1. Mentor :-
Prof. (Dr.) UMESH SHUKLA
Professor & HOD Panchakarma
Principal , Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government Ayurveda Institute, Bhopal
(M.P)(M.P)
Prepared by :-
Dr. Shalu Jain
PG Scholor , Department Of Panchakarma
Pt.Khushilal Sharma Govt .(Auto.) Ayurveda College And Institute , Bhopal
(M.P.)
2. DEFINITION
गौरव शीत म ेदनं ेदकारकम |
(Ch.su. 22/ 11)
Swedan is a procedure which relieves stiffness
(stambhan), cold (sheetalata) and which induce
sweating (sweda)
3. Conti...
Physiologically it is a thermoregulatory
process therapeutically is induced to
eliminate the bio - waste material from
the body by generation of direct orthe body by generation of direct or
indirect heat.
4. OUTLINES
Mainly a purva karma
procedure.
Due to its therapeutic
efficacy it stands as a
Pradhan karma.
Due to its detoxifing
functions through
swedjanan, it equally
offers shodhan
effects.
When used before
efficacy it stands as a
Pradhan karma.
Considered under
shadupkarm (offers
shaman effects).
When used before
shodhan to be called
purva karma.
When used for sweda
sadhya vyadhi then to
be called as Pradhan
karma.
5. CONCEPT
After giving Snehpan Swedan is
administered to liquify the Snigdha
vitiated Doshas which are spread
through out the body, so that vitiatedthrough out the body, so that vitiated
Doshas can be easily eradicable
through Pradhan karma such as Vaman
& Virechan.
6. CONCEPT cont….
Most of the heat generated by
deep organs e.g. heart, brain,
muscles etc. as a by product of
metabolism is transferred frommetabolism is transferred from
deeper organs and tissues to the
skin, where it is lost to the air
and surroundings by radiation,
conduction and evaporation.
7. CONCEPT cont….
Mechanism
Imodulation of
physiology of
thermoregulation
Outcome
Enhanced sweating
Decrease plasma
volume
Body is subjected to
heat stress.
WBC, protein levels
increased
Increased plasma
osmotic pressure.
Water from intra to
extracellular
11. CLASSIFICATION cont…..
On the basis of karma
Shodhan
Samana
ि िवध ेद -
संशमनीय ,
संशोधन (Dalhan
su.chi. 32/ 16)
On the basis of Bala of
Rogi
Mahana
Madhyam
Mradu
ाधौ शीते शरीरे च
महान् ेदो महाबले|
दुबले दुबलः ेदो
म मे म मो िहतः ||
(Ch.su 14/17)
15. Niragni sweda (ch.su.14/64)
Vyayam
Ushna –sadan
Guru pravaran
Kshuda
Bahupan
- Physical exercise
- Staying in warm house
- Covering the body with blancket
- Becoming hungry
Intake of alcohaol Bahupan
Bhaya
Krodha
Upnah
Ahava
atapa
- Intake of alcohaol
- Experience of fear
- Becoming angry
- Pasting of medicine
- Fighting
- Exposure to sunshine
16.
17. Tapa sweda
Heated substance like metallic
vessels, sand, cloth,hand etc. is
kept in contact with the body
parts.
Dosh – shleshmaghn Dosh – shleshmaghn
28 – 30 degrees delicate,soft
skinned people who require low
to medium temperature
constantly for longer duration or
for the rasa, rakta related
diseases.
19. Upnaah sweda
Applied warm paste of herbs (lepa)
or tied over the surface (bandhan)
Dosha - vataghna
32 36 degrees Whenever utsedha or
swellings are observed bnadhana.swellings are observed bnadhana.
muscle disease paralysis etc.Where
medium duration or for the mamsa &
tendon disease.
20. Drava sweda
liquids are used here for submer-
ging (Avagaha) or pouring (parishe
ka) or showering (Varshulika).
Liquids – milk, oil, ghee, decoction
etc.etc.
Dosh – pitta-samshraste
36 40 degrees it is commonly used
for the skeletal disease, spinal
diseases IVDP ankylosis, arthritis
etc. especially for asthi
dhatugatavyadhi
22. Ushma sweda
It is done by way of steam
either through a nozzle or in a vessel.
Dosh - shleshmghna
40 46degrees common comfort-able
method of steamingmethod of steaming
(wet) or hot wind (dry heat) in
either open (nadi) or closed
(box) methods with duration
regulations for all dhatugata diseases.
