A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
Ph 131 - Endocrine
1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HORMONES * HORMONES * HORMONES JANDUSAY * JAVIER * JOVEN * KAMIYA * KALAW LEONG * LLAMZON * LORENZO * LUKBAN
2. WHAT TO EXPECT: REPORT OBEJECTIVES SHORT REVIEW DISORDERS and DISEASES REPORT SUMMARY
3. To provide a short review on the Endocrine System To present preventive measures and cures REPORT OBEJECTIVES To discuss common & rare Endocrine diseases & disorders To familiarize students with Endocrine processes To discuss the effects on normal physiology To provide a short summary on the topics discussed REPORT*OBEJECTIVES
14. Diabetes Insipidus -(“diabetes”= overflow, “insipidus”= tasteless) -most common abnormality associated with the dysfunction of the posterior pituitary -due to defects in antidiuretic hormone receptors or inability to secrete ADH -can be neurogenic (or central) or nephrogenic
25. 3. Hyperinsulinism How can normal physiology be regained? - immediate intravenous administration of large quantities of glucose - administration of glucagon (or, less effectively of epinephrine) can cause glycogenolysis in the liver and thereby increase blood glucose level extremely rapidly **Permanent damage to the neuronal cells of the nerous system usually occurs when treatment is not given immediately.
28. GOITER WHY, YES. THIS IS A…. GOITER? WHAT IS A GOITER? ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID.
29. GOITER SYMPTOMS NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4) - produced by cells in thyroid gland - regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - produced through the attachment of iodine atoms to ring structures of T3 and T4 AHEM! AHEM! Breathing and swallowing difficulties Coughing and hoarseness
33. FUNCTION &NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY PARATHYROID GLAND * control calcium within the blood. * control how much calcium is in the bones, and therefore, how strong and dense the bones are! * As the blood filters through the parathyroid glands, they detect the amount of calcium present in the blood making more or less parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcium level in the blood is too low: the parathyroid cells make more parathyroid hormone.
34. PARATHYROID GLAND …occurs when your parathyroid glands make too much PT and cause you to have too much calcium in the bloodstream. CAUSES OF TOO MUCH PTH: Growth on the parathyroid glands! Enlargement of 2 or more of the parathyroid glands! OR medical conditions (like, lessay, kidney failure and rickets...) HYPOPARATHYROIDISM HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
35. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Normally, the amount of calcium going into your bones matches the amount of calcium passing out of your bones. This means that the amount of calcium in your bones should stay about the same all the time. If you have hyperparathyroidism, more calcium is coming out of your bones than is going back in. When this happens, your bones might hurt, ache or become weak. Weak bones break more easily and heal slower than normal bones. PHYSIOLOGY&IMPLICATIONS
36. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Feeling weak or tired most of the time General aches and pains Frequent heartburn Nausea & Vomiting; Loss of appetite An increase in bone fractures or breaks Confusion and memory loss Kidney stones; Excessive urination High blood pressure THE SYMPTOMS
40. HYPOPARATHYROIDISM Hypoparathyroidism is a rare conditionin which your body secretes abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (parathormone). This hormone plays a key role in regulating and maintaining a balance of your body's levels of two minerals — calcium and phosphorus. The low production of parathyroid hormone in hypoparathyroidism leads to abnormally low ionized calcium levels in your blood and bones and to an increased amount of phosphorus. PHYSIOLOGY&IMPLICATIONS
41. HYPOPARATHYROIDISM Tingling or burning (paresthesias) Muscle aches or cramps; Twitching or spasms Fatigue or weakness Painful menstruation Patchy hair loss, such as thinning of your eyebrows Dry, coarse skin; Brittle nails Headaches; Depression, mood swings Memory problems THE SYMPTOMS
42. HYPOPARATHYROIDISM RESTORE THE CALCIUM AND MINERAL BALANCE IN THE BODY. Treatment involves calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplements, which usually must be taken for life. Blood levels are measured regularly to make sure that the dose is correct. A high-calcium, low-phosphorous diet is recommended. TREATMENT
50. Can occur from multiple causes including:Adenomas of the anterior pituitary that secrete large amounts of ACTH Abnormal function of the hypothalamus that causes high levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) “ectopic secretion” of ACTH by a tumor elsewhere in the body Adenomas of the adrenal cortex CUSHING’S
51. High blood pressure. High blood sugar. Suppressed immunity (and more infections). Insulin resistance Suppressed sex hormones and reduced libido. Suppressed thyroid hormones. - A round, red, full face, often called a "moon" face. - Muscle weakness and thin limbs. - Growth of fine hair on the face, upper back, or arms. - A lump of fat (buffalo hump) on the back of the neck. - Stretch marks over abdomen. CUSHING’S SYMPTOMS
53. CUSHING’S Cushing's syndrome is treated by restoring a normal balance of hormones. This may involve surgery, radiation treatments or drugs. Tumors on the adrenal glands are removed by surgery. If there is a tumor on just one adrenal gland, the other gland usually shrinks and ceases normal productivity. TREATMENT
55. Addison's disease results from damage to the adrenal cortex. This damage may be caused by the following: The immune system mistakenly attacking the gland (autoimmune disease) Infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, or fungal infections Hemorrhage, blood loss Tumors Use of blood-thinning drugs (anticoagulants) A disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. It may be due to : a disorder of the adrenal glands themselves (primary adrenal insufficiency) or inadequate secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland (secondary adrenal insufficiency) ADDISON’S
65. ADDISON’S Taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands (glucocorticoids (cortisone or hydrocortisone) and mineralocorticoids (fludrocortisone)) TREATMENT
69. PANCREAS retroperitoneal Exocrine gland Endocrine gland -98% of the secreting cells in the pancreas make digestive enzymes -2% of the cells make hormones that are secreted into the portal vein
71. Normal Physiology Circulating glucose is derived from three sources: 1. intestinal absorption during the fed state 2. glycogenolysis -breakdown of glycogen 3. gluconeogenesis -formation of glucose primarily from lactate and amino acids during the fasting state insulin is the key regulatory hormone of glucose disappearance (hypoglycemic hormone), and glucagon is a major regulator of glucose appearance (extremely potent hyperglycemic agent)
96. Too much production of LH compared to FSH follicles on the ovaries produce more of the male hormone testosterone than the female hormone estrogen adrenal glands start to produce increased amounts of testosterone
111. Psychosocial or behavioural problemsManagement and Treatment Educational guidance Therapeutic Options Medical Options e.g. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)
112. References: Elaine N. Marieb, KatjaHoehn. Human Anatomy & Physiology 7th edition Aronoff, S. et al. Glucose Metabolism and Regulation: Beyond Insulin and Glucagon. Retrieved from http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/17/3/183.full http://www.hormone.org/Diabetes/diabetes.cfm Photos from Google images
113. References: Guyton, A. & Hall, J. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th Edition Tortora, G. & Derrickson, B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 11th Edition http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117648-overview