1. Avinash Rajput
Criminology 2nd Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National Institute of Criminology
and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs
2. Introduction
Human trafficking is a group of crimes involving the
exploitation of men, women and children for financial
gains which is violation of fundamental human rights
Human trafficking is the 3rd largest international crime
Over one million people trafficked annually
Millions of men, women and children are victims of
human trafficking
Human trafficking is a part of the larger problem of
slavery
3. Cont…
human trafficking is when people are transported, by
force or deception, to become enslaved
Traffickers use blackmail, abuse, and threats to force
victims to comply with their wishes in the destination
country
Usually
caused by poverty/lack of economic
opportunities, especially for women and children, and a
demand for certain services in the destination country
4. Definition
Illegal transportation of people for forced labour, sex
exploitation, forced marriages…
Human trafficking is the recruitment, and transportation of
people for the purpose of exploitation
Trafficking of human beings is their trade or commercial
dealing
Human trafficking is a process of people being recruited
in their community and country of origin and transported
to the destination where they are being exploited for
purposes of forced labor, prostitution, domestic
servitude, and other forms of exploitation
5. CAUSES OF TRAFFICKING
Unemployment
Poverty
Absence of a social safety
Political instability
Status of violence against women & children
The low risk, high-profit
6. What is the Demand of Human
Trafficking
Demand for prostitution
Demand for cheap labor
Potential profits are very high
7. WHO ARE TRAFFICKED?
Women and children are the key target
People of low income
People with low level of education
Young girls running away from home
People who lack awareness of their legal rights
Women and children of varying ages
8. TRAFFICKED FOR WHAT?
A large percentage for
Forced labour e.g. in
prostitution
The entertainment
industry
Sweatshops
Illegal adoption of children
Organ transplants
Forced marriages
Mail-order brides
Domestic work
construction
Drug trafficking
Begging
Other exploitative forms of
work
9. Involvement of Persons
Throughout the entire human trafficking process there
are 4 people involved:
The recruiter
The trafficker
The victim
The human trafficking industry
10. The Victims
The majority of trafficking victims are between 18 and 24
years of age
An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked each year
95% of victims experienced physical or sexual violence
during trafficking (based on data from selected European
countries)
11. Cont…
43% of victims are used for forced commercial sexual
exploitation, of whom 98 per cent are women and girls
32%
of victims are used for forced economic
exploitation, of whom 56 per cent are women and girls
Many trafficking victims have at least middle-level
education
12. How Are Victims Trafficked?
Force, fraud and coercion are methods used by
traffickers to press victims into lives of servitude, & abuse
Force: Rape, beatings, confinement
Fraud: Includes false and deceptive offers of
employment, marriage, better life
Coercion: Threats of serious harm to, or physical
restraint of, any person; any scheme, plan or pattern
intended to cause victims to believe that failure to
perform an act would result in restraint against them; or
the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process
13. Traffickers Use Multiple Means
to Control Their Victims
Beatings, burnings, rapes, and starvation
Isolation
Psychological abuses
Drug or alcohol dependency
Document withholding
Debt bondage
Threats of deportation
Threats against the victim’s family or friends in his/her
home country
14. ABUSES
Trafficked women and children may experience the most
horrifying abuses:
Rape
Physical abuse, including beatings with weapons
Threats and violence against them and their family
Verbal abuse
Imprisonment
15. Cont…
Little or no access to health care
Minimum food and of poor quality
Dirty and cramped living conditions
Forced abortions
Forced use of drugs and alcohol
Trafficked women
environment of fear
and
children
are
kept
in
an
16. Who Provides Victim
Services?
NGO – Non Governmental Organizations
Faith-Based Organizations
Social Service Providers
Catholic Charities
Lutheran Family Services
Salvation Army
Covenant House
Domestic Violence Shelters
17. General Facts on Trafficking
Victims are typically exploited by someone from their own
country.
Victims rarely self-identify when they are approached or
rescued.
Physical security is the greatest perceived need of most
victims.
Traffickers often allow victims to attend church, using this
to control the victim.
18. Philosophy of a Trafficker
False promises & dreams
Cut off from friends/family- take your ID
Beat & rape into submission
Sell to strangers
Control every aspect of miserable life
You will work 18+ hours a day & give every dime to me
If you keep $ from me, I will teach you a lesson
If you call the police, I will kill you
19. Recruitment tactics used by
traffickers
False promises of…
A good job
A better life
Love
Marriage
An opportunity to provide for their family
Educational opportunities
20. How Does it Sometimes
Happen?
Poor families sell children
Children work to buy freedom
Poor, desperate women/men Promised jobs
Russian women Bought/sold for around $700
Bonded into a debt they have NO chance of repaying
Traffickers seek mainly younger girls
21. Living and working
conditions
Physically demanding work
Under constant watch or supervision
Threats of physical harm or deportation
Isolation from the public and other victims
High risk for work-related injuries
High risk for sexually-transmitted diseases
Physical and psychological abuse and/or trauma
Long hours and little or no compensation
Little or no medical attention
Malnourishment
22. Impact of Human Trafficking
on the Society
Fuels organized crime
Deprives countries of human capital
Promotes social breakdown
Undermines public heal
Subverts government authority
Imposes enormous economic cost
23. Impact of Human Trafficking
on Victims
Loss of support from family and community
Loss of proper education
Obstacles in physical development
Psychological Traumas
24. Some reasons why human
trafficking is not noticed
Victims do not identify themselves due to fear and shame
Traffickers keep their victims secluded from the outside
world
Traffickers force their victims to be happy and tell them
what to say
Many people do not know about it and do not report it
25. Identifying Victims of
Trafficking
Key Questions for Victims of Trafficking:
How did you get here?