30. Swedan in Pratishyay (cold, rhinitis,
nasal discharges, catarrah)
Causes
Environmental or
occupational irritants
Weather changes
Signs & symptoms
Stuffy nose
Runny nose
Sneezing
Mucus in throat
Weather changes
Infections
Foods & beverages
Certain medications
Hormone changes
Mucus in throat
Cough
Nasal congestion
31. Conti..
Trending regimen
Steam inhalation
(ushma sweda)
(hot water, ajwain,
Mechanism
Clear up nasal &
respiratory passage
Loosening the mucus
in the nasal passages (hot water, ajwain,
saindhav,
bheemsaini karpur)
,dashmool kwath
in the nasal passages
Ease feeling of
irritation
नवं ित ायामपा सवमुपाचरेत सिपष एव पानै: |
ेदैः िविच ै: वमनै यु ै: कालपापंणैरवपीड़ने ||
(Su.u 24/18)
32. Swedan in hikka ,shwas (Hiccough
Breathlessness, dyspnoea, asthma)
Hiccough
A quick involuntary inhalation that follows a spasm of the
diaphragm & is suddenly checked by closure of the glottis,
producing a short, relatively sharp sound.
Causes:-Causes:-
a) less than 48 hrs. - drinking too much
- eating too much
- sudden temperature changes
- swallowing air with chewing gum /
sucking on candy
33. Conti…
b) more than 48 hrs. –
Nerve (vagus or phrenic)damage /
irritation
Cns disorder (tumor/ infection) Cns disorder (tumor/ infection)
Metabolic disorder and drugs
34. Conti..
Causes of B.asthma
Genetic
History of viral infection
Hygiene hypothesis
Symptoms
Paroxysms of
dyspnoea
Cough with
expectoration
Hygiene hypothesis
Early allergen exposure expectoration
Wheezing
Worst in winter &
rainy season
35. Conti..
िह ा ासािदतं ि ैरादौ ेदै पाचरेत् |
आ ं लवणतैलेन नाडी रस रैः ||७१||
तैर िथतः े ा ोतः िभिवलीयते |
खािन मादवमाया ततो वातानुलोमता ||७२||
यथाऽि कु े काशुत ं िव ते िहमम् |
े ा त ः थरो देहे ेदैिव ते तथा ७३े ा त ः थरो देहे ेदैिव ते तथा ||७३||
ं ा ा तत ूण भोजयेत् ि मोदनम् |
म ानां शूकराणां वा रसैद ु रेण वा ||७४||
ततः े िण संवृ े वमनं पायये ु तम् |
िप लीसै व ौ ैयु ं वातािवरोिध यत् ||७५
िन ते सुखमा ोित स कफे दु िव हे |
ोतः सु च िवशु ेषु चर िवहतोऽिनलः ||
ch.su. (17 / 71-76)
36. Treatment regimen of shwasa
1. Nidan parivarjan
2. Snehan
3. Swedan
4. Vaman – kaph
Swedana ( nadi, prastar,
sankar) as a purvkarm
use of swedan locally or
throughout whole body4. Vaman – kaph
predominent stage
5. Virechan – origin of
shwas is pitta sthan
Swedan (ushm sweda)
as a preventive –
steam inhalation
Helps in liquefaction of
viscous mala rupi kapha
vata-anuloman
easy to breath
38. Swedan in Osteo arthritis
Introduction OA :-
Degenerative joint
disease.
Chronic disorder of
synovial joints.
Symptom:-
swelling
Pain
stiffness
Warmthsynovial joints.
Wear & tear
phenomena
Particularly in weight
bearing joints.
Warmth
Cracking sound
Loss of range of
motion & function
वातपूण ित शः शोथः स गतेऽिनले |
सारणाकु नयोः वृि सवेदना ||
(Ch. Chi. 28/37)
39. Conti..
Pahology
1. Roughening & Wearing of
cartilage surface.
2. Impairment of the cushioning
Diagnosis is mainly clinical
supported by radiography
2. Impairment of the cushioning
“shock – absorber” functioning
40. Osteo-arthritic condition commonly
observed
OA of knee
OA of hip
Generalized OA
Generalized osteoporosis Generalized osteoporosis
Non inflammatory osteoarthrosis
OA and allied complaints like effusion,
deformity contractures
41. Selective swedan procedure for OA
Its depends on cause.
