Light Fidelity ( Li-Fi ) Seminar Report

LIGHT FIDELITY
Shamil Ahammad K [Reg. No. 90012065]
VIIth Semester B.Tech Instrumentation
Department of Instrumentation, Cochin University of Science & Technology
Cochin, Kerala, India -682022
ABSTRACT
Light Fidelity or Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communication technology developed by a
team of scientists including Dr. Gordon Povey, Prof. Harald Haas and Mostafa Afgani
at the University of Edinburgh. Li-Fi, as coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED
Global talk, is a bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless
communications similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is a subset of optical wireless communications
(OWC) and can be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network),
or a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting. It is wireless and uses visible light
communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet (instead of radio frequency waves)
spectrum, part of Optical wireless communications technology, which carries much
more information, and has been proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth
limitations.
In a Wi-Fi hotspot, as more and more people and their many devices access wireless
internet, we have probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds. Prof. Harald Haas has
come up with a solution he calls “data through illumination” –taking the fibber out of
fiber optic by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster
than the human eye can follow. It’s the same idea band behind infrared remote
controls but far more powerful. Haas says his invention can produce data rates faster
than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than present average broadband
connection. He envisions a future where data for laptops, smart phones, and tablets is
transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be snap – if you can’t see
the light, you can’t access the data.

List of Contents
 Introduction ……………………………………………...4
 History …………………………………………………...6
 Working Technology ……………………………………9
 Li-Fi Transmitter .……………………………………….11
 Li-Fi Receiver …………………………………………..12
 Comparison between Wi-Fi and Li-Fi ………………….13
 Present Scenario of Radio Waves ………………………14
 Drawbacks of other Electromagnetic Spectrums …...…..15
 How it is Different? …….………………………………16
 Applications of Li-Fi …………………………………...17
 UK Research Report ……………………………………21
 Recent Updates …………………………………………23
 Conclusion ……………………………………………...24
 Reference ……………………………………………….25

Introduction
LiFi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber
optics by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster
than the human eye can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the
fast and cheap wireless communication system, which is optical version of Wi-
Fi. The term was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global
talk on visible light communication. ‘’At the heart of his technology is a new
generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes’’, says Harald Haas from the
university of Edinburgh, UK, ‘’Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a
digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0, ‘’Haas says, ‘’they can be switched on and
off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data. ‘’it is
possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs
flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is
modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears
constant.
More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate.
Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh are focusing
on parallel data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED transmits a
different data stream. Other groups are using mixtures of red, green and blue
LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it
has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab.
Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached
data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED.
The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in
Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of
varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to
ten meters.
Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency
communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircrafts cabins or
hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the
problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The
visible light spectrum is unused; it’s not regulated, and can be used for
communication at very high speeds.

In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi
Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome
the limited amount of radiobased wireless spectrum available by exploiting a
completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium
believes it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps, theoretically allowing a
high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

History
Professor Harald Haas, the University of Edinburgh in the UK, is widely
recognized as the original founder of Li-Fi. He coined the term Li-Fi and is
chair of Mobile Communications at the University of Edinburgh and co-founder
of pure Li-Fi.
The general term visible light communication (VLC), includes any use of
the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit
information. The D-light at Edinburgh’s institute for Digital Communications
was funded from January 2010 to January 2012. Haas promoted this technology
in his 2011 TED Global talk and helped start a company to market it. Pure Li-
Fi, formerly pure VLC, is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firm set
up to commercialize Li-Fi product for integration with existing LED-lighting
systems.
In October 2011, companies and industry groups formed
the Li-Fi consortium, to promote high speed optical wireless systems and to
overcome the limited amount of radio-based wireless spectrum available by
exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A
number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products which is not the same
as Li-Fi.
VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates
of over 1.6 Gbps were demonstrated over a single color LED. In September
2013, a press release said that, Li-Fi do not require line of sight conditions. In
October 2013 Chinese manufactures were working on Li-Fi development kits.
One part of VLC is modeled after communication protocols established by the
IEEE work group. However, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard is out of date.
Specifically the standard fails consider the latest technological developments in
the field of optical wireless communications, specifically with the introduction
of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(O-OFDM) modulation
methods which have been optimized for data rates, multiple-access and energy
efficiency have. The introduction of O-OFDM means that a new drive for
standardization of optical wireless communications is required.
Nonetheless the IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines the physical layer (PHY) and
media access control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough data

