world's current research area of study

1. PAPER PRESENTATION
ON
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AUTHOR:V.BHASKAR SUDHAKANTH
B.E(MECHANICAL-2ND YEAR)
SCSVMV UNIVERSITY-KANCHIPURAM
EMAIL:bhaskar-v@live.in
PHONE NUMBER:9043505979

2. ABSTRACT:This paper explains the
incorparation of thinking ability to a
machine “CAN A MACHINE ACT
INTELLIGENTLY”.

3. Contents
Introduction
Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Motivation
How does Artificial Intelligence work?
• Planning
• Pattern Recognition
• Ontology
• Robotics
• Artificial Life
• Epistemology
Who uses Artificial Intelligence?
• Medicine
• Artificial Nose
• Military
• Game AI
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
Future of AI Technology
• Telephone Translator
• A Greater Use of Expert Systems
• Passing the Turing Test
Artificial Intelligence
Introduction:

4. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex
problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human
intelligence, and applying them as algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a
machine to think for itself. It aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human intelligence. In
short it can be described as:
Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate:
*Recognizing a face.
*Navigating a busy street.
*Understanding what someone says.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
Motivation...
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed
programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably,
which humans are ill - suited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans,
computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial
Intelligence aims to improve machine behaviour in tackling such complex tasks.
How does Artificial Intelligence work?
Technology...
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems.
Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so efficiently and reliably. This explains why
the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches. Some of the branches have been explained
below:
Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about the effects of actions),
facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From these, they generate a strategy for
achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the strategy is just the sequence of actions.
Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and recreate in what it sees
and hears.
The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize objects in its surroundings
that would be helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that want to produce a new

5. means in which a person interacts with a computer by talking.
Ontology:Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made of. It is the study of kinds of
things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various kinds of objects, and we study
what these kinds are and what their basic properties are.
Robotics:
Robotics is the study of how to design, build, use, and work with robots. Robots are mechanical devices
that can move and react to sensory input giving them some degree of autonomous control.
Robots are widely used in the industrial sector performing high-precision jobs such as painting and
wielding. They are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in situations,
which would be dangerous for humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs.
Three laws of robotics:
1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come to harm.
2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without violating Rule 1
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Rules 1 and 2.
Artificial life:
Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological systems through
complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test and experiment with a multitude of factors on
the behaviour of the systems.
Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality
It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundamental principles of life by
building detailed working models. One of the most ambitious goals of artificial-life research is the
construction of living systems out of non-living parts. Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to
human attempts at setting up systems with lifelike properties all biological organisms possess, such as
self-reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, mutational variation, optimization of external states, and
so on.
Epistemology:
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.
Who uses Artificial Intelligence?
Applications...
To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform some task.

6. -- Johan McDermott
Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of information to work harder
not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. However, some of the
applications of AI have been listed below:
Medicine:
NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:
In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have developed a blood test that
can detect cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial intelligence --already tested for
cancers of the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day be used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's
needed is a single drop of blood’… 'The computer does the rest.'...In tests on several hundred blood
samples, some taken from women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy women, the test proved
'an astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even at the earliest stages.
Artificial nose:
Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and ears to hear, via
microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now they're taking computers further into the
realm of the senses with the development of an artificial nose.
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coated with different
conducting polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance by changing its electrical resistance
in a characteristic way. Combining the signals from all the electrodes gives a 'smell-print' of the
chemicals in the mixture that neural network software built into the e-nose can learn to recognize. As a
result, it can be detected from the smell alone that what the bacterial infections are.
Military:
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE BATTLEFIELD:
The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different from the army it has. 'They
don't feel hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces Command at the Pentagon. 'They are not
afraid. They don't forget their orders. They don't care if the guy next to them has just been shot. Will
they do a better job than humans? Yes.' The robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predicts that robots
will be a major fighting force in American military in less than a decade, hunting and killing enemies in
combat. Robots are a crucial part of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting force,
and a $127 billion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military contract in American
history.
Game AI:

7. ONLY A PAWN IN IT'S GAME:
Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to lay down the gauntlet to the world's top players. Its
architects say it is the greatest ever built, but don't expect it to rejoice in victory or get the post-match
drinks in.
It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-linked processor against its flesh-and-blood opponents.
Hydra's backers claim it can analyze 200 million chess moves in a second and project the game up to 40
moves ahead.
Natural Language processing:
The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software that will
analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that eventually you will be
able to address your computer as though you were addressing another person.
This goal is not easy to reach. "Understanding" language means, among other things, knowing what
concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link those concepts together in a meaningful
way. It's ironic that natural language, the symbol system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is
hardest for a computer to master. Long after machines have proven capable of inverting large matrices
with speed and grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken and written languages.
Expert Systems:
The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to decision makers and
technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough expertise to go around--certainly it is not
always available at the right place and the right time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth
knowledge of specific subjects can bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem.
EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A DIAGNOSIS:
Intution may seem like a human trick, but machines can be pretty good at it too. Underlying a hunch are
dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-truths we that have learned from experience. Add them up and you
get instinct: a doctor's sense that a patient's stomach-ache might really be appendicitis, for example.
Program those rules into a computer and you get an expert system- one of many that can screen lab
tests, diagnose blood infections, and identify tumors on a mammogram.
Future of AI Technology:
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without us really noticing. However,
AI has spawned some useful applications like expert systems and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of
AI is still to come as more research and improved technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few
applied innovations that AI promises in the future and the technologies behind them.

8. Telephone Translators:
One of the common cliches when one talks about the future is how the world is shrinking every day.
Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of the airplane changed all that. Time used to
be a factor in communication since the mail system took months to deliver a letter across the United
States, but the telephone dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations of travel and communications has
brought whole nations together except now the last barrier in international relationship is language.
This is where telephone translators will change all that.
Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into his telephone. Almost
instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates what was said, and synthetically generate
the appropriate Japanese words to the person on the other line. Of Course, the translator would need
advanced voice recognition, natural language processing and inferencing to extract what was meant by
the English-speaker, and then synthesize a human-sounding Japanese person's voice in conversational
Japanese.
A Greater Use of Expert Systems:
With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert systems will be more
prevalent in other applications that require an expert with whom people can consult with. Need to
identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet expert system could ask some questions related to the
person's personality so that it can conclude the types of animals that would be suited for them. What
kinds of dishes can one make tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook
expert system and find out. The possibilities for expert systems are almost endless. If expert systems are
designed and built correctly, users should be able to easily program their own expert and should make
better decisions in their lives.
Passing the Turing Test:
The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she was interacting with an
intelligent person, why not consider the machine intelligent in its own right? The controversy over the
Turing Test will probably continue into the future, but once a computer convincingly passes the test and
becomes more and more integrated with society, this test would be at least the best approximation of
intelligence possible.
Research Assistants:
The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the phrase "knowledge is
power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out there, it has become harder and harder to
find what is really relevant. This is where a research assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the
assistant understand what one is looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is smart
enough to know where to look and compare what it finds to what it is looking for to see how relevant
the information is, so the person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will be an
important tool in the future by keeping the world of information from exploding into an infinite chaos of
unorganized facts and figures.

9. REFERNCES:
1. The Boundaries of Humanity: Humans, Animals, Machines
by J. Sheehan, M. Sosna - University of California Press , 1991
2. Fault Detection
by Wei Zhang - InTech , 2010
3. Artificial Intelligence - Agent Behaviour
by William John Teahan - BookBoon , 2010
4. IMAGE IS EXTRACTED FROM @alotoftalk.com

10. 5.