1. TEORI KLASIK DALAM KAUNSELING –
FREUD, ADLER, JUNG
MINGGU 5

2. Psychoanalytic Theory
Basic Freudian Propositions

3. Clinical Experiences
• Anna O. (Breuer)
–Unexpressed emotion -> pathology
–Unaware of emotion (unconscious)
–Emotion expression reduces
pathology

4. Fundamental Assumptions ofFundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
 The Basic Instincts
 Unconscious Motivation
 Psychic Determinism
 Energy Model

5. Fundamental Assumptions ofFundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
The Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression
 Closely follows Darwin’s theory
 Freud believed that everything humans do
can be understood as manifestations of the
life and death instincts
 Later termed libido (life) and thanatos
(death)

6. Fundamental Assumptions ofFundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious Motivation
 Individuals control their sexual and
aggressive urges by placing them in the
unconscious
 These take on a life of their own and become
the motivated unconscious

7. Fundamental Assumptions ofFundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism
 Nothing happens by chance or accident
 Everything we do, think, say, and feel is an
expression of our mind

8. Fundamental Assumptions ofFundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
Energy Model
 Humans are viewed as energy systems
 Hydraulic model. Energy transformed but
not destroyed

9. Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material but it’s
retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)
Unconscious - not aware of material but it’s not
retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)

11. Issues Regarding the Unconscious
• How can the existence of the unconscious be
demonstrated?
• Why do humans have an unconscious?

12. Personality and PsychoanalysisPersonality and Psychoanalysis
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
 Free Association
 Dream Analysis
 Projective Techniques
 Recovered Memories

13. The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality
ID EGO
SUPEREGO

14. The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality
The Id – Reservoir of Psychic Energy
Most primitive part of the mind; what we
are born with
Source of all drives and urges
Operates according to the pleasure
principle and primary process thinking

15. The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality
The Ego- Executive of Personality
The part of the mind that constrains the id
to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Operates according to the reality principle
and secondary process thinking
Mediates between id, superego, and
environment

16. The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality
The Superego- Upholder of Values and Ideals
The part of the mind that internalizes the
values, morals, and ideals of society
Develops around age 5
Not bound by reality

17. Psychodynamics
• Conflict model
– Id vs. superego; Individual vs. society
– Restrain expression of all drives
– Surplus energy results in anxiety

18. Defense Mechanisms
• Unconscious psychological processes
designed to avoid or reduce the
conscious experience of anxiety

19. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Repression
 Unconscious
 Motivated
 Forgetting
The process of preventing
unacceptable thoughts,
feelings, or urges from
reaching conscious awareness

20. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Denial
 Unconscious
 Motivated
 Not Perceiving
Perceptual Defense Research

21. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
 Reaction Formation
Act opposite of impulse
 Projection
Make impulse external

22. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
 Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate emotional reaction
Process abstractly

23. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Channel impulse to non-threatening
target
Sublimation
Channel impulse into socially desired
activity

24. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Useful in coping with unexpected or
disappointing events
Can also make circumstances worse

25. Personality and PsychoanalysisPersonality and Psychoanalysis
 Making the Unconscious Conscious
 Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
 The Process of Psychoanalysis

26. Personality and PsychoanalysisPersonality and Psychoanalysis
The goal of psychoanalysis is to make the
unconscious conscious
Identify unconscious thoughts and feelings
Enable the person to deal with the
unconscious urges realistically and
maturely
But how to penetrate the unconscious
mind?

27. Personality and PsychoanalysisPersonality and Psychoanalysis
The Process of Psychoanalysis
The psychoanalyst offers the patient
interpretations of the psychodynamic
causes of the problems
The interpretations bring insight
Resistance may occur as a defense
Transference of feelings

28. Evaluating Freud’s ContributionsEvaluating Freud’s Contributions
 Proponents argue it is the first and perhaps
only comprehensive theory of human nature
 Psychoanalysis has had a major impact on
Western thought
 Critics maintain it is not contemporary
 The nature of evidence upon which it was
built can be criticized
 Emphasis on sexual drives is inappropriate