Its depends on involvement of:-
Dhatu – meda, asthi, majja
Avstha - saam, niram Avstha - saam, niram
Bala
Triggers – weight gain
bone spurs(osteophytes)
cold weather
infection
42. Conti…
1. Weight reducing
measure :-
Udvartan ……
Varunadi churna
if pain assoiated +
Advantage
Remarkable loss of
wt.
Results in reducedif pain assoiated +
Kolakulatthadi ch
.
Sarvang vaspa
Sweda
Results in reduced
wt. bearing on Joints
Strengthen muscle
and ligaments thus
joints stabilize
appendages
43. Conti…
Sam stage of OA - Inflammation more
prone with other symptoms of sama
1. Baluka Sweda1. Baluka Sweda
2. Upnaha
3. Nadisweda
4. Salvana Sweda / Istika Sweda
5.Ruksha Basti
44. Conti…
Niram stage of OA - Pain & inflammation decreases
but activity related pain increased.
Localised Tarpan with Ushna Taila
Below kati ---- Sahachar
Systemic ----- Dhanwantar/ balaSystemic ----- Dhanwantar/ bala
Kapha asso. ---- Dashmula
Pitta asso. ---- Ksheerbala / chandan bala
Abhyanga
Nadi Sweda
Patra pottali
Pizinchil
Churna pind sweda
45. conti…
Generalised OA –
sarvaang swedan
Localised OA –Localised OA –
Ekang swedan
कु या गते वाते दाह
ेहोपनाहनम |
Bha.pra. M.24/259
49. In practice
Baluka sweda or
Udvartan (Kolkulathadi churna) - 3 days
Patra pinda sweda (Dhanwantar tail)
+Shirodhara - 7days
+ Nasya + Nasya
Sastik shali pind sweda - 7 days
Abhyang sweda - 7 days
Pizhinchil - 7 days
Bala taila Aswagandha taila
Total 31 days
50. Swedan in UMN Vs LMN
UMN
Due to increased spasticity
…. Snehan be minimised
…. Swedan with more aggression
LMN LMN
Due to Sensory Impairment
…. Swedan with caution
… Snehan be applied with mriduswedan
52. Bell’s palsy
Cause
It can occur at any age.
Its exact cause is unknown.
Viral infectionViral infection
Cold sores
Respiratory illness
CMV (cytomegalo virus) infection
Chicken pox & herpes zoster
EBV (ebstin barr virus) infection
53. Conti..
Symptoms
Unilateral
Onset sudden, in morning after awaked.
He or his friend observe that mouth is drawn to one side.
Frequent pain onset in ear, mastoid region or around the angle
of jaw.of jaw.
Closer of eyes not possible.
Difficulty eating & drinking.
Difficulty making facial expression.
Drooling
Raising of eyebrows
Sometime loess of taste on anterior 2/3rd of tongue
Hyperacusis
57. Sciatica
Causes
Lumbar spinal
stenosis
Degenerative disc
changes
Symptoms
Lower back pain
Hip pain
Burning or tingling
changes
Spondylolisthesis
Pregnancy
Muscles spasm
Burning or tingling
sensation of leg
Shooting pain
ूवा किटपृ ो जानुज ापदं मात् |
गृ सी ोदैगृ ाित ते मु ः ||
(ch.chi. 28/56)
58. Conti…
SLR +ve
Lesegue test +ve (confirmatory test)
Ankle jerk decreased
Analgesia is less extensive than anesthesia to
light touchlight touch
Postural sensibility & appreciation of passive
movement lost… in toes
Planter reflex…. Lost
Leg may be congested & swollen
Area of sensory loss may be in outer aspect
59. Swedan in Gridhrasi
Kati basti - Kottamchukkadi taila , sahcharadi tail
Generalized basti
Niruha - Dashmula
Anuvasan - Sahacharadi tail
Patra pinda - Sahacharadi tail –(7 days)
Abhyanga then Nadi sweda with Dasmool kwath,
Mamsa rasa (7 days)
Jambeer pind sweda (7 days)
Appropriate exercise with oral medicine.
60. Cervical spondylosis
Cause
Herniated disc
Dehydrated disks
Bone spurs
Symptoms
Pain in neck
Headche
Giddiness
Bone spurs
Stiff ligament
Tingling, numbness,&
weakness in your
shoulders, arms, hands.
It can also occur in legs.
