The Loudest Voice Paley Summary

The Loudest Voice Paley Summary
"The Loudest Voice" is a short story about the struggles of a girl who faces the battle of an overly
controlling parent. The author, Grace Paley, argues that Shirley should be in control of her own life.
Shirley is invited to narrate a Christmas themed play. This goes against her mom's religious beliefs,
which leads to arguments between Shirley's parents because her father disagrees. Her father argues
that Shirley should have freedom of choice in her actions, while her mother argues that Shirley does
not know what's right yet. In the end, Shirley acts in the play. Ms. Paley shows that Shirley has
freedom of choice, but it comes at a cost. The central theme of the story is Shirley has to decide
whether she chooses change vs. tradition. Shirley's mom is conflicted by the thought of having her
Jewish daughter be anywhere near the school's Christian play. She is a Jewish immigrant who has
worked so hard to get where she is today. Shirley was chosen because she had the "loudest voice,"
but Shirley's mom does not want her to participate because it will influence her into a Christian
mindset. She doesn't want her Jewish daughter to forget her Jewish heritage and traditions. ... Show
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Paley subtly hints Shirley's"quiet" nature that throughout the story, but as the story goes on Shirley
is starting to make a name for herself. In the beginning, Shirley is repeatedly is told to be quiet,
"Please Shirley be a little quiet.", and further down. "In that place the whole street groans: Be
quiet!....but steals from the happy chorus of my inside self, not a title or a jot." Later in the story, she
is opening up in school which symbolizes her way of finding her voice. She feels happy that she is
in control for once, even the teacher acknowledges her sense of control. Shirley has her issues, her
friends are strangers in New York, Shirley can't speak English well like the rest of the Jewish
children she even has to narrate carefully during the play. But in the end the reader learns that
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Wants by Gracey Paley Essay
Wants by Gracey Paley Grace Paley wrote a story, "Wants", which deals with the fact that there is
more to life than just wanting to have possession of a certain item. Sometimes when two people
have different attitudes, outlooks, and values in life, their personalities tend to clash. This is exactly
what happened to the two characters in the story. At the very beginning, a woman is at the library
when her ex–husband walks by her. "Hello my life"(8). Her husband replies bitterly by saying
"What? What life? No life of mine" (8). The ex–husband selfishly makes it seem like he does not
want to acknowledge the fact that they were married for 27 years. He clearly just "wants" to erase
his ex–wife completely from his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ex–wife is not like him because she is more of a family oriented person. She showed that by not
inviting the Bertram's to dinner at all because her family situations came first. Even though she was
not a wealthy person and was not able to afford the sailboat, she always made sure that their children
were provided for, and that they had everything they needed. Towards the end of the story, when the
ex–wife quit arguing with her ex–husband, she gave the money for her library fine to the librarian
and she went back to check out the two library books again. The titles of the both of those books do
have significance. They were The House of Mirth, and The Children. The titles are symbolic of the
ex–wife's wonderful personality, and the things in life that mean a lot to her. She is finally certain
that she is going to change by forgetting her self–absorbed ex–husband and returning the books on
time. She threw out her past and began again with a fresh start. It is too bad it took her so many
years of her life to realize that the best thing for her was to move on, but it is a good thing she did
otherwise she would still be married to her ex–husband, and she would still have a fine at the library.
The woman in the story is a really caring and compassionate person. She chose to consider other
people's opinions and feelings, especially the feelings of all of her family members. She also chose
to listen to everything her ex–husband was saying, even though

What Is Paley's Design Argument
This is the second argument about God's existence. Perhaps the most popular variant owed to this
this argument is William Paley's argument concerning the watch. Essentially, this argument states
that after observing a watch, together with its intricate parts, which function together as a unit in an
accurate manner to keep time, anybody must realize that such piece of machinery has its creator, as
it is too complicated to have easily come into presence through other means, like evolution
(Ratzsch, 2005). The following is a skeleton of this argument: Human artifacts are items resulting
from intelligent design and such artifacts have an aim. Universes appear like these human artifacts.
Hence: it is likely that the universe is an outcome of intelligent design and has an aim. However, the
universe is both gigantic and complex than an artifact made by a human. Therefore, there is
likelihood that a powerful and a vastly intelligent designer created the universe. ... Show more
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Artifacts like watches are the items of intelligent design and so, organisms are also things of
intelligent design. Hume stated that things that can be compared to arguments are few. He noted that
watches are not identical to living things and hence deduced that Paley's argument is extremely
feeble. This is another kind of criticism in which Hume fails. This is because the local design
argument of Paley is good comprehended not as an analogical argument but rather as adductive
argument (which is the best explained argument). Thus, it must not be examined on the basis of
similarity of watches (analog) to living organisms (the target), but rather by the way of surprise
principle. Surprise principle states that design hypothesis is good warranted as compared to Random
Hypothesis. This allegation is not impacted by the fact that the organisms are different to other
things. Thus Hume's criticism misses the

Summary Of The Watchmaker Argument By William Paley
"The Watchmaker Argument" by William Paley has been of great controversy because of its analogy
between the creation of a watch and the creation of the universe. Paley's argument consists of the
idea of there being a creator for everything, he uses the complicated composition of a watch as to
prove that there has to be a watchmaker and therefore the complicated composition of the universe
serves as to prove that there is in fact a Universe creator (God). Although Paley's argument is strong
and valid, David Hume's opposing argument is more valid due to the premises he uses. Hume argues
that it is impossible to compare something created by the human mind to something as complex as
the universe simply because there is a lot about the creation of the universe that is unknown, unlike
the creation of a house (or watch).
William Paley uses the invention of a watch as an analogy to the invention of the universe. He
argues that if we observe the very complicated and detailed design of the universe we can see that
there was in fact a maker. Paley argues that the complicated structure of a watch is enough prove
that there was a watch maker just like the complicated structure of the universe is prove enough to
show that there is universe maker. He also shows that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He states that "It is not necessary that a machine be perfect, in order to shew with what design it was
made: still less necessary, where the only question is, whether it were made with any design at all."
(Paley 5). Paley's argument here is whether or not the perfection of a watch (universe) shows the
design in which it was, he argues that this is not a relevant factor as to whether or not there is a
creator for it and whether or not this was made with any design at