rates to transmit radio, video and multimedia services. It takes into account the
optical transmission mobility, its compatibility with artificial lightning present
in infrastructures, the deviance which may be caused by interference generated
by the ambient lightning. The MAC layer allows to use the link with the other
layers like the TCP/IP protocol.
The standards define three PHY layers with the different rates:
 PHY I : Outdoor Applications from 11.66 Kbps to 267.6 Kbps
 PHY II : Allows Speed from 1.25 Mbps to 96 Mbps
 PHY III : Used For Color Shift Keying delivers speed from 12 Mbps to
96 Mbps
The modulation formats reorganized for PHY I and PHY II are the coding ON-
OFF keying (OOK) and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The
Manchester coding used for the PHY I and PHY II layers include the clock
inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with an OOK symbol ‘01’
and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol ‘10’, all with a DC component. The DC
component avoids the light extinction in case of an extended lie of logic 0.
The first LiFi smartphones prototype was presented at the Consumer
Electronics Show in Las Vegas from January 7 – 10 in 2014. The phone uses
Sun Partners Wysips CONNECT, a technique that converts light waves into
usable energy, making the phone capable of receiving and decoding signals
without drawing on its battery.
LiFi refers to 5G VLC systems using light connection from LEDs as a medium
to deliver networked, mobile, high speed communication in a similar manner as
WiFi. LiFi could lead to the Internet Of Things, which is everything electronics
being connected to internet, with the LED lights on the electronics being used
as internet as access points. The LiFi market is projected to have a compound
of 82% from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018.
VLC signals work by switching bulbs on and off within nanoseconds, which is
too quickly to be noticed by the human eye. Although LiFi bulbs would have to
be kept on to transmit data, the bulbs could be dimmed to the point that they
were not visible to humans and yet still functional. The light waves cannot

penetrate walls which makes a short range, though more secure from hacking,
relating to WiFi. Direct line of sight isn’t necessary for LiFi transmit signal and
light reflected off of the walls can achieve 70 Mbps.
LiFi has the advantage of being able to be used in electromagnetic sensitive
areas such as in aircraft cabins, hospitals and nuclear power plants without
causing electromagnetic interference. Both LiFi and WiFi transmit data over
the electromagnetic spectrum, but whereas WiFi utilizes radio waves, LiFi uses
visible light. While the Federal Communications Commision has warned of a
potential spectrum crisis because Wifi is close to full capacity, LiFI has almost
no limitations on capacity. The VLC is 10,000 times larger than the entire radio
frequency spectrum. Researchers have reached the data rates over 10Gbps. LiFi
is expected to be 10 times cheaper and more environmentally friendly than
WiFi. Short range, low reliability and high installation costs are the potential
downsides.

Working Technology
This brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald Haas from University of
Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,” Very simple, if
the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs
can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for
transmitting data.” So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the
LED’s flicker depending upon the data we want to encode. Further
enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for
parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to
alter the light’s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data
channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning
you can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply
awesome! But blazingly fast data rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are
not the only reasons that give this technology an upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses
just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to
interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi
fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military
operations.
Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access,
or downloading a movie from the lamp on your desk. There's a new technology
on the block which could, quite literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light
on' how to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-speed wireless
connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in a new method of data
transmission which is being called Li-Fi. Light emitting diodes can be switched
on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to
appear to be on continuously. A flickering light can be incredibly annoying, but
has turned out to have its upside, being precisely what makes it possible to use
light for wireless data transmission. Light-emitting diodes (commonly referred
to as LEDs and found in traffic and street lights, car brake lights, remote control
units and countless other applications) can be switched on and off faster than
the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on
continuously, even though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity
enables a kind of data transmission using binary codes: switching on an LED is
a logical '1', switching it off is a logical '0'. Information can therefore be

encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to
give different strings of 1s and 0s. This method of using rapid pulses of light to
transmit information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light
Communication (VLC), though it’s potential to compete with conventional Wi-
Fi has inspired the popular characterization LiFi.
Visible light communication (VLC)-“A potential solution to the global wireless
spectrum shortage”
LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology
of which is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC).VLC is a data
communication medium, which uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm)
and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination.
It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. The main
components of this communication system are
1) A high brightness white LED, Which acts as a communication source
2) A silicon photodiode which shows good response to visible wavelength
region serving as the receiving element.
LED can be switched on and off to generate digital strings of 1s and 0s. Data
can be encoded in the light to generate a new data stream by varying the
flickering rate of the LED. To be clearer, by modulating the LED light with the
data signal, the LED illumination can be used as a communication source. As
the flickering rate is so fast, the LED output appears constant to the human eye.
A data rate of greater than 100 Mbps is possible by using high speed LEDs with
appropriate multiplexing techniques. VLC data rate can be increased by parallel
data transmission using LED arrays where each LED transmits a different data
stream. There are reasons to prefer LED as the light source in VLC while a lot
of other illumination devices like fluorescent lamp, incandescent bulb etc. are
available.

Li-Fi Transmitter
If Li-Fi technology takes off, all LED lights could potentially provide internet
connectivity. Wi-Fi connectivity from a light bulb or Li-Fi has come a step
closer, say Chinese scientist. A microchipped bulb can produce data speeds of
upto 150Mbps, Chinan, IT professor at Shanghai’s Fudan University told
Xinhua News.
LiFi is a new class of high intensity light source of solid state design bringing
clean lightning solutions to general and specialty lightning with energy
efficiency, long useful lifetime, full spectrum and dimming.
Four primary sub-assemblies
 Bulb
 RF power amplifier circuit
 PCB
 Enclosure
The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp ad houses the
microcontroller used to manage different lamp function. An RF signal is
generated by the solid state PA and is guided into an electric field about the
bulb. The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the
contents of the bulb to a plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these
subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure.
Function of the Bulb Sub Assembly
At the heart of LiFi is the bulb sub assembly where a sealed bulb is embedded
in a dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional light
sources that insert degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material
serves two purposes; first as a wave guide for the RF energy transmitted by the
RF-Power Amplifier and second as an electric field concentrates that focuses
energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field rapidly heats the material
in the bulb to plasma state that emits light of high intensity and full spectrum.

Li-Fi Receiver
Figure of Data transmission using LED
The figure illustrates a main server connecting the internet is transmitted
over visible light transmitter Li-Fi LED lamp, which collects at receiving end,
by photodiode and decoded, amplified and transmit to the computer.
Basic Li-FI receiver is of a photodiode which collect incoming visible
lights which are tuned for certain intensities produce signals that can be
demodulated or decoded by a Li-Fi modem or router.

Present Scenario of Radio Waves
Capacity
Now datas are transmitted over radio waves. Radio waves are limited and little
scare and very expensive to set up the base stations and other things.
Considering the capacity of radio waves it has only limited certain range. With
the advent of 2.5G, 3G and 4G new generation technologies, we are running out
of spectrum.
Efficiency
There are 1.4 million cellular radio base stations all over the world. These
cellular towers and base stations consumes massive amount of energy, and most
of the energy used for cooling down the systems. Efficiency of such base
stations are less than ten percent.
Availability
We have to switch off our mobile phones in most of the airplanes. In mid sea
the availability is almost zero. Radio wave communication inside or near the
power plants and petrol pumps are banned or limited. Most of the petroleum
companies has banned usage of mobile phones inside the company.
Security
Radio waves penetrate through walls, is an advantage. But in some cases
regarding the security issues, they can be intercepted. If someone has
knowledge and bad intentions, he may misuse it.

Drawbacks of other Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Gamma rays are simply very dangerous and thus can’t be used for our
purpose of communication.
 X-Rays are good in hospital and can’t be used either
 UV rays in long duration is dangerous
 IR increases heat and can’t be used in high powers
 Radio waves are short in bandwidth, not environmental
Visible light are faster, large bandwidths, secure, environmental.

