Respiratory System - Organs and function, Respiratory Phenomena, Lung Capacity, Respiratory disorders

1. Respiratory System
The Breath of Life

2. Close Room

3. Mechanism of A Car

4. Drowning

5. Respiration
- a life process common to
both plants & animals.
is an exchange of Oxygen and Carbon
dioxide between the atmosphere and
the blood and the body’s cells.

6. 4 Respiration Processes
1. Breathing (ventilation)
– air in to and out of the lungs.
2. External respiration
– gas exchange between air and the blood.
3. Internal respiration
– gas exchange between blood and tissues.
4. Cellular respiration
– oxygen used to produce ATP, carbon dioxide
as waste.

7. Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing = Inspiration + Expiration
– intake of air/inhale to bring fresh
supply of oxygen.
– breathing out of air/exhale to get rid of
CO2
Respiration – process of gas exchange
between various body compartments

8. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient

9. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient
• Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
• Cycle:
 Relaxed State – diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relaxed.
Inspiration – diaphragm contracts, pullling muscle
down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall
and expanding volume of chest lowering pressure in
lungs, pulling in air
Expiration – muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting
in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air.

10. Respiratory Cycle

12. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient

13. Gas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures.
 External Respiration – gases exchange between
air and blood
 Internal respiration – gases exchanged with
tissue fluids
 Oxygen transport – bound to hemoglobin in red
blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma
 Carbon dioxide transport – dissolved in blood
plasma, bound to hemoglobin

15. Human Respiratory System

16. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

17. Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
• Passage way for respiration
• Receptors for smell
• Filters incoming air to filter large foreign
material
• Moistens and warms incoming air
• Resonating chambers for voice

18. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

19. Lower Respiratory Tract Functions
Larynx – maintains an open airway, routes
food and air appropriately, assists in
sound production
Trachea – transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi – branch into lungs
Lungs – transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange

20. Respiratory Organs
1. Nose
- main entrance and exit to the respiratory
system.
- connected to winding passages that warm,
moistened and filter the air as it passes through
respiratory tract.
- nostrils lined with hairs that filter out dust
- mucous membrane that sticks or traps
particles

21. 2. Pharynx (FAIR-inks) / Throat
- passageway for both food and air
- assumes an important function in the
formation of sound particularly in the
creation of vowel sounds.
It is lined with cilia – hairlike parts that help
filter air on its way to the lungs.
Respiratory Organs

23. 3. Larynx (LAIR-inks)/ Voicebox
- connects the pharynx with the trachea.
- its opening is at the base of the tongue.
- supported by nine pieces of cartilages; 3
are single and 3 are paired.
Thyroid cartilage – largest single piece
- Adam’s apple
Respiratory Organs

24. Epiglottis (ep-ih-GLOT-iss)
- a large, single leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
- pulls down over the glottis when we swallow
to keep food or liquids from getting into the
trachea.
Glottis
- opening over the true vocal cords.
Respiratory Organs

25. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

26. Larynx is arranged in 2 pairs of folds:
1. Vestibular Folds/ False Vocal Cords
– upper pair, prevent air from exiting the
lungs as when you hold your breath.
2. Vocal folds/ True Vocal Cords
- air coming from lungs cause the vocal cords
to vibrate - sound
Respiratory Organs

28. Pitch - controlled by tension on the true
vocal cords.
Tension = Pitch
True vocal cords are thicker in men; vibrate
more slowly = lower pitch than that in
women
Respiratory Organs

29. 4. Trachea (TRAY-kee-ah) / Windpipe
- cylindrical tube about 4.5 inch passageway for air
- like pharynx, it is lined with cilia
If foreign object gets caught in the trachea, a cough
reflex expels it.
Respiratory Organs

31. 5. Bronchi (BRAHN-kigh)
- divided into 2 primary bronchi; left & right
- passageway going through the lungs
- branch into smaller branches called Bronchioles
Respiratory Organs

32. Lungs
Pleural membrane – encloses and protects each lung
- contains lubricating fluid to prevent friction as
lungs expand and contract during breathing.
Alveoli
Respiratory Organs

36. Measurement of Lung Capacity

37. • Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity
Tidal volume – volume of air inhaled and exhaled
in a single breath
Dead space volume – air that remains in the
airways and does not participate in gas exchange.
Vital Capacity – the maximal volume that can be
exhaled after maximal inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume – the amount of air
that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
Measurement of Lung Function

38. • Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity
Expiratory reserve volume – the amount of air that
can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume
Residual volume – the amount of air remaining in
the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expiration
Measurement: spirometer
Measurement of Lung Function

39. Regulation of Breathing

40. • Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
- establishes basic breathing pattern
• Chemical receptors
- monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and
oxygen levels
• Medulla
- sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal
fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in blood
Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System
Involvement

41. • Carotid and aortic bodies
- sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen
levels
• Conscious control
– resides in higher brain centers; ability to
modify breath is limited
Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System
Involvement

42. 1. Cough – is a mechanism for clearing
obstruction of the air.
2. Sneeze – described as an upper respiratory
cough. More and more air is inspired and the
air is expelled with and explosive force.
3. Hiccup – Spasmodic contraction of the
diaphragm, resulting from stimulation in the
diaphragm itself or in respiratory center of the
brain.
4. Yawn – aids respiratory by more completely
ventilating the lung.
Respiratory Phenomena

43. Disorders of Respiratory System
• Reduced air flow: Asthma, Emphysema,
Bronchitis
• Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
botulism
• Lung Cancer
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Cystic fibrosis

44. • Asthma
– Respiratory pathways become irritated and
bronchioles constricted
• Emphysema
– Alveoli break down, resulting in reduced in
surface area needed for gas exchange with
alveoli’s blood capillaries
• Bronchitis
– Respiratory pathways become infected
resulting in coughing and production of mucus
Disorders of Respiratory System

45. • Tuberculosis
– a specific bacterium infects the lungs – less
elasticity of the capillaries surrounding alveoli
 decreasing effective gas exchange bet. air &
blood
Disorders of Respiratory System

46. Pneumonia
- Infection of the lungs
causes alveoli to
collect mucus material

47. • Lung Cancer
– Uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue –
persistent cough, shortness of breath,
bronchitis or pneumonia and even death.
Disorders of Respiratory System