William Paley: The Indicator Of The Existence Of God
Introduction
Natural theology refers to truths known about God when reflecting on nature, environment and
living organisms in the world. William Paley was born in seventeen forty–three, and he got ordained
as an Anglican priest in the year seventeen sixty–seven–a year later he became a professor of
theology at Cambridge University. He believes that the design of creation in living things stands as a
prime indicator of the existence of God in our society. Paley argues that in the perfection or
imperfection of nature and machines are attributed to a creator and the capability to reproduce is as a
result of a supreme being. In the case study that illustrates his belief he asks the reader to imagine a
scenario; when crossing a heath, you come across a watch on the ground. To this effect one observes
that all its parts have been designed to achieve the desired purpose of measuring time; an intellect
would not think its existence is by chance but the work of a talented artisan.
The state of the argument ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paley comes to a conclusion due to the incapability of the watch to reproduce; he places living
things which he regards as nature greater than earthly inanimate objects. He further states that
comparing the working of tools and instruments in this time they can be a comparison that argues
that nature and machines work or are designed in the same way to achieve the desired purpose. The
watch as the basis of his argument; he explains, when on comes across a rock, and a question is
posed how did this rock come into being; appropriately one could say it had been there since the
beginning of

Philosophy Of Religion : Critically Evaluating The...
Philosophy of Religion
Critically evaluating the Argument from Design
C3182916, Paul Sater,
University of Newcastle Callaghan
Essay one The Argument from design or also known as the Teleological argument (Telos: Purpose,
Teleology: Study of something's purpose or design) is endowed on the assumption of a God or
creator which has intelligently and elegantly designed the universe to such intricate and fine detail.
In which argues that something so immaculately designed for example the structural complexity and
delegacy of the eye, can only be as a direct result of an intelligent designer or (God). The argument
from design is a collection of empirical and inductive arguments that identify characteristics found
in natural objects and infer God as the cause.
The Argument from design is analogous in nature and can be envisioned through key philosopher
William Paley (1743–1809). With his argument of intelligent design acknowledged as the "classical"
statement in coupled with his natural theology (1802). Additionally we will explore other forms of
the argument from design in a more contemporary version. These consist of Hugh Ross' Fine–tuning
of the universe in reference to his published book The Creator and the Cosmos (1999), and the
explanation of how the theory of evolution by natural selection attempts to account for the rise in
complex organisms and natural structures without inferring to the concept of an intelligent designer.
Lastly, exploring a critical discussion of

An Analysis of 'Samuel' by Grace Paley
Samuel by Grace Paley: An Analysis The things we do as children are often irresponsible and
reckless. Yet we do them for fun, and because others are watching, judging, and expecting us to
fulfill our 'friendly,' peer–pressure driven responsibilities. There are times, however, when these
things lead to something bad, something unexpected. During such times, it is difficult to get over
what once was, and to go on with life, especially if the said occurrence is a tragedy, which often
times, it may be. Such an event happened in the story "Samuel" by Grace Paley, where a boy died
because of his and his friends' reckless behavior, but also because of the actions of the individuals
surrounding these boys. This paper will thus analyze the story, in order to determine who was
responsible, in this case, for the tragedy that occurs in the story. Samuel is a very beautifully written
tragedy. The story conducts itself in a very unique way; that is, it does not utilize plot or a certain
structure, but only voice and character in order to advance the story. The author is quite talented, and
places the events in such a way that though the reader expects the worst, he is still shocked when he
receives confirmation of his worst suspicions. To anyone from New York City, the dangers of train
cars are evident. This is why, when the reader begins to see that the children are acting recklessly, he
becomes quite worried. This is because there are countless numbers of warnings on trains,

Essay The Teleological Argument
William Paley and David Hume's argument over God's existence is known as the teleological
argument, or the argument from design. Arguments from design are arguments concerning God or
some type of creator's existence based on the ideas of order or purpose in universe. Hume takes on
the approach of arguing against the argument of design, while Paley argues for it. Although Hume
and Paley both provide very strong arguments, a conclusion will be drawn at the end to distinguish
which philosophiser holds a stronger position. Throughout this essay I will be examining arguments
with reference to their work from Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and Hume's "The
Critique of the Teleological Argument".
Paley's analogy came about from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that one knows of God's existence through a posteriori knowledge (Paley, 1802, 196–
197). For example, he makes a comparison between the universe to a watch, and God to
watchmaker. Watches are made by watchmaker with prior experience with it, but we never truly
experience it. This meaning that we ourselves are incapable of such craftsmanship and things that
exhibits design has a designer and Paley claims that therefore the universe it must be the work of
God (Paley, 1802, 197).
His second argument for design he makes a comparison between machines and humans saying that
both are equally complex and it was built with a purpose in mind. If changes are made to the watch
such as taking away an internal component that makes it runs, or the minute or hour hand, its
purpose would suddenly change and it would no longer be a watch.
In his third argument about arguing from mind to design, he states that using the mind as a
representation is only a small part of universe (Paley, 1802, 197). For example, a watch must have
had a watchmaker because such a complex idea and mechanism could not have just come from
nature. A creator with prior knowledge of the watch must have created it. Therefore, the universe
must have had a creator. This creator was God.
Lastly, his fourth argument assumes that things can be created by matter therefore if other things say
otherwise it would be disregarded (Paley,

Analysis Of Samuel By Grace Paley
Throughout the story "Samuel," Grace Paley uses language to generate a healthy dialogue about the
fragility of life by comparing the thoughts and reactions of all the characters in the story leading up
to and following Samuel's tragic death. The text leads the reader through four young boys'
adventures on a train. The story chronicles the thoughts of the passengers on the train in New York
City, and their actions leading up to and following the unfortunate death of the main character,
Samuel. To begin, at the start of this story Paley tells the reader, "Some boys are very tough. They're
afraid of nothing." (Paley) By using the words brave and tough, Paley conveys to the reader what
characteristics Samuel and his friend esteem and desire to possess. She goes on to say, "They are the
ones who climb a wall and take a bow at the top. Not only are they brave on the roof, but they create
plenty of noise in the darkest part of the cellar where even the super hates to go. They also jiggle and
hop on the platform between the locked doors of the subway cars." (Paley) Additionally, by
connecting the words brave and tough, Paley gives the reader an idea of Samuel and his friends
mindset that day. The language that Paley uses makes the reader question if their goal in jumping on
the train was an opportunity to be brave in a way that was attainable to them. The men and women
on the train make judgments about the boys' behavior. The women almost immediately tell

