2. It is the method of instruction that give
importance to individuals
The assumption behind this method is that
human beings learn many things on their own
Every individuals are unique and hence learns
according to his abilities
It is a uniform teaching learning programme ,
provided by the teacher , hardly serves the
leaning requirement of different leaners.
3. It is a technique of self study
Here material is presented to the pupil step
by step through graded unites of learning
task called frames
5. Definition
Edgar Dale : Programmed learning is a systematic ,
step by step , self-instructional programme to ensure
the learning of stated behaviour.
Skinner : Programmed learning is the first application
of the laboratory techniques utilized in the study of
learning process the practical problem of education
6. The contents is broken into small easy steps
and each steps is presented in several
sentence each called frame
The frame are arranged sequentially
Learner is provided immediate reinforcement
7. Principles
Principles of small steps
Principle of active responding
Principle of reinforcement
Principle of self pacing
Principle of student evaluation
8. An ordered sequence of stimulus items
To each of which a student responds in some
specific way
The response being reinforced by immediate
knowledge of results
Students move by small steps
Students make few errors by practicing
mostly correct responses
Students know by a process of successively
closer approximation , towards what is
supposed to learn from the programme
9. TYPES OR TECHNIQUES OF PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTIONS
Linear or extrinsic Programming
Branched or intrinsic Programming
Mathetics Programming
Rules system of Programming
CAI(Computer Assisted Programme)
LCI (Leaner Controlled Programme Instruction)
10. B.F.Skinner is the orginator
Also called skinnerian style of programme
11. Features of Linear Programming
It is a straight line programme
In it material is presemted into a series of small steps
(frames)
Every leaner follows the same path
The content is broken in to small unit ranging from
just one word to as many as 40 or 50 in length
The sequence of steps remains unchanged
12. The learner is given small amount of
information
The leaner is expected to compose his
own answer to each question
The response of leaner get immediate
reinforcement
It provide for self pacing
13.
14. Sudden knowledge of results act as a great
motivator and release anxiety and tension
Smallness of frames brings the sub-goals
within the reach of the leaner
Repetition strengthens the responses and
ensures lernering
15. Learning process becomes dull
It limited only to some subjects and topics
It effects the imagination of the learner
It encourages guessing
Does not develop discriminate power of the
students .
16. BRANCHED OR INTRINSIC PROGRAMMING
Branched or intrinsic programming was developed
by an American psychologist
Norman .A.Crowder in 1954
It is also called Crowderian programming
It is called intrinsic because the leaner within
himself makes the decisions , to adopt the
instructions to his or her needs
17. CHARACTERISTICS
A frame may contain two or three related ideas or
sequences
Frame is bigger in size as compared with linear
type
The leaner moves forward if his responses are
correct
Frame explain the matter afresh when response is
not correct
18. Principle of exposition
Principle of diagnosis
Principle of remediation
20. Here the leaner of frame 1 of the mainstream
goes to the frame 2 of main stream only if he
makes a correct choice.
If he makes a wrong choice he is lead to a
remedial frame where in he is given some
more help in understanding the concept and
in solving the solution by a better logic
He will be ten direct to the original frame
no 1 so that he can read it again and answer
correctly in the light of the remedial materials
he has received
21. Frame 1 frame2 frame3 frame 4
Remedial frame 1 Remedial frame 2
Information
question
Response
clues
Information
question
Response
clues
Information
question
Response
clues
Information
question
Response
clues
Information
question
Response
clues
Information
question
Response
clues
23. In forward branching whether the learner
makes a wrong choice he will always be going
to the next frame thus physically progressing
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