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How to use a Microscope
 To see things that are too small to see with
our eyes or even with a hand lens
 Microscopes enabled scientists to
understand that cells are self contained
units
 They were able to identify bacteria and
other disease causing organisms
Why do we use microscopes?
 To look at something under a
microscope it needs to be very thin
 This is because light needs to pass
through the specimen
 The specimen is first placed on a
glass slide – which is obviously see-
through
 The specimen is covered in a cover
slip – this is a really thin piece of
glass
 We will make our own slides soon
 you can also buy permanent slides
Slides
This is a permanent slide of a plant
stem
Note the
individual cells
It is being looked
at under a fairly
low power – a
higher power
would show
fewer cells but in
greater detail
This is a temporary slide of a drop of
pond water
There are lots
of living
organisms we
can only see
under a
microscope
What a Microscope looks like
This is the
diagram in
your notes.
Highlight the
important
labels and note
the functions
of each part as
you go through
them
Stage: the slide
goes onto the stage
and is held in place
with clips.
Don’t clip a slide in
place until you have
found an area to
look at
All microscopes
need a source of
light.
Some have a bulb
but the ones you
will use have a
mirror.
You need to reflect
light from a bulb or
a window so it goes
up through the
specimen on the
stage
There are two
lenses that
will refract
light to make
the image
much larger
that the
actual
specimen
They magnify
the image
The eye piece
magnifies by
x10
This is what
you look
through
The objective lenses are
attached to a rotating disc so
they can be changed
Always start with the lowest
power-which is the shortest.
This usually magnifies x10
So with the eyepiece that is:
x(10x10) or x100
Once you have focused using
the low power move the
higher power into place- this is
the longer objective lens
We focus on the
specimen using the
focusing knob
Most microscopes have
two focusing knobs:
The big one is the course
focus knob that you use
to focus on low power
The small one is the fine
focus knob, used only
with the higher power
objective lens
Take a look at this
picture that shows
how light is refracted.
You will see when you
use a microscope that
the image is upside
down and back to
front:
when you move the
slide up the image will
move down – you will
get used to it!
Test yourself
Read through the notes on how to
use a microscope
Be aware of the parts of the
microscope being referred to
Making a slide
 In the next lesson we will make slides and look
at them
 To see cells clearly we stain them with
chemicals
 So there are a few steps that you should be
familiar with before you try it yourself.
 The trick here is to peal off a small piece of
epidermis – your teacher will show you how to
do this in the lesson
 The epidermis is placed carefully on a slide. Be
careful not to fold it
 We then place a drop of water on top to stop
the cells drying out
Looking at an Onion Epidermal Cells
 Now we need a cover slip – the trick here is
to lower the cover slip so there are no air
bubbles
 Blotting paper removes excess water
Staining by Irrigation
You will stain your onion
epidermis with Iodine
solution
This is done by placing a
drop of iodine solution next
to the cover slip
and drawing it through with
blotting paper:
Looking at Cheek cells
Scrape the inside of your cheek very
gently with the back of your thumb
nail
Now rub that onto a slide
Cover in a drop of water then place a
cover slip on top without making any
air bubbles!
 Cheek cells are stained by irrigating with
Methylene Blue
 Don’t get this on your skin!
 Cheek cells are about 12m in diameter
 That is about 0.012mm
 They will have to be magnified to see them

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How to use a microscope

  • 1. How to use a Microscope
  • 2.  To see things that are too small to see with our eyes or even with a hand lens  Microscopes enabled scientists to understand that cells are self contained units  They were able to identify bacteria and other disease causing organisms Why do we use microscopes?
  • 3.  To look at something under a microscope it needs to be very thin  This is because light needs to pass through the specimen  The specimen is first placed on a glass slide – which is obviously see- through  The specimen is covered in a cover slip – this is a really thin piece of glass  We will make our own slides soon  you can also buy permanent slides Slides
  • 4. This is a permanent slide of a plant stem Note the individual cells It is being looked at under a fairly low power – a higher power would show fewer cells but in greater detail
  • 5. This is a temporary slide of a drop of pond water There are lots of living organisms we can only see under a microscope
  • 6. What a Microscope looks like This is the diagram in your notes. Highlight the important labels and note the functions of each part as you go through them
  • 7. Stage: the slide goes onto the stage and is held in place with clips. Don’t clip a slide in place until you have found an area to look at
  • 8. All microscopes need a source of light. Some have a bulb but the ones you will use have a mirror. You need to reflect light from a bulb or a window so it goes up through the specimen on the stage
  • 9. There are two lenses that will refract light to make the image much larger that the actual specimen They magnify the image The eye piece magnifies by x10 This is what you look through
  • 10. The objective lenses are attached to a rotating disc so they can be changed Always start with the lowest power-which is the shortest. This usually magnifies x10 So with the eyepiece that is: x(10x10) or x100 Once you have focused using the low power move the higher power into place- this is the longer objective lens
  • 11. We focus on the specimen using the focusing knob Most microscopes have two focusing knobs: The big one is the course focus knob that you use to focus on low power The small one is the fine focus knob, used only with the higher power objective lens
  • 12. Take a look at this picture that shows how light is refracted. You will see when you use a microscope that the image is upside down and back to front: when you move the slide up the image will move down – you will get used to it!
  • 14. Read through the notes on how to use a microscope Be aware of the parts of the microscope being referred to
  • 15. Making a slide  In the next lesson we will make slides and look at them  To see cells clearly we stain them with chemicals  So there are a few steps that you should be familiar with before you try it yourself.
  • 16.  The trick here is to peal off a small piece of epidermis – your teacher will show you how to do this in the lesson  The epidermis is placed carefully on a slide. Be careful not to fold it  We then place a drop of water on top to stop the cells drying out Looking at an Onion Epidermal Cells
  • 17.  Now we need a cover slip – the trick here is to lower the cover slip so there are no air bubbles  Blotting paper removes excess water
  • 18. Staining by Irrigation You will stain your onion epidermis with Iodine solution This is done by placing a drop of iodine solution next to the cover slip and drawing it through with blotting paper:
  • 19. Looking at Cheek cells Scrape the inside of your cheek very gently with the back of your thumb nail Now rub that onto a slide Cover in a drop of water then place a cover slip on top without making any air bubbles!
  • 20.  Cheek cells are stained by irrigating with Methylene Blue  Don’t get this on your skin!  Cheek cells are about 12m in diameter  That is about 0.012mm  They will have to be magnified to see them