Analysis Of Paley And Aquinas
Analysis of "Paley" and "Aquinas" Readings in Topic 4
Introduction
In the argument, "The Argument From Design" from Natural Theology, William Paley argues that
living things are like watches in one crucial respect: both exhibit design, the universe with
everything in it. Paley thinks that people assume that the universe works for a purpose like the watch
does. So, people would reasonably conclude that the universe has a designer or creator, like the
watch does, God. Although, atheists deny that the universe is designed. But, shouldn't there be some
knowledgeable or intelligent creator to guide us towards our purpose to function in life?
In the article, "The Five Ways," from Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas argues whether God
exists, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Summary
William Paley found a watch on the ground and assumed that the watch was put together for a
purpose. His arguments, then, lead towards the teleological argument, which starts from relatively
specific observations to the crucial notion of purpose where there is an intelligent cause to the
universe. Paley's whole argument discusses how there must be a maker of the universe since there is
a maker of the watch, which must be God. In contrast, a telescope has a designer, so an eye must
also have a designer,
"The end is the same; the means are the same. The purpose in both is alike; the contrivance for
accomplishing that purpose is both alike: The lenses of the telescope, and the humours of the eye
bear a complete resemblance to one another, in their figure their position; and in their power over
the rays of light... How is it possible, under circumstances of such close affinity, and under the
operation of equal evidence, to exclude contrivance from one, yet to acknowledge the proof of
contrivance having been employed, as the plainest and clearest of all propositions in the other?..."
(Paley, p.30).
If the watch could somehow reproduce, Paley still would not question that the watch still had
originated from some intelligent designer. Like the watch, he thinks the universe also works for a
purpose. Paley proscribes design as foresight, which is connected with purpose, however, the
purpose is not the same as the function. It is said to be

Comparing Aquinas, And Paley's Natural Theology
A watch embodies all appearances of intelligent design. It has purpose, a certain disposition or
instruction. It is a complex object; all parts are needed for it to fulfil its purpose and we could not
substitute any of these parts. It is made of a specific set of materials; we do not find smelted gold or
blown glass naturally occurring in nature. The watch also has a regular motion. All these properties
and dispositions a watch personifies show it is a creation and not just a naturally occurring object.
The same is said about the human eye through analogy. This is the reason William Paley chose to
use the watch as well as the human eye to highlight his argument for design in his work Natural
Theology, (1802). The teleological argument he puts forth is one we can know empirically through
observation. It is not the purpose of the argument to fully convince us that the argument is correct in
every way. The purpose is to offer the audience a logical and suggestible conclusion. However the
argument ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argues that what we see within nature always acts towards an end. He goes on to explain things
in nature "achieve their end, not fortuitously but designedly" Although the end things achieve may
not be seen as purpose it can be a cause for acting in a certain way.
This is where the idea of creating objects to fulfill purposes becomes blurred. A reasonable
comparison would be to fill up a glass with water and then have the water amazed at the fact the
glass has been made to fit it perfectly, when in fact it could be no other way. This is an example of a
weak anthropic argument. If such a thing as the universe was different in any of way we would not
be around to know about it. We are left to inhabit the only known universe able to exist. Maybe it is
the human race which has adapted for the universe, not the other way around, as the human eye has
been finely tuned for

Explain Paleey's Philosophical Position For The Existence...
Paley's philosophical position for the existence of a deity can be summarized by the following
statements. 1. Humans are made for a purpose. 2. If humans are made for a purpose, then there must
be a creator behind that purpose. 3. Therefore, there is a creator. (1, 2, 3 MP) His reasoning for this
is by comparing humans as a whole to a machine. Just like a watch, which has intricate parts that
work for a grander design of telling time, so too does the eye for seeing (Feldman, 1994). The
watch, Paley argues could not possibly have just came into being to fulfill the specific purpose
which it presently does. According to Feldman (1994), this still points to a creator who designed its
purpose and knew of its function. Even if it replicated itself

The Existence Of God Essay
The existence of God has long been a topic of debate. It is the ultimate topic of discussion, as
everyone seems to have an opinion on it. I will look at the traditional arguments for the existence of
God, the ones that have stood the test of time, and find out how convincing the arguments really are
by looking at each one in turn, analysing the logic behind each argument, and finally looking at its
criticisms and the responses to the criticisms.
The first argument for the existence of God I will look at is the cosmological argument, more
commonly known as the "First Cause" argument. It is attributed to Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th
century philosopher. The basic premise is that for the Universe to exist, something must have caused
it to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Russell, there is no reason why it needs a cause to come into existence. Similarly, there
is no reason why it couldn't have existed eternally: Aquinas uses the fallacy of moral dilemma to
offer us no other selection of choices. This is not a formal fallacy, as you can see below, but an
informal fallacy originating in premise #3. There is also question over the other 2 premises:
1. There is a first cause of the Universe
2. The first cause must be eternal
3. God is the only eternal being
_________________________________
4. The first cause is God
It has also not been proven that something that comes into being needs a cause, as nothing that we
know of has ever come into existence, merely changed from one state into another, therefore the
Universe does not need a first cause. Following the First Cause argument, Russell also asked the
question: if God made the Universe, who made God?
Anybody responding to these criticisms will say that God does not need a creator because he caused
everything else and is eternal. Aquinas described God as "the necessary being" and "the immovable
mover". According to him, God is the only thing that has no beginning or end. His argument is
entirely dependent on his own belief in his premises.
Another popular argument for the existence of God is the teleological argument, more commonly
known as the Design

Summary Of The Argument From Design By William Paley
The Argument from Design In William Paley's "Argument from Design" he seeks to prove God's
existence by comparing the world and universe we live in to a machine, specifically a watch. The
goal of the design argument is to prove the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good
God through the watch analogy. The analogy tries to say that if we look at the creation of the
universe like that of a watch, we can infer that it has a purpose and a designer. While this seems to
be valid, there are some flaws in Paley's argument that I will point out. Although Paley succeeds in
presenting a well thought out argument that shows order in the world, he ultimately fails to prove
the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good God. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He explicitly states, "It is not necessary that a machine be perfect in order to show with what design
it was made; still less necessary, where the only question is whether it was made with any design at
all" (Paley 60). What Paley fails to talk about is the presence of natural evil in the world and how a
defective design would to indicate that the designer is neither omnipotent nor all good. This brings
up the problem of evil, which becomes a significant factor while looking at the characteristics of
God. If God is omnipotent and all good then it can be said the world should be free from
imperfections, but it is not, raising the question of whether or not God is in fact all–powerful and all
good. Additionally, we cannot compare the world we live in to anything because of its complicated
design. Because of this, when Paley tries to draw comparisons between the design of the watch to
that of the stone, he falls short. In his second attempt to strengthen his argument, Paley again opens
up two bigger holes that demonstrate the weakness in his