29. SummarySummary
There are 3 main forces in the psyche that
constantly interact to tame the 2 motives
Defense mechanisms help keep urges,
thoughts, and memories that cause anxiety
in the unconscious
Psychoanalysis is a therapy used for making
the patient's unconscious conscious

30. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
 Types of Anxiety
 Repression
 Other Defense Mechanisms
 Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life

31. Anxiety and theAnxiety and the
Mechanisms of DefenseMechanisms of Defense
Types of Anxiety
 Objective Anxiety
 Neurotic Anxiety
 Moral Anxiety
 Defense Mechanisms

32. Adlerian Psychotherapy
Prioritizing relationships

33. Adlerian Theory
History of Adlerian Theory
– Inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis
– Some overlap with other neo-Freudians (e.g., Horney)
– Anticipated elements of humanistic, cognitive, and
systemic approaches
– Championed in U.S. by Rudolf Dreikurs
– Dissemination throughout U.S. elementary schools during
the guidance movement by Don Dinkmeyer

34. Alfred Adler 1870-1937
• Born in Vienna
• Raised by middle class, Jewish family
• 2nd
of six children
• Felt in shadow of his older brother
• Invalid as child (rickets, pneumonia)
• Very close to his father (no oedipal need)
• Converted and became a Christian After World War I –
Gemeinshaftsgefuhl – deep-seated concern for others and need to
associate with them
• 1921-1934: 30 mental health clinics in schools- closed by Nazis -
drop in delinquency at time
• Came to USA in 1934 (lived in U.S. until his death)

35. Nature of maladjustment
• A person has a mistaken opinion of self and
world
– Inferiority complex: Individual overwhelmed by
inadequacy, hopelessness
– Superiority Complex: Individual’s very high
opinion of self lead him/her to insist that
personal solutions to problems are best
• A person engages in abnormal behavior to
protect own opinion of self (e.g., when
threatened with failure and insecurity)
 The person becomes self-centered rather than other-centered
 Conflict: “one step forward and one step backward movement” which has the net effect of
maintaining an individual at a “dead center” point
 People experience themselves as “stuck” but actually create the antagonistic feelings,
ideas, and values, because they are unwilling to change (if-only…)
 Safeguarding: Symptoms developed to safeguard the fictional goal
 Family constellation: birth order mediates genetic and constitutional factors
 The individual may be unconscious of these events

36. Adlerian Therapy Focus
• Importance of the feelings of self (ego) that
arise form interactions & conflicts
• Sense of self (ego) central core of personality
• Start from Psychoanalysis
• Emphasis on lifestyle (5 life tasks)
– Social interaction
– Work
– Sex
– Spirituality
– Coping with ourselves
• Courage

37. Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology
• A phenomenological approach
• Social interest is stressed
• Birth order and sibling relationships emphasized
• Therapy as teaching, informing and encouraging
• Basic mistakes in the client’s private logic
• The therapeutic relationship as a collaborative
partnership

38. The Phenomenological Approach
• Adlerians attempt to view the world from
the client’s subjective frame of reference
– Reality is less important than how the individual
perceives and believes life to be
– It is not the childhood experiences that are crucial ~ It
is our present interpretation of these events
• Unconscious instincts and our past do not
determine our behavior
– It is not genes
– It is not environment
– It is not genes and environment
– It is how we choose to respond to our genes and

39. Social Interest
• Adler’s most significant and distinctive concept
• Refers to an individual’s attitude toward and awareness of
being a part of the human community
• Mental health is measured by the degree to which we
successfully share with others and are concerned with
their welfare
• Happiness and success are largely related to social
connectedness

40. Impact of Birth Order
• Adler’s five psychological positions:
Oldest child
Second of two
Middle
Youngest
Only
favored, spoiled, center of attention,
pseudo-parent, high achiever
behaves as if in a race, often opposite to
first child (rivalry)
often feels squeezed out
the baby (more pampered), creative,
rebellious, revolutionary, avant-garde
does not learn to share or cooperate with
other children, learns to deal with adults

