ANATOMY Anatomy is the study of the structure or morphology of the body and the physical relationship between body parts. PHYSIOLOGY Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it. Within the body, there are different levels of structural organization and complexity.

1. HUMAN
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Prof. Amol B. Deore
MVPS Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik

2. ANATOMY
Anatomy is the study of
the structure or
morphology of the body
and the physical
relationship between
body parts.

6. Physiology is the study of the functions of
body parts, what they do, and how they do it.

7. Discussion
• RBCs contain the mineral iron (Fe) in
molecules of the haemoglobin; this is an
part of their anatomy.
• The presence of iron enables RBC to carry
oxygen, which is their function.
• All cells in the body must receive oxygen
in order to function properly, so the
physiology of RBC is essential to the
physiology of the body as a whole.

9. Pathology
Pathology is the study of the
abnormalities (diseases) of the
body and how they affect body
functions, often causing illness.

11. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Within the body there are different
levels of structural organisation and
complexity.

12. Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ systems level
Organismal level

13. Chemical level
•The chemicals that make up
the body may be divided into
two major categories:
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC.

14. Organic chemicals are often very complex and always contain
the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Inorganic chemicals are usually simple molecules made of one
or two elements other than carbon (with a few exceptions).
e.g. water, oxygen (O), carbon dioxide (CO2); and minerals
such as iron (Fe), sodium (Na), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
calcium (Ca), and sulphur (S), are essential for maintaining life.

15. Cellular level
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism.
The cells are smallest structural and functional
units of living body.
There are many different types of human cells,
though they all have certain similarities.
Each type of cell is made of chemicals and carries
out specific chemical reactions.

18. Tissue level
Tissues are groups of cells and the
materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular function.
There are just four basic types of tissue in
your body: epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.

20. Organ level
Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different
types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have
recognizable shapes.
e.g. the kidneys, bones, the liver, lungs, and stomach. The
stomach is lined with epithelial tissue that secretes gastric juice
for digestion. Smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the stomach
contracts to mix food with gastric juice and push it to the small
intestine. Nerve tissue carries impulses that increase or decrease
the contractions of the stomach.

22. Organ systems level
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system

23. a) Integumentary system
Organs: skin, epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
Functioning: It is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals. It prevents excessive
water loss. Skin also regulates body temperature.
b) Skeletal system
Organs: bones, ligaments, cartilages
Functioning: Supports the body. It protects internal organs and red bone
marrow. It provides a framework to be moved by striated muscles.

25. a) Muscular system
Organs: skeletal muscles, tendons
Functioning: Moves the skeleton and also produces heat.
b) Nervous system
Organs: brain, spinal cords, cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Functioning: Interprets sensory information and regulates body functions such
as movement by means of nerve impulses.

27. a) Endocrine system
Organs: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland
Functioning: Regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction by
means of hormones. Endocrine system also regulates metabolism of protein,
lipids and carbohydrates by means of hormones.
b) Cardiovascular system
Organs: heart, blood, arteries, arterioles, aorta, capillaries, veins
Functioning: Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste
products.

29. a) Lymphatic system
Organs: spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils & thymus gland
Functioning: Returns tissue fluid to the blood. It also destroys pathogens that
enter the body and provides immunity.
b) Respiratory system
Organs: lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, diaphragm and intercostal
muscles
Functioning: The overall exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the atmospheric air, the blood and the cells.

31. a) Digestive system
Organs: mouth cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, gall
bladder and pancreas
Functioning: Break down of complex food to simple chemicals that can be
absorbed to blood and used by the body.
b) Urinary system
Organs: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Functioning: Removes waste products from the blood. It regulates volume and
pH of blood and tissue fluid.

33. a) Reproductive system
Organs: Female: ovaries, uterus, uterine tube & vagina
Male: testes, penis, urethra, prostate gland & seminal vesicles
Functioning: In women, provides a site (uterus) for the developing embryo and
fetus. In men, produces eggs or sperm.

34. Organismal level
• All the parts of the human body functioning together
constitute the total organism.

35. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment
of the body.
Homeostasis is essential to survival; hence, many of the
body’s systems are concerned with maintaining this internal
environment.
Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction
of the body’s many regulatory processes.

36. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition. In response to changing
conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a
narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
A person who is in good health may be said to be in a state of
homeostasis. Homeostasis reflects the ability of the body to
maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function
normally in spite of many constant changes.
Some examples of homeostasis are blood sugar levels, body
temperature, heart rate, and the fluid environment of cells.
When homeostasis is maintained, the body is healthy.

37. Sr.
No.
Terms Positions
1) Superior Uppermost or above
2) Inferior Lowermost or below
3) Anterior Toward the front i.e. Ventral
4) Posterior Toward the back i.e. Dorsal
5) Cranial Toward the head
6) Caudal Inferior
7) Medial Nearest the midline of the body
8) Lateral Toward the side or away from the
Midline of the body
9) Proximal Nearest the point of attachment
Or origin
10) Distal Nearest the point of attachment
Or origin