These slides represent a comprehensive view of history of using natural products caused to appearance of pharmacognosy as a science and show several aspects of pharmacognosy and natural products use and final their importance in discovering new drugs.
3. Natural Products & Pharmacognosy
Introduction about herbal medicine and its
history
Definition of pharmacognosy and natural
products
Pharmacognosy branches
Pharmacognosy scope
The role of natural products in drug
discovery
4. Sumerians and Akkadians (3rd millennium BC)
Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) “The Father of Medicine”
Dioscorides (40-80 AD) “De Materia Medica” (600
medicinal plants)
Ibn Altabari (770-850) “الحكمه ”فردوس
Ibn Sina (980-1037) “الطب في ”القانون
Ibn Albitar (1148-1197) “واألغذية األدوية لمفردات ”الجامع
Introduction
5. The 18th century, Pharmacognosy
Johann Adam (1759-1809)
Carl Linnaeus (naming and classifying
plants)
At the end of the 18th century, crude
drugs were still being used as powders,
simple extracts, or tinctures
6. The era of pure compounds
(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)
Isolation of morphine from opium
Strychnine (1817)
Quinine and caffeine (1820)
Nicotine (1828)
Atropine (1833)
Cocaine (1855)
7. In the 19th century, the chemical structures of
many of the isolated compounds were
determined.
In the 20th century, the discovery of important
drugs from the animal kingdom, particularly
hormones and vitamins.
The late 20th century, pharmacognosy and its
conventional botanical approach has been
broadened up to molecular and metabolomic
level.
8. Approximately 60% of the world’s population relies
almost entirely on plants for medication.
Of the 520 new drugs approved between 1983 and 1994,
39% were natural products or derived from natural
products.
Between 1983 and 1994, 60–80% of antibacterials and
anticancer drugs were derived from natural products.
Of the 20 best-selling non-protein drugs in 1999, nine were
either derived from or developed as the result of leads
generated by natural products with combined annual sales
of >US$16 billion.
9. Definitions
Pharmacognosy:
The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical
and biological properties of drugs, drug
substances or potential drugs of natural origin as
well as the search for new drugs from natural
sources.
12. The study of the traditional
use of plants for medicinal
purposes.
Medical
Ethnobotany
13. the study of the pharmacological
qualities of traditional medicinal
substances.
Ethnopharmacology
14. the study of the use of extracts
of natural origin as medicines
or health-promoting agents.
Phytotherapy
15. the process by which animals
self-medicate, by selecting
and using plants, soils, and
insects to treat and prevent
disease.
Zoopharmacognosy
16. The study of chemicals derived
from marine organisms.
Marine
Pharmacognosy
17. The study of essential oils,
their composition and their
use in medicine, cosmetic
industries and food
industries.
Aromatic
Plants
18. the study of chemicals derived
from plants (including the
identification of new drug
candidates derived from plant
sources).
Phytochemistry
19. the science that covers all
technologies required for the
production, manufacturing
natural products using plant
cell culture.
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
32. There are estimated to be ~250,000 species of plant
in the world and probably ~10% of these have been
tested for some type of biological activity.
Only approximately 6000 bacterial species have been
named and estimates of 1.5 million species of fungi
and 1.5 million species of algae and prokaryote might
have to be revised upwards.
it appears that less than 1% of microbial diversity
has been cultured and studied experimentally.
There are probably 40,000 species of microalgae, but
they have not been extensively studied in terms of
their secondary metabolites.
33. Conclusion
Natural products very important to
medicine.
Exist in range of structures that one
wouldn’t think of synthesizing.
Can act as templates for new drug
development.
Untapped reservoir of new compounds.
35. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural
Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25
Years⊥." Journal of natural products 70, no. 3 (2007):
461-477.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural
product scaffolds as leads to drugs." Future medicinal
chemistry 1, no. 8 (2009): 1415-1427.
Kinghorn, A. Douglas. "Pharmacognosy in the 21st
century." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53,
no. 2 (2001): 135-148.
Harvey, Alan. "Strategies for discovering drugs from
previously unexplored natural products." Drug discovery
today 5, no. 7 (2000): 294-300.