41. Encouragement
• Encouragement is the most powerful method available for
changing a person’s beliefs
– Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage
– Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents people
from functioning
– Clients are encouraged to recognize that they have the
power to choose and to act differently

42. Other Adlerian Concepts
• Organ Inferiority: everyone is born with
some physical weakness, which motivates
life choices
• Aggression Drive: reaction to perceived
helplessness/inferiority lashing out
against the inability to achieve or master

43. More Adlerian Concepts
• Masculine protest: Kids work to become independent from and equal to
adults & people in power
• Perfection striving: people who are not neurotically bound to an
inferiority complex spend their lives trying to meet their fictional goals.
“The life or a human soul is not a ‘being’ but a ‘becoming’”
– Elimination of their perceived flaws
– Gives motivation and focus
• Social Responsibility & Understanding
– Occupational task-career-self-worth
– Societal task-creating friendship-networks
– Love task-life partner
• Positive & Goal Oriented Humanity- people striving to overcome
weaknesses to function productively-contributing to society

44. How an Adlerian does Therapy
• Comprehensive Assessment using:
– Family Constellation-questionnaire-social world
assessment
– Early Reflections-single incidents from childhood
– Lifestyle Assessment-develop targets for therapy by
identifying major successes and mistakes in the client’s
life
– “The Question” -- If I had a magic wand that would
eliminate your symptom immediately, what would be
different in your life?”

45. What Clients do in Therapy
• Explore private logic-concepts about self,
others, & life – philosophy lifestyle is based
• Discover purposes of behavior or
symptoms and basic mistakes associated
with their coping
• Learning how to correct faulty assumptions
& conclusions

46. Therapeutic Techniques &
Procedures
• Establishing the relationship
• Gathering Information
• Encouraging development of self-understanding insight
into purpose through clarification and correction (of faulty
self-concept and reasoning)
• Helping client make new choices: reorientation &
reeducation away from previous lifestyle

47. Phases Stage # Stage Tasks to be accomplished
Support
1
Empathy &
Relationship
Provide warmth, empathy, and
acceptance. Generate hope, reassurance,
and encouragement. Establish a
cooperative, collaborative relationship.
2 Information
Gather relevant information: Elicit details
of presenting problem & life tasks. Explore
early childhood influences and memories.
Encouragement
3 Clarification
Clarify vague thinking with Socratic
questioning. Evaluate consequences of
ideas and actions. Correct mistaken ideas
about self and others.
4 Encouragement
Help generate alternatives. Stimulate
movement in a new direction, away from
life style. Clarifying new feelings about
effort and results.

48. 1. Establishing the relationship
• Therapist gets to know the client as a person
• Therapy is collaborative
– Goals established together prior to start
– Awareness of goal discrepancies during
• Scripts (“Have you ever seen a patient like me before?”)
• Games (“My previous therapist said the opposite…”)
– Realignment of goals, when necessary
• Supportive, caring human connection
– Faith
– Hope
– Love

49. 2. Gathering information
• Subjective interview
– Client tells own story as expert on own life
– Therapist listens for clues to client’s coping and
approach to life
– The Question:
• Objective interview ~ Life Style Assessment
– Family constellation
– Early recollections
– Personality priorities
– Integration and summary

50. 3. Encouraging Self-Understanding &
Insight
• Insight = understanding of motivations (the whys) that operate in client’s life
• Therapist offers open-ended interpretations to:
– Bring conscious awareness to unconscious processes
– Identify and confront resistance
– Explore purposes of symptoms, feelings, behaviors or blocks
• Types of interpretation
– Of nonverbal behavior: to bring the client’s nonverbal behavior to the
attention of the client and interpret it.
– Of the therapeutic process: Dealing with what is in the here and now.
– Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting problem.