Persuasive Essay : Paley 's Argument From Design
PH 101–01
Instructor: Jason Smith
Student: Donna Delva
6/16/17
Critically evaluate Paley's argument from design. What kind of argument is it? How does it work?
What does it aim to show? Does Paley succeed? Why or Why not?
While theology may take God 's existence as necessary on the basis of faith, or discovery, many
philosophers have thought it's possible to prove by reason that there must be a God. The teleological
argument, also known as the argument from design simply states that a designer must exist since the
universe and living things display elements of design in their order, consistency, unity and pattern. It
is based on observations of the order in the universe and the natural world, to conclude that it is ...
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Some general comments on the effect–cause relationship in the argument from design I will
described below:
To argue from design is to argue from order to an end found in some thing or in a group of things to
a cause capable of explaining that order. We observe that the parts of the eye work together so that
we can see, and we wonder what is responsible for this order. We know that in the case of an
artifact, the order of the parts in it to an end depends on there being an agent capable of planning it.
To plan is to figure out appropriate means to achieve an end which one has fixed upon. A plan for a
toaster would involve heating elements, a place to put the bread, and controls. Ideally, in addition to
this plan, however, one would also have another sort of plan, namely, directions for how to realize
the desired arrangement (as we all know from having tried to assemble something without reading
the directions). In addition to plans, there must, of course, also be an agent with the power to realize
them. The need for both planning and power to execute is sometimes overlooked: People sometimes
mistakenly think that if one can identify efficient causes which realize order in the effect then there
is no need to bring in a planner.
This description of how order to an end comes about in a thing that sounds sensible, but when one
tries to apply it to the origin of living things the alternative explanation of chance presents itself. The

Essay on Why the Design Argument Fails
Why the Design Argument Fails The Design Argument does fail due to its weaknesses, it is lacking
in factual and substantial evidence to prove its theories. It puts forward a lot of ideas and claims
however they are not justified well enough; the only true fact is that you have to believe them. I feel
it is correct to claim that it fails due to the amount of criticising evidence against the theories for the
existence of God.
The main philosopher to criticise and object to the Teleogical Argument was David Hume. He
looked at every point towards the existence towards a creator and designer and then thought
logically about the condemnation and came up with rebuttals. He realised that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He then compares a watch against a floating vegetable. "A clock to a large organic mass is not
possible to compare. It would be better to compare it to an immense floating object." He is stating
how absurd it is that a small simple item could be linked to such a powerful designer. You cannot
link a watch towards something, which is a far more superior, and multitasking being. Like many of
these assumptions they are lacking concrete evidence to prove it, it is just a theory and therefore
weakens the argument towards the existence of a creator.
Another protestation, which Hume makes, is the difference between the world at present and the
world at birth. He asks how we can link what was then from what we see now, the time difference is
too great and too big of an assumption. When we link the dinosaurs and try to analysis their life and
habits we can only learn from what we have. Then we tend to assume what time period they lived
and who hunted whom. Once again there is no real evidence to prove where or when they existed
and this is just like the creator theories. We assume and try to link things together from what we
have without looking at all the evidence and waiting for 100% accurate facts. So we just predict and
say it is the way forward. However this is incorrect and therefore false to state this. Yet many
Philopshers tend to say that it is

God Is Our Benevolent Creator
Paley's Natural Theology argues that in order for something to exist, there has to be a creator. A
well–known passage from his book includes someone noticing a watch on the ground and anyone
would assume that the watch was made by someone else. He connects this to the creation of life and
everything we know, to God's creations. That God made humans and everything else in this world,
maybe as explained in the Biblical text of Genesis. According to Paley, God is our benevolent
creator, but what if everything existed before hand and God had nothing to do with it? It is hard to
tell what is true, following Paley and Christianity or the idea of true science and evolution. "In
Paley's time, Natural Theology was an established field of study, though it is now either neglected or
known under another name. It can be defined as 'the branch of philosophy and theology which
attempts to prove God's existence, define God's attributes, or derive correct doctrine based solely
from human reason and/or observations of the natural world.' If classical theology is concerned with
a study of the scriptures, then natural theology is the attempt to derive theological ideas from nature,
without reference to scripture." (Hovind) Where Paley falls short is that he does not pull from
Christian scriptures. His theory comes solely from nature itself. Before the traveler of his
watchmaker theory story, State of the Argument in Natural Theology, comes across the watch, he
first sees a rock. For all he

William Paley's Views Of The Evidence Of Christianity
William Paley
I. Abstract:
Born in Peterborough, England in July 1743, William Paley was a natural philosopher and wrote
many books on Christianity. Before working his way through the ranks of the Anglican Church,
Paley graduated first of his class from Christ's College in Cambridge in 1763, became a deacon in
1765, and was appointed assistant curate by a tutor of the college in 1766. He opposed slavery,
advocated for prison reform, and was a utilitarian. He believed that "humans act morally to increase
their overall level of happiness." Paley had eight children with his wife, Jane Hewitt – married in
1776. He was a very popular preacher publishing many lectures and books and is considered "one of
England's most important theologians of his generation." William Paley died on May 25th, 1805 and
is currently buried next to his wife in the Carlisle Cathedral.
II. His Works: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This book was even a required textbook for students to have at Cambridge up until the 20th century.
Paley's lectures and books presented a utilitarian view of the world and tried proving that God was
the reason for existence. Of his many works, his most famous one (and the last one before his death
in 1805) is called Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity,
Collected from the Appearances of Nature (1802). In Natural Theology, Paley begins with a
metaphor of God as a watchmaker. He argues that God can be understood by observing the natural
world and the only conclusion in this metaphor is that the watch or 'design' must have had a maker
or 'designer' (whom is

Travelling Grace Paley Analysis
One of Man's Most Powerful Weapon: Words. It has always been said that the tongue is man's most
powerful weapon but, perhaps it is the words that the tongue speaks or the power behind the words
spoken. Literature is a body of written works. Literature can be anything from a speech to the lyrics
of a song. Something new is always learned from literature even if it is minute. Depending on the
message being sent, words have the power to provoke, calm or even inspire. In "Travelling" by
Grace Paley, the author's mom and sister are on the bus going to Virginia. They were laws that
allowed segregation on buses during this era, the blacks sat in the back and the whites sat in front.
At one point in the story, the bus came to a stop and they were asked to move since they were in the
"black" section of the bus. In silent protest, "My mother said no" (Paley 335). Later on in the story,
those characteristics are passed on to the author herself. This is because the word "NO" provoked
her to stand firm in her beliefs ," In a loud voice he addressed me: Lady, I wouldn't of touched that
thing with a meat hook. I thought, Oh this world would end in ice. I could do nothing but look
straight into his eyes. I did not look away from him. Then I held that boy a little ... Show more
An example is found in Sheyann Webb . In the excerpt, the African Americans were brutally beaten
up when they held a protest. But the lyrics of a song Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round
calmed them down and unified them. "We sang "Ain't gonna let George Wallace turn me 'round".
(Sikora 78).At the end of the song they gain some amount of hope. "We had really won after all. We
had won!" (Sikora 78). Another example is the Christmas Truce of 1914. Soldiers from Belgium
Britain France and Germany put down their rifles and sang Christmas carols together. This took
place during World War I. This shows the power of music and other forms of

