industry Changes • Financial Market Crises (2000, 2008) • Startup Efficiency, Lean Startup Movement, Reduced Capital Costs • Growing Market, Global Distribution Platforms, “Growth Hacking” • Improved Monetization, Payments Infrastructure • Developing Startup Ecosystems, Global M&A • Micro VC: Seed Funds (ex: First Round Capital) • Incubators & Accelerators (ex: Y Combinator, 500 Startups) • Funding Platforms (ex: Angel List, Kickstarter) • Global Market of Angel Investors, Accelerators, Seed Funds more info: http://PreMoney.co
  • 13. Investor Education • Startups are NOT Real Estate • Most Startups Fail / Power Law Returns • Portfolio Approach (20+ investments) • Legal Structure, Financial Structure • Syndication + Co-Investment • Access to Downstream Capital • Exits & Liquidity 13
  • 14. 500 Strategy: Lots of Little Bets* 1) make lots of little bets on pre-traction, early-stage startups 3) wait 3-10 years for returns: -10-20% small exits @1-5X ($5-25M+) -5-10% larger exits @5-20X ($25-250M+) -1-2% unicorns @20-50X+ ($250M-1B+) *See Peter Sims book: “Little Bets” 2) over the next 2 years, double-down on top 20%
  • 15. The Lean Investor Make lots of little bets: • Start with many small “experiments” • Filter out failures + small wins • Double-down on stuff that looks like it’s working • Incubation: $0-100K (“Build & Validate Product”) • Seed: $100K-$1M (“Test & Grow Marketing Channels””) • Venture: $1M-$10M (“Maximize Growth & Revenue”)
  • 16. Startup Risk Reduction Concept Early Customer Usage Scalable Customer Acquisition [about to be] Profitable Unit Economics Scalable Profitable Business Functional Prototype PRODUCT MARKET REVENUE Exit? When 500 Likes to Invest
  • 17. Investment Stage #1: 
 Product Validation + Customer Usage • Structure – 1-3 founders – $25-$100K investment – Incubator environment: multiple peers, mentors/advisors • Test Functional Prototype / “Minimum Viable Product” (MVP): – Prototype->Alpha, ~3-6 months – Develop Minimal Critical Feature Set => Get to “It Works! Someone Uses It.” – Improve Design & Usability, Setup Conversion Metrics – Test Small-Scale Customer Adoption (10-1000 users) • Demonstrate Concept, Reduce Product Risk, Test Functional Use • Develop Metrics & Filter for Possible Future Investment
  • 18. Investment Stage #2: 
 Market Validation + Revenue Testing • Structure – 2-10 person team – $100K-$1M investment – Syndicate of Angel Investors / Small VC Funds • Improve Product, Expand Customers, Test Revenue: – Alpha->Beta, ~6-12 months – Scale Customer Adoption => “Many People Use It, & They Pay.” – Test Marketing Campaigns, Customer Acquisition Channels + Cost – Test Revenue / Unit Economics, Find Profitable Customer Segments • Prove Solution/Benefit, Assess Market Size • Test Channel Cost, Unit Economics, Revenue Opportunity • Determine Org Structure, Key Hires
  • 19. Investment Stage #3: 
 Revenue Validation + Growth • Structure – 5-25 person team – $1M-$10M investment – Seed & Venture Investors • Make Money (or Go Big), Get to Sustainability: – Beta->Production, 12-24 months – Revenue / Growth => “We Can Make (a lot of) Money!” – Mktg Plan => Predictable Channels / Campaigns + Budget – Scalability & Infrastructure, Customer Service & Operations – Connect with Distribution Partners, Expand Growth • Prove/Expand Market, Operationalize Business • Future Milestones: Profitable/Sustainable, Exit Options
  • 20. The Flat, The Elbow, The Wall • Invest @ “The Flat” when prices are low • Double-down if/when you detect “The Elbow” (if valuation isn’t crazy) • consider investing up “The Wall” if you have capital — but if valuation is expensive, note you may not be able to buy meaningful ownership relative to existing. Time Good Things Happening Startup 3 (winner) Startup 1 (loss) Startup 2 (survive) “The Flat” “The Elbow” “The Wall” 1 2 3 3
  • 21. [ This Talk ] • Changes in Building Technology Startups • Changes in Venture Capital Investing • Building Startup Ecosystems
  • 22. Critical Ecosystem Factors • Optimism & Belief (“Silicon Valley”) • Mentorship + Education (Knowledge) • Universities + Companies (People) • Capital, Legal, Finance (Infrastructure) • Engineering + Design / UX (Product) • Platforms + Distribution (Customers) • Online Payments (Monetization) • IPO / M&A Market (Exits) 22
  • 23. Example Startup Ecosystem • 1,000 Bootstrap Startups ($0-10K) • = 1,000 Parents/Garages/Basements @ $0-500/mo food+rent • 300 Accelerator Startups ($10-100K) • = 10-20 Accelerators @ $1-5M/yr, 20-50 co’s/yr • 100 Seed-Stage Startups ($100K-$1M) • = 5-10 Micro-VC Funds @ $10-30M/yr, 10-20 co’s/yr • 30 Series A/B Startups ($1-10M) • = 3-5 Early-Stage Funds @ $25-100M/yr, 5-10 co’s/yr • 10 Later-Stage Companies ($10-100M) • = 2-3 Later-Stage Funds @ $50-250M/yr, 3-5 co’s/yr • 1-3 Mature Company IPOs ($100M+) 23 TOUGH BUT CRITICAL
  • 24. Investor Ecosystem Angels & Incubators ($0-10M) “Micro-VC” Funds ($10-100M) “Big” VC Funds ($100-500M) “Mega” VC Funds (>$500M) Incubation 0-$100K Seed $100K-$1M Series A/B $2-10M Series B/C $10-50M Bootstrap, KickStarter, AngelList, Crowdfunding stage where 500 writes first checks stage where 500 doubles-down (maybe)
  • 25. Questions? Comments? • More? – http://500.co (our company) – http://500hats.com (my blog) – https://angel.co/500startups (our fund & syndicates) – Dave McClure, @DaveMcClure