Cloud computing

INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CLOUD COMPUTING

Introduction to Cloud Computing
UTILITYCOMPUTING
• Computing is being
transformed into a model
consisting of services that are
commoditized and delivered in
a manner similar to utilities
such as water, electricity, gas,
and telephony.
• In such a model, users access
services based on their
requirements, regardless of
where the services arehosted.
CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

• Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand delivery of
computing power; consumers pay providers based on usage (“pay as-
you-go”).

Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as
services over the Internet and the hardware and system
software in the datacenters that provide those services.
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
characterizes cloud computing as Cloud computing is a
model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is based on the concept of dynamic
provisioning, which is applied not only to services but also to
compute capability, storage, networking, and information
technology(IT) infrastructure in general.
• Resources are made available through the Internet and
offered on a pay-per-use basis from cloud computing
vendors.
• Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime
environments, and services on a pay- per-use basis.

Cloud Computing
• It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is
viewed as a “cloud,” from which businesses and individuals
access applications from anywhere in the world on demand.
• The main principle behind this model is offering computing,
storage, and software “as a service.
A cloud should have:
• pay-per-use (no ongoing commitment, utilityprices);
• elastic capacity and the illusion of infiniteresources;
• self-service interface; and
• resources that are abstracted or virtualised.

Popular Cloud Service Providers

Roots of Cloud
We can track the roots of clouds computing by observing the
advancement of several technologies, especially in
• Hardware (virtualization, multi-core chips),
• Internet technologies (Web services, service-oriented
architectures, Web 2.0),
• Distributed computing (clusters, grids),and
• Systems management (autonomic computing, data center
automation).

Roots of Cloud

Roots of Cloud
Evolution Path
• From Mainframes to Clouds
• SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups
• Grid Computing
• Utility Computing
• Hardware Virtualization
• Autonomic Computing

Roots of Cloud
From Mainframes to Clouds
• We are currently experiencing a switch in the IT world,
from in-house generated computing power into utility-
supplied computing resources delivered over the
Internet as Web services.
• Several technologies have in some way aimed at
turning the utility computing concept intoreality.
• In the 1970s, companies who offered common data
processing tasks, such as payroll automation, operated
time-shared mainframes as utilities, which could serve
dozens of applications and often operated close to
100% of their capacity.

Roots of Cloud
• For instance, from 1950 to
1970, a handful of
mainframes, including the
IBM 360 and CDC 6400,
were built to satisfy the
demands of large businesses
and government
organizations.
• In fact, mainframes had to
operate at very high
utilization rates simply
because they were very
expensive and costs should
be justified by efficient
usage.

Roots of Cloud
• The mainframe era collapsed
with the advent of fast and
inexpensive microprocessors
and IT data centers moved to
collections of commodity
servers.
• From 1960 to 1980, lower-cost
minicomputers such as the DEC
PDP 11 and VAX Series became
popular
businesses
among small
and on college
campuses.
• From 1970 to 1990, we saw
widespread use of personal
computers built with VLSI
microprocessors

Roots of Cloud
Distributed Computing (Cluster,Grid)
• A distributed system is a collection of independent computers
that appears to its users as a single coherent system.
• A distributed computer system consists of multiple software
components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single
system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be
physically close together and connected by a local network, or
they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area
network.
• A distributed system can consist of any number of possible
configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers,
workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed
computing is to make such a network work as a singlecomputer.

Roots of Cloud
Cluster
• Cluster computing or High-Performance computing
frameworks is a form of computing in which bunch of
computers (often called nodes) that are connected
through a LAN (local area network) so that, they behave
like a single machine.
• Cluster computing is a form of computing in which a
group of computers are linked together so that they can
act like a single computer.
• It is the technique of linking two or more computers into
a network (usually through a local area network) in order
to take advantage of the parallel processing power of
those computers.

Roots of Cloud
Cluster computing started as a low-
cost alternative to the use of
mainframes and supercomputers.
Starting in the 1980s, clusters
become the standard technology for
parallel and high-performance
computing.
Built by commodity machines, they
were cheaper than mainframes and
made high-performance computing
available to a large number of
groups, including universities and
small research labs.

Roots of Cloud
Grid Computing
• Grid computing appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of
cluster computing. In an analogy to the power grid, grid
computing proposed a new approach to access large
computational power, huge storage facilities, and a variety of
services.
• Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected
(over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks
together, such as analysing e-commerce data and solve a complex
problem. Grids are a form of "super virtual computer" that solve
a particular application.
• Grids initially developed as aggregations of geographically
dispersed clusters by means of Internet connections.