Essay on The Boy Who Would Be a Helicopter
Reflection On: The Boy Who Would Be A Helicopter By Vivian Gussin Paley (In the book, The Boy
Who Would Be A Helicopter, Vivian Gussin Paley discusses her experiences in her preschool
classroom with Jason, a boy who tends to isolate himself, and offers solutions on how other
educators can help students become well–adjusted and active learners.) – not sure to mention this..
I think this book gives us the opportunity to reflect on our roles in our students' lives, as a general
classroom teacher and how we can best help our students develop into active learners and well–
adjusted adults. Paley also made us think about how children's story and classroom community play
a significant role in helping children learn about themselves and ... Show more content on
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In this storytelling process, Jason and his classmates actively engage in making their own stories and
extend them with their classmates. Jason's classmates made a lot of effort to incorporate Jason and
his helicopter in their shared story. I believe it is noteworthy to recognize how Paley is able to shift
the main focus in the classroom from the student–teacher relationship to the student–student
relationship. We found Paley's view on conflict–resolution very interesting. She states: "Problems
are not meant to be solved. They are ours to practice on, to explore the possibility with, to help us
study cause and effect. Important issues can't be solved with one grand plan...Some are worked at
for a lifetime, returning in different disguise, requiring fresh insights" (p. 80) For children, play can
be a powerful medium in which to practice their problems and to freely enjoy the process of
reaching a solution Another strategy we found useful was Paley's use of make–believe when dealing
with misbehavior in her classroom. She does not view misbehavior as bad, or something to be
punished, rather, she maintains that these behaviors are misreadings of a script–in–progress,
something that is in need of reworking. This means that each student can feel free to experience the
trials and errors of their

Essay on The Argument from Design, by William Paley
During the 1800th century, William Paley, an English philosopher of religion and ethics, wrote the
essay The Argument from Design. In The Argument from Design, Paley tries to prove the existence
of a supreme being through the development of a special kind of argument known as the teleological
argument. The teleological argument is argument by analogy, an argument based on the similarities
between two different subjects. This essay purposefully attempts to break down Paley's argument
and does so in the following manner: firstly, Paley's basis for the teleological argument is
introduced; secondly, Paley's argument is derived and analyzed; thirdly, the connection between
Paley's argument and the existence of a supreme being is made; and ... Show more content on
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Having introduced Paley's main a posteriori experience, the following paragraphs will describe and
justify Paley's reasoning for using such argument to describe the existence of a superior being.
Firstly, Paley concentrates in the process leading to the creation of the watch. The process for
creating a watch is very systematic and involves knowledge of mechanical engineering, a trade
known to few men. Yet, it is not necessary to know the inner workings of the watch to use it on a
daily basis: it is only necessary to understand the relationship between the position of the watch's
hands to the sunrise and sunset of day. Paley concludes that even though he could not create a
watch, some supreme being could create such watch. In other words, anything that shows evidence
of creation has a creator and such creator exists or has existed at one point in time. To further refine
the previous conclusion, Paley acknowledges the imprecision of the watch, for the watch is not
always correct in predicting time. The watch might get ahead or behind, but the overall purpose for
which the watch was created remains intact: it might predict the wrong time, note however, that it
still predicts time. The conclusion in the previous paragraph is not contradicted by any of the
watch's faults simply because the being's purpose for creating the watch still exists. Therefore,
Paley's supreme being not only creates but also does so with a specific purpose.

William Paley And David Hume
Intelligent by Design
Written by Alexander Staggs–Vargas One of the most prominent philosophical arguments that
remains today is the debate on the existence of God or an Intelligent Designer. This debate dates
back a time of many Gods and deities during the era of Socrates, Plato and their students, including
Aristotle. This discussion will focus on the differing works of authors William Paley and David
Hume and I will argue that there is an Intelligent Designer for our universe. William Paley believes
in the existence of God and that through his watchmaker analogy in "Natural Theology" he can
prove that there is an Intelligent Designer. David Hume addresses William Paley's argument in
"Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion" and argues Paley's analogy is weak since Hume believes
we cannot analogize earthly things from things we cannot understand. In this paper, I will address
these teleological arguments. To begin, we need to understand Paley's teleological argument that we
are products of an Intelligent Designer. He argues that: "1) Human artifacts are products of
intelligent design and we have a purpose; 2) The universe resembles these human artifacts; 3) Due
to the similarities, it is probable that the universe is also a product of intelligent design; 4) However,
the universe is vastly more complex and gigantic than a human artifact; and, 5) Therefore, it is most
logical that a powerful and vastly intelligent designer created the universe." Paley's teleological

William Paley's Argument For The Existence Of God
A design argument is more commonly know as a Teleological one, which is an argument for the
existence of a creator or god "based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural or
physical world".The argument has been discussed all the way back to the time of Socrates and Plato.
In my essay I will be evaluating one argument put forward by a famous philosopher, in this case
William Paley, an English clergyman born in 1743, in which he tries to show similarities in the
design of nature and the design of man made artefacts.
William Paley's Theological argument for the existence of God raises quite a few questions from the
offset of Paley's book Natural Theology. The first piece of evidence that he uses to argue his point is
his analogy of him stumbling upon a stone in a field and wondering how it came to be there , Paley
states that he could argue that it would be acceptable to believe that the stone had stayed there
forever due to the fact he has no prior knowledge of how it came to be there. Paley shows us that we
as humans take a lot of things for granted in our lives due to the fact that we have ... Show more
would seem to suggest many gods are involved in universe making" this is an interesting point
which does hurt Paley's analogy because he did believe in a benevolent God and the idea of any
Gods helping each other to create the universe or even the possibility of multiple Gods would mean
that there was no benevolent God because one could not create the world on its own. This is a very
important question because it endangers Paley's argument and from reading the chapters on the
design argument in paley'sI do not believe Paley takes in to account the possibility of more than one
God existing and because of this I believe he ignores a serious way to disprove his own