Where do you live, eat and sleep?
Do you owe someone money?
Is someone keeping your legal/travel documents?
Were you threatened if you tried to leave?
Has your family been threatened?
Were you ever physically abused?
Were you ever forced to stay in one place?
Who are you afraid of?
26. Victims of Trafficking and
Their Needs
Immediate assistance
Mental health assistance
Income assistance
Legal status
30. What can you do to help
prevent human trafficking?
Call your local police department
Report suspected trafficking crimes
Get help by calling the national 24/7 toll-free Human
Trafficking Resource Center at 1-888-373-7888
For sexually exploited minors call the National Center for
Missing and Exploited Children’s (NCMEC) hotline at 1800-THE-LOST
Contact the Department of Justice’s Human Trafficking
Office at 1-888-428-7581
31. Some Reasons on Child
Trafficking in India
Economic deprivation (e.g., poverty)
Lack of employment opportunities
Low social status (more common for girls)
Low levels of education and general awareness
Socio-cultural norms
Political uprisings (child soldiers)
Traditional religious and cultural practices
32. Child Trafficking Indicators
Evidence of sexual, physical, mental or emotional abuse
Engagement in work unsuitable for children
Identification by employer or someone else
No access to family members or friends
Not in school or significant gaps in schooling
Work long hours
33. Cont…
Living in workplace or with employer
Have tattoos or other marks indicating ownership by their
exploiter –―branding‖
Owing large sum of money
Appear unusually fearful for family members
34. General Challenges to
Identification
Hidden nature of the crime
Lack of understanding and awareness about human
trafficking
Perception that victims are criminals
Trafficking victims rarely self-identify
If arrested, trafficking victims may not disclose their
situation out of fear/trauma
Some are mistakenly identified as adults
35. Who are the Victims?
Homeless and/or runaway youth
As many as 2.8 million children live on the streets
Youth with history of abuse
Youth with low self esteem, depression
Youth with one parent in jail
Age is the greatest vulnerability factor
36. Indicators
Observations:
Characteristics:
Branding
Memory difficulty
Wounds, bruises
Lying
Drug addiction
Depression
Hostility
Anxiety
Language of ―the life‖
Hostility
Unfamiliarity with surroundings
Suicidal ideation
Unable to provide name of school
Affect dysregulation*
False or no identification
Somatization*
Prepaid credit card or cell phone
Disassociation*
Scripted/inconsistent story
Aggression*
No eye contact
Character pathology*
38. Step 1: Victim identification
Objective: To identify migrants who have been exploited
as victims of trafficking so that appropriate response
measures can be taken—both legal and social
Example: Removal of victims of trafficking from
confinement or detention to specialized safe houses or
shelters.
A VICTIM CENTERED APPROACH
39. Step 2: Shelter and recovery
Objective:
To provide safe accommodation and
comprehensive medical and social support for individuals
identified as victims of trafficking
Shelters should provide:
Food
Accommodation
Basic medical care,
Access to comprehensive medical and psychosocial
care or other social services
If appropriate, access to STD/STI
testing and
treatment (not forced testing)
40. Cont…
Referral system for physical or psychological care
beyond the shelter’s capabilities
Appropriate security measures (during stay and
transfer)
Information about the case and the victim gathered in a
confidential and non-threatening manner
41. Step 3: Return
Objective: To ensure safe and secure voluntary travel of
the trafficking victim from the shelter or safe-house to
appropriate place of residence
Facilitated voluntary return – not forced deportation
Documentation / establishing identity
Security arrangements and escorts
Transport arrangements
Transit and reception arrangements
Travel documentation / visa arrangements
Safe and dignified
42. Step 4: Reintegration
Objective: To facilitate the successful social integration
of the victim into her/his family (where appropriate) and
society
Examples:
Family tracing and assessment
Psychosocial assistance
Social welfare assistance
Vocational training
Peer-to-peer support
Non-formal education
Legal assistance
43. Cont…
Reintegration ≠ Return
Preventing re-trafficking
Reintegration begins prior to return
Developing links with service providers in the home
country / community
44. Successful Return, Recovery
and Reintegration is based on:
Complete Case Reports
Plans that are based on individuals themselves—self
determination
Protection of Victims at destination areas
Family Tracing
Family Assessment
Decision making on return – to family or alternative
options
45. Cont…
Processing Travel Documents
Turn-over and reception process
Reintegration support
Monitoring and follow-up on reintegration
A human rights centered approach
46. Challenges with
Reintegration
Initial factors still present re-victimization
Few opportunities for self-sustainable living
Few options for support after reintegration
Very few agencies provide interventions to both the
children and families
No activities to increase income-generating capacity of
families
Systematic challenges with reintegration interventions:
47. Cont…
Lack of follow up support after reintegration
No market is available for the skills after training
Profit made too small to live on due to lack of market
networks
Lack of easy access to health services although health
issue is critical