61. Swedan in CS
Greevaprishta Basti
Kati Basti 10 days
Jambeer Pinda Sweda
Abyanga with Nadi Sweda Abyanga with Nadi Sweda
Localised churna pinda sweda
Specific Yogasanas of spine
Along with systemic Basti & oral medicines
64. Swedan in GIT disorder
Ama dosha
VibandhaVibandha
Kukshigrah
Aanah
GIT disorder
65. Swedan in GIT disorder
(Ch. Vi. 3/13)(Ch. Vi. 3/13)
(Ch.chi.26/11)
66. T/t of ama or ama dosha or ama
diseases are :-
1) langhan - 10 types
vyayam, upwas/kshudha, atapa ( niragni sweda)
2) Rukshan - Its also same task of that drying
sudation.
purpose – Dryness producing.
3) Swedan3) Swedan
dry sudation can be provided in form churn pind
sweda, baluka sweda etc. give instant relief from
ama symptoms.
Drav sweda in the form of nadi sweda / vashp
sweda
Is administered to mobilize doshas detatched from
ama towards stomach.
70. Poorvkarma
A. SAMBHARA
SANGRAHA
B. SWEDA
PURVA VICARYA
VISHAYA
1. Swedopayogi drug
2. Swedopug drug
3. Swedana yantra
4. Medicines for management
of any complication.
1. Roga
2. Rogi
3. Dosha
4. Ritu
5. Desa
71. Pre operative check-up
Vitals:- Pulse
Blood Pressure
Respiratory Rate
Temperature
Age :- > 40 yr
blood sugarblood sugar
ECG
KFT
Lipid Profile
Systemic examination
For shodhanarth sweda SOPs of pradhan karma be
also operationalised.
72. ाधौ शीते शरीरे च महान् ेदो महाबले|
दुबले दुबलः ेदो म मे म मो िहतः ||
वात े िण वाते वा कफे वा ेद इ ते|
ि थाि ो ा ुपक तः ||
आमाशयगते वाते कफे प ाशयाि ते|
पूव िहतः ेदः ेहपूव थैव च||
वृषणौ दयं ी ेदये ृदु नैव वा|
म मं व णौ शेषम ावयविम तः ||
(Ch. su,. 14)
75. Pradhan karma
Swedaavacarana - According to roga bala, rogi bala.
Desa, ritu, suitable swedan should be done to the
patient who has undergone abhyanga, in a place
devoid of air (nirvate).devoid of air (nirvate).
Observation of lakshanas - During swedan it is very
important to observe for samyak, ayoga and atiyoga
lakshanas.
76. AVOIDANCE
कषायम िन ानां गिभ ा र िपि नाम्|
िपि नां साितसाराणां ाणां मधुमेिहनाम्||
िवद ानां िवषम िवका रणाम्|
ा ानां न स ानां थूलानां िप मेिहनाम्||ा ानां न स ानां थूलानां िप मेिहनाम्||
तृ तां ुिधतानां च ु ानां शोचतामिप|
काम ुद रणां चैव तानामा रोिगणाम्||
दुबलाितिवशु ाणामुप ीणौजसां तथा|
िभषक् तैिम रकाणां च न ेदमवतारयेत्||
(ch.su.14/16-19)
77. Precaution to be taken
The Heart region, testes and eyes should be given Mardu
Sweda
Delicate parts such as eyes, heart and testes should be
covered by thin cloths or Leaves, before giving Swedan
Karm.
All material needed for Swedan Karm are to be collected All material needed for Swedan Karm are to be collected
in advance .
Swedan Karm should be given according to their Prakrati,
Roga, Ritu, Desh, Vaya, Kaal etc.
Swedan is to be administered after suitable Snehan Karm.
BP, Pulse, Respiration rate and Temperature of the
Patient are to be noted before and after Swedan
Karm.
78. Conti..
Note any cardiac or skin problems are there.
Enquire for the psychological interventions or
phobia
According to the dhatu involvement or
availability the schedule can be fixed.availability the schedule can be fixed.
Steam for the required time or till the
forehead sweating is recorded.
79. The seven Posture in Pinda sweda
o Sitting
o Supine
o Right lateral
o Supineo Supine
o Left Lateral
o Supine
o Sitting
80. Observations
Samyak Swedan Symptoms :-
Disappearance of cold (Shitoparam)
Disappearance of Pain (Shooloparam)
Disappearance of stiffness (Stambha Nigraha)
Relief in heaviness of body (Gaurava Nigraha) Relief in heaviness of body (Gaurava Nigraha)
Softness and Smoothness of the body (Mardavata)
Appearance of Sweating (Sweda Pravriti)
Desire for cold things.
