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Not a slow snail:
    Rapid rise of environmental awareness and ecological 
       insights regarding invasive island apple snails 
                     (Pomacea insularum)
                        Romi L. Burks1 and Jess Van Dyke2




Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX               Snail Busters LLC
      burksr@southwestern.edu                         jessvd@aol.com
Acknowledgments




Undergraduate Students                                        Apple Snail Colleagues
Becca Marfurt ‘05         Matthew Barnes ’06                  Ken Hayes, Smithsonian
Brandon Boland ’07      Abby Youens ’07             
                                                              Rob Cowie, University of Hawaii
Sarah Hensley ’08         James McDonough ’09
                                                              Bob Howells, TPWD (retired)
Colin Kyle ’09                 Scott Manusov ’09           
Matt Trawick ’10           Olivia Stanzer ’10                 Mark Kramer, ABNC
Megan Rice ’11              Brandon O’Connor ’12
                                                              Mariana Meerhoff, Uruguay
Alexis Kropf ’12             Vanessa Toro ‘12
                                                              Matthew Harwell, USFWS
Mollusks invasions neither slow nor without 
consequence…especially for wetlands
                       Come with other invasives
                          Hitchhiking
                       Habitat destruction
                          Impede restoration efforts
                       Food web alteration
                       Potential disease vector
Talk Outline & Model
                                  -

Documenting Pace        Predicting Pace       Keeping Up with Pace




 Invasive 
                   +   Reproductive
                                          +   Management
  History                 Habits                Actions
Exotic Invasive P. insularum




                                       Armand Bayou,
                                    Clear Lake, Texas
        From Rawlings et al. 2007
P. insularum clutches in TX equal 8x as large (on 
average) as P. canaliculata clutches from UR




                          1626
                                          261


                   P. insularum P. canaliculata
Predicting the Pace


Documenting Pace        Predicting Pace




 Invasive 
                   +   Reproductive
  History                 Habits
Oviposition
Experimental Set-Ups
  A     C      E
                   • Deterred
                     non-substrate
                     oviposition
                   • Water
                     temperature:
                     28°C
                   • Recorded
  B     D      F     number of
                     clutches laid on
                     each surface
                   • Statistics:
                      • Chi2
                         Preference
                         Test
Where do they lay clutches?
      X2 = 12.5
       p<0.01         X2 = 12.5
                      p<0.001



         0        0
Do lab experiments reflect field 
patterns?
                    N=584
                    N=180




                            p<0.05


                       p<0.05
How do frequency and intensity alter water 
stress to clutches?
Developmental
Stage matters                     Kruskall‐
                                  Wallis χ2 = 
                                  21.927      
                                  p < 0.001
                     a       ab
 Clutch Age?
 On‐going
                                             c
                                         0       0
What other ways do snails and plants interact?
           Habitat and Herbivory
0.2 g g‐1 d‐1




50% less




80% less
Incubating in the publication
process:
Oviposition trends indicate a reliance on wild taro in 
the lab and field.
Snails also utilize exotic plants for food and shelter.
   Targeting these plant stands may worth increased 
   management action.
Water exposure damages clutches.
   Lower hatching rates; premature release
   Also likely to depend on degree of clutch development
Eggs likely represent the easiest life history stage to 
manage to help slow down population growth.
Keeping up with the pace of invasion




Invasive 
            +   Reproductive
                               +   Management
 History           Habits            Actions
Spiral of Invasion
                                                                                                          4,802,000
                             Native Range                                   2401




                        Arrival in New Environment          205,800

                                                                            4200
                                                                                                    49

                             Establishment                                             2000
                                                                      14,000
                                                                                       1      600
                                                            686,000                                      98,000
                                                                                   7
                             Reproduction                                                                              Adults
                                                                                                                       Eggs
                                                                                               29,400
                                                                      343                                             Juveniles

                          Spread to New Areas
                                                        1       =     Arrival in New Environment

                                                        2       =              Establishment
                                Impact
                                                        3       =              Reproduction

                                                        4       =           Spread to New Areas




   •Fecundity                      •Lab Hatching Efficiency = 30%                             •Juvenile survivorship = 1%
= 2000 eggs/adult    
Pace of knowledge gain




http://snailbusters.wordpress.com/about/
Academia meets Consulting: 
Snail Busters
               Jess Van Dyke
                  Retired from Florida DEP 
                  Regional Biologist
                  Colleague: Dr. Sean McGlynn
               Started work with stormwater pond 
               south of Tallahassee, FL
               Discovered hand‐removal to be 
               impossible
                  Started trapping
                  Has removed 4 tons from 15‐acre system
               Started blog b/c discouraged on the 
               lack of information about these 
               snails in the primary literature
Snails make the news yesterday!
 Apple snails in 
 Mobile, AL
 Spread into Mobile‐
 Tensaw delta
 Dramatic changes 
 in just 1 year
 Successfully 
 overwintered          Photo and Story Credit to Ben Raimes
Hot off the blog:
 Jess’s research
   Test of SePRO’s chelated
   copper products 
   Solicited by professional 
   colleague
   Describes challenges of 
   working with snails and 
   exposure to chemicals
   Provides cautious 
   preliminary results
Hot off the blog: 
Battle Snail versus Other EIS




                                            Procambarus clarkii,
                                            Red Swamp or 
Red imported fire ants attacking a clutch   Louisiana crayfish
        Solenopsis invicta
Hot off the blog: Distribution of 
Pomacea insularum in South Florida

Threat to native 
Pomacea paludosa
Multi‐faceted impacts 
on endangered kite
Huge challenge to 
control spread
Syncing Up the Pace
Action regarding apple                                            -
snails & wetlands needs to                                                     Keeping Up with 

be taken quickly.               Documenting Pace         Predicting Pace       Pace




Understanding basic 
fecundity remains central to 
applied management.                                +                       +

Scientific blogging of apple     Invasive 
                                  History
                                                       Reproductive
                                                          Habits
                                                                               Management
                                                                                 Actions
snail invasion serves as to 
foster communication & 
research in “real time.”
Helps everyone keep up the 
pace with new insights.
Thank you!
Any Questions?

      www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au




     burksr@southwestern.edu
        or jessvd@aol.com

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