Comparison Between Li-Fi & Wi-Fi
Li-Fi is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology
applied to high speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the
similarity to WI-FI, only using light instead of radio. WI-FI is great for general
wireless coverage within buildings, and li-fi is ideal for high density wireless
data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues, so the
two technologies can be considered complimentary.
The table also contains the current wireless technologies that can be used for
transferring data between devices today, i.e. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and IrDA. Only
Wi-Fi currently offers very high data rates. The IEEE 802.11.n in most
implementations provides up to 150Mbit/s (in theory the standard can go to
600Mbit/s) although in practice you receive considerably less than this. Note
that one out of three of these is an optical technology.

How it is Different?
Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the
data can be with the help of all kinds of light, no matter the part of the spectrum
that they belong. That is, the light can belong to the invisible, ultraviolet or the
visible part of the spectrum. Also, the speed of the internet is incredibly high
and you can download movies, games, music etc in just a few minutes with the
help of this technology. Also, the technology removes limitations that have been
put on the user by the Wi-Fi. You no more need to be in a region that is Wi-Fi
enabled to have access to the internet. You can simply stand under any form of
light and surf the internet as the connection is made in case of any light
presence. There cannot be anything better than this technology.
Figure Shows Basic Working and advantages

Applications OF Li-Fi
You Might Just Live Longer
For a long time, medical technology has lagged behind the rest of the wireless
world. Operating rooms do not allow Wi-Fi over radiation concerns, and there is
also that whole lack of dedicated spectrum. While Wi-Fi is in place in many
hospitals, interference from cell phones and computers can block signals from
monitoring equipment. Li-Fi solves both problems: lights are not only allowed
in operating rooms, but tend to be the most glaring (pun intended) fixtures in the
room. And, as Haas mentions in his TED Talk, Li-Fi has 10,000 times the
spectrum of Wi-Fi, so maybe we can, delegate red light to priority medical data.
Code Red!
Airlines
Airline Wi-Fi, Nothing says captive audience likes having to pay for the
"service" of dial-up speed Wi-Fi on the plane. And don’t get started on the
pricing. The best have heard so far is that passengers will "soon" be offered a
"high-speed like" connection on some airlines. United is planning on speeds as
high as 9.8 Mbps per plane. Uh, we have twice that capacity in our living room.
And at the same price as checking a bag, we expect it. Li-Fi could easily
introduce that sort of speed to each seat's reading light.
Smarter Power Plants
Wi-Fi and many other radiation types are bad for sensitive areas. Like those
surrounding power plants. But power plants need fast, inter-connected data
systems to monitor things like demand, grid integrity and (in nuclear plants)
core temperature. The savings from proper monitoring at a single power plant
can add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Li-Fi could offer safe, abundant
connectivity for all areas of these sensitive locations. Not only would this save
money related to currently implemented solutions, but the draw on a power
plant’s own reserves could be lessened if they haven’t yet converted to LED
lighting

Undersea Awesomeness
Underwater ROVs, those favorite toys of treasure seekers and James Cameron,
operate from large cables that supply their power and allow them to receive
signals from their pilots above. ROVs work great, except when the tether isn’t
long enough to explore an area, or when it gets stuck on something. If their
wires were cut and replaced with light — say from a submerged, high-powered
lamp — then they would be much freer to explore. They could also use their
headlamps to communicate with each other, processing data autonomously and
referring findings periodically back to the surface, all the while obtaining their
next batch of orders.
It Could Keep You Informed and Save Lives
Say there’s an earthquake in somewhere or a thunder storm. The average people
may not know what the protocols are for those kinds of disasters. Until they
pass under a street light, that is. Remember, with Li-Fi, if there’s light, you’re
online. Subway stations and tunnels, common dead zones for most emergency
communications, pose no obstruction. Plus, in times less stressing cities could
opt to provide cheap high-speed Web access to every street corner.
Uses In Various Areas
Can be used in the places where it is difficult to lay the optical fiber like
hospitals. In operation theatre LiFi can be used for modern medical instruments.
In traffic signals LiFi can be used which will communicate with the LED lights
of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased. Thousand and millions of
street lamps can be transferred to LiFi lamps to transfer data. In aircraft LiFi can
be used for data transmission. It can be used in petroleum or chemical plants
where other transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.
Harald Haas, a professor at the University of Edinburgh who began his research
in the field in 2004, gave a debut demonstration of what he called a Li-Fi
prototype at the TED Global conference in Edinburgh on 12th July 2011. He
used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a video of blooming flowers
that was then projected onto a screen behind him. During the event he