शीतशूलवयूपरमे गौरविन हे !
संजाते मादवे ेदे ेदनाि रितमता !!
(ch.su.14/13)
(s
81. Conti…
Symptoms of improper Swedan Karm :-
Sweating will not come.
Coldness will not reduced.
No taste of cold things.
Pain will not reduced. Pain will not reduced.
No remission of the disease.
(Su.chi 32/23)
ेदा ावो ािध हािनलघु ं शीतािथ ं मादवं चातुर |
स क े ल णं ा रेत- ा े येनैतदेव ||
(su.chi. 32/23)
82. Paschat karm
Cover the body with blanket (pravritang)
Avoid direct exposure to wind (nivatsaransthitham)
Take bath with luke warm water (snatam
ushnaambhubhi)
Pathya diet (pathya bhojyeta) Pathya diet (pathya bhojyeta)
An-abhishyandhi diet
Avoid exercise (vyayam nisedha)
83. Rules Of Pariharkal
Use of hot water
Little walking
Mild talking
Proper posture
Proper use of pillow
Sleep in night only Sleep in night only
Control emotions
No travel
Devoid sex
Avoid exposure to pollution
Void urges properly
No cold climate
No extreme sunlight
No high breeze
84. Complication of sweda karma
Pitta prakop
Daha
Murchcha
Sharir sadan
- Vitiation of vata dosha
- Burning sensation
- Fainting
- Sense of exhaustion in the body parts Sharir sadan
Swara daurbalya
Anga daurbalya
Sandhi pida
Shyava rakta -
Mandala darshan
Sense of exhaustion in the body parts
- Reduction in the voice
- Reduced tone of the limbs
- Pain in the joints
- Black or reddish patches
िप कोपो मू ा च शरीरसदनं तृषा |
दाहः रांग दौब मित ल णं ||
(ch.su. 14/13)
85. Cont….
Sphota
Bhrama
Arsha kopa
Trisha
- Appearance of blisters
- Giddiness
- Symptoms of rakt kopa
- Excessive thrist Trisha
Sadan
Jwara
chhardi
- Excessive thrist
- General sense of exhaustion
- Fever
- vomiting
े अ थम संिधपीड़ा िवदाहः ोटो ि ः िप र कोपः !
मू ा ा दाहतृ े म कु या ूण त शीतं िवधानम !!
(su.chi.32/24)
86. Management of exposure of over heat
Swedan procedure should be immediately stopped.
Burn – jatyadi ghrita, sandal wood paste, aloe vera
application.
Raised B.P. - Proper rest , if needed sarpgandha
ghan vati.
Rashes - coconut oil, shata-dhauta ghrita Rashes - coconut oil, shata-dhauta ghrita
Offered with sweet ,cold ,oily ,liquid food
Cold water ,Rice
Stay in cool room
Sitting in a garden of cold atmosphere
Stambhan chikitsa
Grishma ritu charya .
87.
88. Conti..
The swedan karm eliminates toxins and waste from
the body in the form of sweat.
It relieves stiffeness, heaviness, coldness & pain.
Swedan is regarded as an upakarm not as
shodhan?
Upakrama is Shamana Upakrama is Shamana
Shodhan purv swedan is adjunct to shodhan.
So we can conclude in it swedan procedure performs
in three way :-
Purkarm swedan
Upakarma –shaman swedan
Paschat karm swedan
SHODHAN????
91. introduction
The word pinda means bolus.
The hot drugs are made into potali form.
Terminology used by charak is sankar
swedasweda
Ruksh sweda & snigdh sweda.
Named after the dravya used.
92. Various pinda sweda
Ruksha sweda
valuka sweda
Kolkultathadi sweda
Churna pind sweda
Bhusha / tusha pind sweda Bhusha / tusha pind sweda
Karish sweda
Lavan pind sweda
Karpasa bija sweda
Jambir pind sweda
93. Snigdh sweda
Patra pind sweda
Shashtishali pind sweda
Mamsa khizi
Shashti shali pinda sweda with sura Shashti shali pinda sweda with sura
95. Indication (spps)
Joint diseases of
inflammatory,
degenerative
autoimmune nature
Neurological disorders
like paralysis
Neurological disorders
like paralysis
Pain & swelling of
sinoveitis
Sciatica
cervical radiculopathy
lower back pain etc.