Racial Barriers in Grace Paley's Short Story Samuel Essay
Racial Barriers in Grace Paley's Short Story Samuel
It is hard to distinguish the difference between which race is more important. One might ask
themselves if white is superior over colored skin. There have been numerous struggles and much
success in the fight towards equality between the races. Although many large steps have been made,
there are still existing racial barriers. One particular struggle is whether or not people of different
races should interact with each other. Should Caucasian adults interact with young children of color?
A question that becomes especially critical when children are putting themselves in potentially
dangerous situations. This moral debate is portrayed in Grace Paley's short story, "Samuel." ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the short story, "Two men and others looked at the four boys jumping and jiggling on the platform
and thought, It must be fun to ride that way" (191). Men normally have influence to control
dangerous situations and instead of using this power to persuade the boys to come into a safe place,
they allow the children to continue to endanger their lives. The women on the train " became very
angry when they look at the four boys. Most of them brought their brows together hoping the boys
would see their extreme disapproval" (191).
In the story, one woman in the subway car saw that "three of the boys were Negroes and the fourth
was something else she couldn't tell for sure. She was afraid that they would be fresh and laugh at
her and embarrass her" (191). It seems that the women are scared of even confronting the barrier
that separates her from the children. The racial wall is so intimidating to the women that all they
could do is sit and watch the young boys in fear of their safety.
As time passed, the racial begun to slowly deteriorate. Sometimes, motherly instincts will overcome
anything, and in this case it is to persuade the women to stand up to the children. "The lady who was
afraid of embarrassment saw the boys jerk forward and backwards and grab the swinging guard
chains...She stood up with determination and went to the door" (191). Allowing her maternal

Analysis Of Paley's Teleological Argument
The Teleological Argument is concerned with reason as to why the world functions in a orderly
manner is 'orderly the same as 'apparently purposeful'? What's the difference? The argument is an a
posteriori argument which begins with looking at the natural world and Paley uses his watch
analogy to attempt to prove the existence of God. There are two aspects to Paley's argument –
regularity and purpose. I think it's worth setting the scene with mention of both. Good to use
technical vocabulary such as 'a posteriori' meaning 'from observation'. Tactically this essay is
launching well – many students mistakenly believe you need a summation of who Paley was –
which is a waste of time. The first way that Paley tries to argue for the existence of God is the
argument qua purpose. If we saw a stone that laid on the ground, we may assume that it it had laid
there forever and not had been crafted for a specific purpose. However, in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Paley further develops his argument by comparing an aspect of the natural world such as an eye,
with that of something which has been constructed and assembled by a designer, like a telescope.
They are very similar in the fact the the lens of telescope and eye are similar with regards to
position, power over rays of light and resemblance and that they are both set up in order to achieve a
certain purpose, to produce a clear physical image of objects. From this we can conclude the human
eye show's no apostrophe as this is a verb not a genitive a great deal of complexity and it's no
apostrophe again as that is only used for 'it is' parts work together like that of the telescope, so just
like the telescope has b een designed and ordered in way to make it function, the eye has also been
too, by a designer, which Paley argues is

Teleological Argument for the Existence of God Essay
This paper will examine the argument put forward by William Paley in 1802, in his Natural
Theology. Paley offers an argument from design that purports to show a clear and distinct reason
why one should hold a belief in God, due to the inherent features of the world. It is attempted in this
paper to firstly: show that the argument should be rejected on the grounds of lacking a rationally
flowing set of premises and conclusions; and secondly: that the criticisms made by David Hume
concerning the argument hold more weight than is generally granted by other philosophers, and
should have convinced one even before the advent of Darwinian theory. Added to this, it will be
considered as to whether or not Darwin actually did destroy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Roughly speaking, teleological arguments are those that appeal to the special features, or aspects, of
the world that appear to be designed and purposive, analogous to the cases of human design. For
example, one might consider complex biological systems such as eyes, digestive or reproductive
structures, and so on. They are usually put probabilistically, arguing that the most plausible
explanation is that of a world designer and creator –– one with intelligence and purposes. It is not
clear that Paley's argument was intended to be just so, but more on this at a later stage. Paley's
argument is quite simple in essence and is presented in a somewhat poetic and rather imaginative
way. Paley first imagines what sort of thoughts one would have stumbling across a rock. He
concludes that no–one should be surprised at the presence of the rock, and that it hardly requires a
specific explanation: it would be quite plausible to assume that the rock just was, and had always
been.
The discovery of the rock is then compared to the finding of a watch. Paley claims that one should
immediately recognise it as the work of an intelligent designer, even if one had never seen a watch
before. He makes the claim that by the watch's very intrinsic make–up it could clearly be concluded
the intentional construction of an intelligent designer: the various

Evaluating Paley's Design Argument
Ultimately, Paley's argument uses an inductive argument to suggest that all things with properties of
intelligence and complexity must have an intelligent designer who designs them for a specific
purpose. When evaluating Paley's design argument, it is evident that it has its flaws. From the
inductive argument presented, objections can be made in the first premise by claiming that not all
processes have a clear purpose. For instance, when natural disasters such as earthquakes and
tornadoes occur, what purpose do they serve exactly, and why would God's work include such
disaster? In fact, that leads us to ask why the universe would be designed with such imperfections?
It is these types of questions that David Hume utilizes to undermine the design ... Show more
The dilemma theists are presented with is that if the world has imperfections due to the evil that
exists, which serves no clear purpose, then God, the designer of the world, therefore must be
imperfect. But this is not the image that is to be perceived of God if he were to exist. Instead, God,
in the human mind, would only exist if he was a perfect being. Without the characteristic of a perfect
being, one is able to claim that God does not exist as the designer of the world. However, the main
criticism that Hume proposes is to not claim that it is impossible for God not to exist as a perfect
being but rather our lack of experience in the creation of the world cannot allow us to claim that
God is perfect. Because the design argument is an empirical argument for the existence of God, our
experiences with the world, including those that involve evil, cannot allow us to possibly ignore the
fact that God may not be a perfect being. If this this case, then God's image

Essay about The Inadequacy of Paley's Argument from Design
The Inadequacy of the Argument from Design
William Paley's teleological argument (also known as the argument from design) is an attempt to
prove the existence of god. This argument succeeds in proving that while existence was created by
an aggregation of forces, to define these forces, as a conscious, rational, and ultimately godlike is
dubious. Although the conclusions are valid, the argument makes several logical errors. The
teleological argument relies on inductive reasoning, rendering the argument itself valid, but
unsound. The argument fails to apply its own line of reasoning to itself, resulting in infinite
regression. Beyond the scope of its logical flaws, the arguments content lacks accurate comparisons.
The argument hinges on a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this type of argument is practical at predicting patterns of re–occurring events, they are
never legitimately sound. Consider the sunrise. It has risen every day for thousands of years on end.
Therefore, it will rise tomorrow. Despite the odds of this happening being very high, there is not a
one hundred percent chance that it will. Furthermore, consider the existence of the universe itself.
Although the odds of life being created by a random amalgamation of forces are very low, the
correct combination for life to exist only has to occur once. From that point forward, evolution and a
reaction to external stimuli allows life to change naturally.
The argument also indulges in an infinite regression. It assumes that a transcendent god created the
entire universe. However, it fails to account for what created the god. As stated in the lecture slides,
a committee of lesser beings may have created the god, but that begs the question about who created
the committee. One could object to this idea and believe that god has always existed, transcending
time and reality itself. Once again, however, this logic is just as applicable to the universe. The
universe is as capable of existing forever as a god is.
William Paley further begs the question in stating that because of perceived complexities in an
entity, it must have been designed. This perceived relation between complexity and design is an
inherently