51. 4. Reorientation & Reeducation
• Encouragement process – “to build courage”
personal growth is encouraged and reinforced
• Change and search for new possibilities
• Making a difference through change in
behavior, attitude or perception

52. Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process
– The Client-Counseling Relationship: Collaborative, egalitarian,
respectful and cooperative.
– Understanding the Client: How is the client behaving? What does the
client gain from this behavior? Why does the client do this in this
manner?
– Assessment and Analysis: Family Atmosphere and Constellation, Birth
Order, Early Recollections, Dreams, and Priorities.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

53. Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process (continued)
– Insight and Interpretation: Helps the client see his or her priority and
ask whether or not the price for achieving it is worth paying.
– Reorientation: Counselor offers alternative ideas or beliefs for the
client’s consideration.
– Prescribing New Behavioral Rituals: The client is assigned
“homework” that engages him or her in repetitive acts to reinforce the
client’s new belief system, behaviors and rules of interaction.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

54. Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients
– Restatement: Restating the client’s words to form clarity and convey
understanding.
– Reflection: Restating the client’s words to give deeper meaning
regarding the underlying feeling.
– Guesses, Hunches, Hypotheses: Making statements to explain what
is happening.
– Questioning: To get a better understanding but also reframe the
symptoms for the client.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

55. Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
– Interpretation: Takes guesses, hunches and hypotheses one step
further. Focuses on the “whys” of behavior.
– Nonverbal Behavior: Adlerians bring the client’s nonverbal behavior to
the attention of the client and interpret it.
– Immediacy: Dealing with what is in the here and now.
– Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting problem.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

56. Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
– Confrontation: Pointing out discrepancies between what the client
says and what the client does.
– Paradoxical Intention: Asking the client to amplify target behavior to
show the client how ridiculous it is.
– Creating Images: Asks the client to imagine a ridiculous scene as he
or she enters into a threatening situation.
– Asking “The Question”: “If your problem were to disappear overnight,
how would things be different?”
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

57. Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
– Catching Oneself: Having the client catch himself or herself when
engaging in irrational behavior.
– Acting As If: Acting out a role that the client thought impossible.
– Spitting in the Soup: Spoiling the game of the client.
– Encouragement: Promotes client self-awareness. Client’s aren’t sick
but only discouraged.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

58. Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
– Midas Technique: Exaggerating the client’s neurotic demands.
– Pleasing Someone: Helps put the client back into society. The client
is instructed to go out and do something nice for someone else.
– Avoiding the Tar Baby: Acting contrary to what the client expects.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

59. Adlerian Theory
of Adlerian Theory
– It can be used for numerous issues and disorders.
– Uses encouragement.
– It is phenomenological.
– It does not consider people to be predisposed to anything.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”
AdvantagesAdvantages

60. Adlerian Theory
Disadvantages of Adlerian Theory
– The amount of family and lifestyle information that is collected.
– Sometimes difficult to do the interpretations, especially the dreams.
– Adlerian therapy works best with highly verbal and intelligent clients.
This might leave out many people who do not fit that category.
– Might be too lengthy for managed care.
– Adlerians do not like to make diagnoses as it labels people.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

61. A Journey Into The Mind Of…
Carl Jung
"Everything that
irritates us about
others can lead us to
an understanding of
ourselves."

62. Who is Carl Jung?
Carl Jung was born in Kesswill
Switzerland (1875).
As a child he was interested in history,
archaeology, and philosophy.
He studied medicine at the University of
Basel and discovered he had a passion for
psychiatry. He became a psychiatrist as it
gave him the opportunity to study both
the spiritual and factual sides of the world.
For 9 years he was an assistant physician
at a Psychiatric Hospital
He studied Schizophrenia extensively.

63. His Early Career…
 In 1907 Jung went to Vienna to meet Freud
where they studied along side each other
for a number of years. They developed
their own theories and corresponded
through letters.
 They came to parting ways because Jung
disagreed with Freud’s belief that the
sexual component was the only part of the
human personality. Jung also felt Freud
was too narrow-minded about his views on
the unconscious mind and dream
interpretation. Freud’s main theories were
that our sexual libido controlled our
unconscious thoughts and when dreaming
it was our sexual thoughts that controled
the content of these dreams.

64. His Early Career Cont.
 His first ideas were published in
Psychology of the Unconscious (it
contained much about
mythological content and listed
parallels between myths and
psychotic fantasies).
 He went on to develop his own
theory called analytic psychology,
for half a century he wrote
religiously about personality in
regards to symbolic, mythological,
and spiritual views.