periodically blocked the light from lamp to prove that the lamp was indeed the
source of incoming data. At TED Global, Haas demonstrated a data rate of
transmission of around 10Mbps-comparable to a fairly good UK broadband
connection. Two months later he achieved 123Mbps.
Green Information Technology
It means , unlike radio waves and other communication waves affects on birds,
human bodies etc.. Li-Fi never gives such kind of side effects on any living
thing.
Communication Safety
Due to visual light communication, the node or any terminal attach to our
network is visible to the host of network. So we can take this as a an advantage
of Li-Fi in case of securities.
Multi User Communication
Li-Fi supports the broadcasting of the networks, it helps to share multiple thing
at a single instance called broadcasting. Using more connections in a single
network does not make large problems as like we connecting in a Wi-Fi
network.
Hotspots of Lighting Points
Any lighting device is performed as a hotspot it means that the light device like
car lights, ceiling lights, street lamps etc are area able to spread internet
connectivity using visual light communication. This helps us to low cost
architecture for hotspot. Hotspot is a limited region in which some amount of
device can access data through internet connectivity.

Block Diagram of Li-Fi Internet Connectivity
The technology removes limitations that have been put on the user by the Wi-Fi.
You no more need to be in a region that is Wi-Fi enabled to have access to the
internet. You can simply stand under any form of light and surf the internet as
the connection is made in case of any light presence. There cannot be anything
better than this technology.
To further get a grasp of Li-Fi consider an IR remote. It sends a
single data of bits at the rate of 10000-20000 bps. Now replace the IR LED with
a Light Box containing a large LED array.

UK Research Report
UK researchers said they have achieved data transmission speeds of 10Gbps via
LiFi. The researchers used a micro-LED light bulb to transmit 3.5Gbps via
each of the three primary colors – Red, Green and Blue – that make white light.
This means over 10Gbps is possible. LiFi is an emerging technology that could
see specialized LED lights bulbs providing low cost internet connectivity almost
everywhere.
Li-Fi Data Delivery Rates
The research known as the ultra-parallel visible light communication project, is
a joint venture between the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews, Starthclyde,
Oxford and Cambridge, and funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council.
The tiny micro LED bulbs, developed by the University of Starthclyde, Gas
blow, allow streams of light to be beamed in parallel, each multiplying the
amount of data that can be transmitted at any one time.

“ If you think of a shower head separating water out into parallel streams, that’s
how we can make light behave “ said the Prof. Harald Haas.
Using Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM), researchers
enabled micro LED bulbs to handle millions of changes in light intensity per
second, effectively behaving like an extremely fast ON-OFF switch. This
enables large chunks of binary data- a series of ones and zeroes- to be
transmitted at high speed.
Earlier this year, Germany’s Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute claimed that
data rates up to 1Gbps per LED light frequency were possible in laboratory
conditions. Chinese scientists reportedly developed a microchipped LED bulb
that can produce data up to 150Mbps with one bulb providing internet
connectivity for four computers.

Recent Updates
Prof. Harald Haas has been in forefront of Li-Fi research for more than ten
years. In 2011 he demonstrated how an LED bulb equipped with the signal
processing technology could stream a HD Video to a computer.
His Li-Fi company called pureLiFiTM introduced two new products this year in
market which works fine with high speed data communication. These home
devices can achieve capacity of data transmission rate at more than 1Gbps,
which can stream high definition 3D, 4K videos without any stuck or clarity
loss.

Conclusion
The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If his technology
can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like Wi-Fi
hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward the cleaner,
greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a
great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient
alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their
many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly
clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal.
This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and
also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless isn’t allowed such as
aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it work in direct
line of sight.

Reference
[1] Prof. Harald Haas’s pureLiFi project website, www.purelifi.com
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
[3] http://teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html
[4] technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/11/a-lifi-world/
[5] www.lificonsortium.org/
[6] the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-thespeed-of-light/
[7] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
[8] www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/Li-Fi.html
[9] dvice.com/archives/2012/08/lifi-ten-ways-i.php
[10] Will Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, Scientist Jamie Condliffe, 28 July 2011
[11] http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi
[12] ”Visible-light communication: Tripping the light fantastic: A fast and
cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming”, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012

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