96. contii
Modified PPS in katigrah
Egg is boiled and yolk is powdered & fried in a pan
When it becomes reddish all the vatahara leaves like
Eranda,Nirgundi,Shigru etc. mentioned in PPS
are added and fried along with that egg yolk.are added and fried along with that egg yolk.
PPS in pakshaghat, dhanustambh, gridhrasi
In this Pindasweda is prepared with adding egg yolk,
jambeera, vacha, haridraand sarshapa.
98. Indication (jps)
kaphadominant Gridhrasi (sciatica)
Frozen shoulder,
Stiffness of jointsStiffness of joints
Rheumatic arthritis
Muscular cramp
Caution :- skin rashes
For this apply madhu & ghrita
99. Shashtikshali pind sweda
12 pala – Bala
3 Aadaka - Water
3 Prastha - Decoction bala
1½ Prastha - Cows milk 1½ Prastha - Cows milk
½ Prastha - Shashtikashali
This makes 100gms each 5 pottali that can run
by the 4 therapist at once.
100. Therapeutic applications (ssps)
Muscle atrophy
Later stages of demyelination
Cerebral palsy
Cervical myelopathy
Post-polio residual paralysis
Muscle dystrophy Muscle dystrophy
Emaciation.
Atrophy of muscles.
Spasticity, reduced mobility, rigidity, low backache
Sciatica, scoliosis, kyphosis, arthritis etc.
Complications recorded are- Trembling,
fainting and rashes.
114. Shodhan effect of swedan
Cells get rid of their wastes in 3 ways..
1. Convert the waste molecule to different
molecule temporarily that will not
diffuse backward.diffuse backward.
2. Make an oily molecule water soluble so
that it can be dissolved in water and
flushed away in the blood stream.
3. Sweating which uses water to flush
away the chemicals.
115. Conti….
Eg.
Co2 through lungs
Remaining with carbolic
acid actions
Waste chemicals that are
Oily substances &
chemicals
That have electric
charges.
Waste chemicals that are
dissolved in water
blood stream
Urine
Able to be dissolved in
water
Blood stream
Urine
116. SWEAT
Sweat cells
pumping unwanted salts and minerals
Saltiness pulls water out of cells into the sweats pockets by osmosis
Sweat pockets swellsSweat pockets swells
Pressure build ups
Pushes the water out of pockets including the waste products that are dissolved in it
117. Bio-waste eliminated through sweats
Mostly water
Trace amount & minerals
Na - .9gm/l
K - .2gm/l
Ca -.01gm/l
Mg -.001gm/lMg -.001gm/l
Lactic acid
Urea
Trace element
Zn -.4 mg/l
Cu - .3 -.8mg/l
Fe -1mg/l
Chromium -.1mg/l
Nickel - .05 mg/l
122. The findings from this study have three important
implications:
1. From a therapeutic standpoint, induced sweating may have
potential as a clinical intervention for elimination of some toxic
elements. However, the concomitant loss of required trace minerals
into sweat, which is also evident from the data, serves to remind
that sauna users should secure adequate intake of required
minerals to compensate for losses and to replete diminished
reserves.reserves.
2. From a public health perspective, clusters of people,
such as firefighters, who by the nature of their
occupations are exposed to toxic elements, may bead
vised to regularly undertake induced sweating.
Further research is required, however, to determine whether
induced sweating on the day of exposure is beneficial or detrimental
because enhanced circulation to the skin associated with sauna may
stimulate greater absorption of toxicants on the skin.
123. 3. From a biomonitoring perspective, perspiration may
serve as a more sensitive body fluid form measurement
compared with blood because some toxic elements,
including cadmium, bismuth, antimony, and tin, are
frequently not detected in serum but may be found infrequently not detected in serum but may be found in
sweat samples from the same individual.
(S.j. genius et al Nov.2010)
124. References:-
Charak samhita with Chakrapani commentry
Sushrut samhita with Dalhan commentry
Ashtang hriday & Ashtang sangrah
Kashyap samhita
Bhavprakash
Aacharya shrinivasan panchkarma book
Vaidhya Basant Patil panchkarm book
Vaidhya mukundilal dwivedi Vaidhya mukundilal dwivedi
mahendra et.al /(IJIPSR)/2017
Nashine et,al/IJAPC/2017
Kalpana 291agmail.com2018
Ravindram et.al (Kerala)
www.technoayurveda.com
Websites relavant to the topic
Sj genius et.al nov 2010.