William Paley 's ' Watch '
An inquiry that continually torments the world regardless of what religious range you originate from
is: Does God exist and in the event that he does how would we truly know? Yes, there is the Bible
that records for each authentic occasion, yet numerous individuals look for another hypothesis of
verification that can rest there interest. Presently the teleological contention is the second standard
"a posteriori" dispute for the vicinity of God. Possibly the most mainstream variety of this dispute is
the William Paley 's "watch" hypothesis. For the most part, this contention says that following to
seeing a watch, with all its mind boggling parts, that facilitate carefully to keep time, one must
surmise this bit of hardware has a pioneer, since it is to an incredible degree offbeat to have
essentially appeared by some particular means, for occasion, movement. The skeleton of the
contention is as per the going with: 1. Human obsolescents are eventual outcomes of adroit
structure; they have a reason. 2. The universe takes after these human old pieces. 3. Along these
lines: It is likely that the universe is a delayed consequence of watchful design, and has a reason. 4.
Of course, the universe is perpetually more identity boggling and goliath than a human relic is. 5. In
this way: There is evidently a capable and endlessly clever fashioner who made the universe. Do
these centers seem, by all accounts, to be far bring or does the philosophical conflict, truly exhibit
the vicinity

The Fragility Of Life In Grace Paley's 'Samuel'
This is my response to Grace Paley's short story titled "Samuel." Throughout the story, Paley uses
language to generate a healthy dialogue about the fragility of life by comparing the thoughts and
reactions of all the characters in the story leading up to and following Samuel's tragic death. The
story conveys the story of four young boys and their adventure on a subway one day. The story
chronicles the thoughts of the passengers on the train in New York City, and their actions leading up
and following the unfortunate death of the main character Samuel. At the start of this story Paley
tells the reader "Some boys are very tough. They're afraid of nothing." (Paley). By using words like
brave and tough, Paley tells the reader what characteristics were ideal for the four boys featured in
this story. She goes on to say, "They are the ones who climb a wall and take a bow at the top. Not
only are they brave on the roof, but they create plenty of noise in the darkest part of the cellar where
even the super hates to go. They also jiggle and hop on the platform between the locked doors of the
subway cars." (Paley) Paley connects those two words to give the reader a vague idea of what
Samuel and his friends view about death. Paley conveys that the boys were unaware that death was
looming of them. Their goal in jumping on the subway car was to prove they were fearless. The
boys' actions in the subway car show that their goal was to prove there that

Essay on Samuel by Grace Paley
Francis1 Samuel lessons learned The story "Samuel" by Grace Paley takes place on a moving
subway headed towards the Bronx. The passengers introduce Samuel and friends as tough little boys
that are not afraid of anything. "The boys are just being boys" is also used. Many of the passengers
had opportunities to tell them to calm down or even to tell them to stop. This could of have
prevented the death of Samuel. Some men relive their childhood through the boy's and many of the
ladies shaking their head with disapproval. A woman passenger does approach the boys only to be
laughed at when she warns them about their behavior. As another onlooker thinks he is doing them a
favor by pulling the emergency cord. The end result is the death ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the end, Samuel dies a tragic death. The cord puller action did more harm than helping the
situation. A tone is the way the author conveys his or her unstated attitudes toward the story. The
tone from the beginning to the end of Samuel is a serious tone. "Some boys are very tough. They're
afraid of nothing. The description Paley gives in the first two sentences makes you feel that the tone
is going to be serious. Another example can be when the ladies in subway car become angry when
they look at the boys. "Most of them brought their brows together and hoped the boys could see
their disapproval". They convey the serious tone through the way they feel through facial
expressions. Thoughts of one of the women passenger's shows a mothers concern when she attempts
to confront the boys. "One of the ladies wanted to get up and say, be careful you dumb kids, get off
the platform or I'll call the cop." The tone makes the situation serious tone even if it was thought and
not an action. In another paragraph her action show the seriousness of the situation when thinks of
her own child. "She stood up with determination and went to the door. Her action tells us that tone
was not to be taken lightly and it was a serious matter. Foreshadowing is to show or indicate an
action to be coming. Although the story is centered around Samuel, it is actually told by the
passengers who witness the turn of events of Samuel and his friends Alfred,

The Argument Of Creation Vs. Evolution
The argument of Creation vs. Evolution has been debated for quite sometime. Since Darwin's theory
of Evolution by Natural Selection was published, some of those that thought the world and its
inhabitants was made by a creator now began to think differently. Evolution began to make sense,
there was evidence of certain types of species evolving (as in the finches in the galapogos islands as
observed by Darwin) however, with creationism there was no evidence, it was all based on faith.
Although Darwin's theory stands at the forefront for the belief in Evolution especially for those that
tend to lean towards this side of the argument, there have been and still is many who support the
argument of Design or what is referred to as the teleological argument. Philosophers such as St.
Thomas Aquinas and William Paley wrote about the belief in there being a creator in their famous
works. David Hume, William Derham and Richard Bentley to name a few also wrote about
intelligent design. I believe in Creationism. I believe that the universe and everything in it came into
existence because of a higher intelligence and not solely from a primordial soup and if in fact
everything did start out as a soup, all the ingredients for this soup was put together by the head chef.
In researching this topic, I believe that creationism and evolution (micro–evolution) can co–exist
without one absolutely refuting the other. I believe this designer created existence in such a way that
evolution is

A Conversation With My Father By Grace Paley
"A conversation With my Father" is a story written by Grace Paley. this short story is about a
discussion between the narrator and her sick, eighty–six–year–old father. Throughout this whole
entire story, there is evidence given to the reader that this short story is about story–telling. The
reader can tell that this is a story about storytelling because in the conversation between the narrator
and her father, they are constantly talking about how a story should be written.
"A conversation With my Father" is a story about storytelling. Throughout the story, the narrator and
her sick father, talk about her style of writing. In the beginning, the father asks the narrator to write a
simple story and says to use "just recognizable people and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This request that the father makes shows the reader the first evidence of storytelling in this short
story. The narrator does not like the simple style of writing that he suggested because she thinks that
it takes all hope away. She also believes that " Everyone, real or invented, deserves the open destiny
of life"( Paley 231). Even though the narrator does not like writing in that style, she still agrees to do
it to please her father. She starts to think of a way that she can start her story and a plot that would
follow it. Moments later, the narrator thinks of a story that has been happening for a couple of years
right across the street from her. This story includes a woman and her son, a drug addict. In this story,
she describes how the woman became a junkie in order to maintain a close relationship with her son.
The narrator ended the short story by saying that the son eventually gave everything up and left the
city making the mother feel hopeless and alone. This is not what her father was expecting, he says "
You misunderstood me on purpose... You left everything out" (Paley 233). The father then asks the
narrator a bunch of questions in order to include more important details about the characters in her
story. The