65. His Early Career Cont.
In his personal life he
spent much of his time deep
in self-discovery.
In 1921 he published
Psychological Types
included his perspective of
different personality types
and the relationship between
the conscious and
unconscious.

66. His Major Theories…
 ·Focused on the unconscious
and conscious mind…he
believed that the unconscious
played more of a role in
controlling our thought process
(especially during dreaming)
 ·The collective unconscious
was also more dominant factor
in the development of human
personality

67. His Major Theories Cont…
··He believed in two
personality types
·Introvert – someone
who keeps to themselves
and is emotionally self-
sufficient
Extrovert- someone
who is outgoing and use
their psychological power
to draw people towards
them

68. A Final Word on Carl
Jung…
· Jung’s theories and
beliefs are still used amoung
therapists today
· Much of his work can
be applied to dream
interpretation
· Due to poor health he
retired and started teaching
in 1947
He died in Zulrich 1961

69. The Theory
Jung’s theory divided the human mind into three parts:
– The Ego
– The Personal Unconscious
– The Collective Unconscious

70. Carl Jung
• Ego: conscious level; carries
out daily activities; like
Freud’s Conscious
• Personal Unconscious:
individual’s thoughts,
memories, wishes, impulses;
like Freud’s Preconscious +
Unconscious
• Collective Unconscious:
storehouse of memories
inherited from the common
ancestors of the whole human
race; no counterpart in
Freud’s theory
3 Levels of Consciousness:

71. Ego
• Jung defines this as the unconscious mind

72. The Personal Unconscious
• Anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. It includes both memories that
are easily brought to mind and those that have been repressed for some reason.

73. The Collective Unconscious
• This refers to our “Psychic Inheritance”:
– The reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with (the
collective memories of the entire human race). We are not directly conscious of it but it
influences all our experiences and behaviours.
– According to Jung, this is who so many cultures have the same symbols recurring in their
myths, religion, art, and dreams. The common symbols are referred to as archetypes.

74. Archetypes
• The content of the collective
unconscious are called
"Archetypes"
• Jung believed humans are not
born "clean slates". He thought we
came into this world with certain
pre-dispositions that cause
behaviour.
• These behaviours were driven by
archetypes or archetypal
behaviour.

75. Additional Archetypes
• Persona: your public personality, aspects of yourself
that you reveal to others.
• Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals, represents
animal side of human nature.
• Anima: feminine archetype in men.
• Animus: masculine archetype in women.
• Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise Old
Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful Father.

76. Examples of Archetypes
• Family Archetypes:
– The Father – Stern, Powerful, Controlling
– The Mother – Feeding, Nurturing, Soothing
– The Child – Birth, Beginnings, Salvation
• Story Archetypes:
– The Hero – Rescuer, Champion
– The Maiden – Purity, Desire
– The Wise Old Man – Knowledge, Guidance
– The Magician – Mysterious and Powerful
– The Witch or Sorceress - Dangerous
– The Trickster – Deceiving and Hidden
• Animal Archetypes:
– The Faithful Dog – Unquestioning Loyalty
– The Enduring Horse – Never Giving Up
– The Devious Cat – Self Serving

77. Examples of Archetypes

78. Examples of Archetypes

79. Examples of Archetypes

80. Examples of Archetypes

81. Introvert and Extrovert
• Jung is most famous for his
development of the personality types of
INTROVERT and EXTROVERT.
Introverts are people who prefer their
internal world of thoughts, feelings, and
dreams. Extroverts prefer the external
world of things, other people, and
activities.

82. Basic Personality Orientations
• Introversion: focused inward; the person is
cautious, shy, timid, reflective.
• Extroversion: focused outward; the person
is outgoing, sociable, assertive, energetic.

83. Mental Functions
• Thinking: naming and interpreting
experience.
• Feeling: evaluating an experience for its
emotional worth to us.
• Sensing: experiencing the world through
the senses without interpreting or
evaluating it.
• Intuiting: relating directly to the world
without physical sensation, reasoning, or
interpretation.