Paley's Argument For Intelligent Design
Paley's Argument For Intelligent Design and Its Criticisms Paley's teleological argument defends the
idea of the existence of god through the idea of consistent and orderly design. Paley uses an example
of finding a rock on the ground and then finding a watch. He argues that finding the watch, with all
of its perfectly fit working parts, suggests an intelligent creator.In his argument, the watch is
employed as an analogy for the universe. He states that the universe and all of its working
complexities points to the existence of an intelligent creator. There are several alternant and
contradicting beliefs to Paley's assertions. Some call into question the validity of the analogy itself.
Others say it is an incredibly far jump to assert the existence of a god through the universe since the
universe and its workings are so undiscovered by humanity. Paley addresses many of these alternant
arguments in his essay. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This the argument was in reference to the analogy that the watch was the same as the universe.
Some came to the conclusion that since it was an unseen event which created the universe, one
cannot and should not make a conclusive statement about its origin. Paley attempts to debunk this
argument by stating that regardless of the fact that the actual physical making of the universe was
not witnessed, there is still a physical universe that is evidence for its origin. He says that there
should be no doubt of the universes artist because his existence is easily inferred through the
complexity of the universes

Paley City
There is a strong connection between the senses and the formation of our perception. Traditionally,
the sense categories are known as sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. The modern perspective
views the senses as systems in which information about our external world is acquired; visual,
auditory, olfactory, gestation and haptic (tactile) systems. Architecture in the sense of environmental
design is "the art of nourishing these senses." In order to receive information from the environment,
each sense organ is part of a sensory system which receives and transmits sensory information to the
brain. How the human body engages space is of prime importance; as the human body moves, sees,
smells, touches, hears and even tastes within a space – the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The smell receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit sensations to the brain.
We need only a little amount of molecules of substance to trigger an impulse of smell in a nerve end,
and we can smell more than ten thousand different scents. If it is a new scent it is possible to
remember the scent and identify it again later. The scent captures one's memory of the place; the
nose makes the eyes remember. For the blind people, the sense of smell can help awareness of one's
location. Odour can also relate to hunger and the desire to consume. Since it is not possible to name
all the odours, spatial qualities or experiences are often associated with scents. Positive experiences
of smell can be used in design to induce positive memories or associations to a space, while negative
smells can do the opposite. Bringing certain smells into a designed space can immediately stimulate
emotions, guide us, or distract us. Designer Valerie Trent cites research that connects smell and
memory; "People can often recall aromas from childhood or a distinctive odor they've only smelled
once. Whatever your particular nose prefers, smells do enhance comfort and

William Paley's Argument From Design
Argument from Design In the Argument from Design article by William Paley, he begins the
argument by describing the mechanisms of a watch. These parts all combine in a certain way to
make the watch work, or even exist. If these parts were not combined in the exact order, the watch
would not do anything profound. Paley further describes how an observer could conceive the watch
in the mind. He would then reflect, in some sense, how the watch was made independently. It was
not brought into existence by other watches, but only by a creator combining different items
together. There is the idea of metallic nature, but assuming a law also assumes a lawgiver.
Therefore, there must be some sort of creator of the watch, even though the creator is unknown. This
same concept could be applied to the universe, stating that there must be a creator that made these
elaborate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even if people were unaware of the person who made the watch, ignorance is not an excuse for not
giving credit to the artist. An objection to his argument is that some of the parts seem to have no
function, so they were not designed. Paley states there may be a function of these parts that we are
unable to see or understand. The design is evident from examining the rest of the watch. The
machine does not have to be perfect in order to understand the artist's design of the mechanism. For
example, a blueprint of a machine can show you the idea and purpose of the final results, even
though all the parts on the blueprint are not specifically described on why it exists. The design could
not be a fault of chance due to its complexity. The observer of the watch cannot be driven out of his
conclusion, even though he may know

Paley's Argument For The Existence Of God
As a teleological argument, Paley's argument for the existence of God can be distilled as: (1)
everything has a purpose, (2) creators define a thing's purpose, so (3) therefore everything has a
creator. After making his argument, Paley refutes eight common objections to his argument
including the objections that not witnessing an object's creation means it was not created and that
imperfection of creation means that there was not a creator. On the other hand, Hume's critique is a
dialogue between a theist and a skeptic in which the skeptic, Philo, presents arguments against the
existence of a creator. Among Philo's arguments are: because experiences are different, definite
conclusions about a creator's existence cannot be made, since nature

Grace Paley Father
Grace Paley is an American writer and poet that is best known for her short stories that portray the
everyday life of ordinary people. The short stories that are to be analyzed are Samuel, Mother, and A
Conversation with my Father. The common component shared between these three stories is the
history of everyday life and how individuals deal with it. Grace Paley lived through some of the
world's most historic events, and watched society and the people around her gradually change as she
got older. Paley has been able to study and observe the everyday lives of men and woman for many
years and successfully exemplifies this in her writing. The purpose of this author study is to
understand what influenced Grace Paley to write these stories and what message she wanted to get
across to all of her readers. The purpose is also to fully comprehend her stories and to see how they
could be related to her own life. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She grew up speaking Yiddish, Russian, and English and was the youngest of three. Paley began
writing when she was in her teens and was heavily influenced by W. H. Auden, who she also studied
poetry with. After college she then became an outspoken activist that supported feminism, anti–war,
and anti–nuclear demonstrations and became very involved with her local politics. "It would be a
world without militarism and racism and greed – and where women don't have to fight for their
place in the world" (Paley). Paley believed in world peace and wanted everyone to be treated
equally. Paley had a long and fulfilling life and saw what the world was really capable of and she
wanted to change it for the better. She also understood that the lives of people were something worth
writing about because everyone sees things in different

Similarities Between Paley And Paleey
Paley states that if a person were to go on a walk and along the way they found a rock, they could
infer or assume that the rock could have been there forever and have not though any more about it.
However, if a person found a watch (a quaint watch with springs and with cogs) you can observe
that it has parts that move which can show:
That the watch was designed for a particular purpose: To tell the time
That the parts of the watch work together for its purpose and they fit
That the parts of the watch are ordered in such a way that it will allow the watch to function
If the watch and its parts that make it function are arranged differently then it will not work and
hence it will not achieve its purpose.
Paley states that if a person

The Loudest Voice Paley Summary

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The Loudest Voice Paley Summary