Roots of Cloud
Grid Computing
• These clusters belonged to different organizations, and arrangements
were made among them to share the computational power.
• Different from a “large cluster,” a computing grid was a dynamic
aggregation of heterogeneous computing nodes, and its scale was
nationwide or even worldwide.
• Grid computing enables aggregation of distributed resources and
transparently access to them.
• Most production grids such as TeraGrid and EGEE seek to share
compute and storage resources distributed across different
administrative domains, with their main focus being speeding up a
broad range of scientific applications, such as climate modeling, drug
design, and protein analysis.

Roots of Cloud
LHC – CERN-WLCG

Roots of Cloud
SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups
• The emergence of Web services (WS) open standards has
significantly contributed to advances in the domain of software
integration.
• Web services can glue together applications running on different
messaging product platforms, enabling information from one
application to be made available to others, and enabling internal
applications to be made available over theInternet.
• WS standards have been created on top of existing ubiquitous
technologies such as HTTP and XML, thus providing a common
mechanism for delivering services, making them ideal for
implementing a service-orientedarchitecture(SOA).

Roots of Cloud
SOA
• In a SOA, software resources are packaged as “services,” which are
well-defined, self contained modules that provide standard business
functionality and are independent of the state or context of other
services.
• A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in
computer software design in which application components provide
services to other components via a communications protocol,
typically over a network. The principles of service-orientation are
independent of any product, vendor or technology.
• Many service providers, such as Amazon, del.icio.us, Facebook, and
Google, make their service APIs publicly accessible using standard
protocols such as SOAP and REST.
• SOA is related to early efforts on the architecture style of large-scale
distributed systems, particularly Representational State Transfer
(REST).
• Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) SOAP provides a standard
packaging structure for transmission of XML documents over various
Internet protocols, such as SMTP, HTTP, and FTP.

Roots of Cloud
Web 2.0
• At present, the We encompasses a set of technologies and services that
facilitate interactive information sharing, collaboration, user-centered
design, and application composition.
• This evolution has transformed the Web into a rich platform for application
development and is known as Web 2.0.
• Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility into Web pages, providing
enhanced user experience by gaining Web-based access to all the functions
that are normally found in desktop applications.
• These capabilities are obtained by integrating a collection of standards and
technologies such as XML, Asynchronous Java Script and XML (AJAX), Web
Services, and others.
• Examples of Web2.0 applications are Google Documents, Google Maps,
Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, de.li.cious, Blogger, and Wikipedia.

Roots of Cloud
Virtualization
• Cloud computing services are usually backed by large-scale data
centers composed of thousands of computers. Such data centers
are built to serve many users and host many disparate
applications.
• For this purpose, hardware virtualization can be considered as a
perfect fit to overcome most operational issues of data center
building and maintenance.
• Virtualization has been around for more than 40 years, but its
application has always been limited by technologies that did not
allow an efficient use of virtualization solutions. Today these
limitations have been substantially overcome, and virtualization
has become a fundamental element of cloudcomputing.

Roots of Cloud
• Virtualization is essentially a technology that allows creation of different
computing environments. These environments are called virtual because
they simulate the interface that is expected By a guest. The most
common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization
• Hardware virtualization allows running multiple operating systems and
software stacks on a single physical platform. Virtual machine monitor
(VMM), also called a hypervisor, mediates access to the physical
hardware presenting to each guest operating system a virtual machine
(VM), which is a set of virtual platform interfaces.
• Virtualization is the base technology that enables cloud computing
solutions to deliver virtual servers on demand, such as Amazon EC2,
RightScale, VMware vCloud, and others.
• A number of VMM platforms exist that are the basis of many utility or
cloud computing environments. The most notable ones, VMWare, Xen,
and KV

Desired Features of Cloud
Cloud Computing - Desired Features of
Cloud
3
0

To satisfy the expectations of consumers cloud must provide,
• Self-Service
• Per Usage Metering – Billing
• Elastic
• Customization
Cloud

Self Service
• On-demand instant
access to resources
• Must allow self service
access, So customers can
request, customize, pay
and use services without
intervention.
Cloud
3
2

Per Usage Metering and Billing
• Services must be prized on short term basis
• Allow users to release resources as soon as they are not needed.
• Must offer efficient trading services like prizing, accounting and billing
• Metering should be done accordingly for different services
• Usage promptly reported
3
3

Elasticity
• Infinite computing resources available on demand.
• Rapidly provide resources in any quantity and at any time.
• Additional resources can be provided when application load
increases
• Release when load decreases.

Customization
• Resources rented from cloud must be customizable.
• In IaaS – allow users to deploy specialised virtual appliances
and give privileged access to servers.

Challenges and Risks of Cloud Computing
Despite the initial success and popularity of the cloud computing paradigm and the extensive
availability of providers and tools, a significant number of challenges and risks are inherent to
this new model of computing.
Issues faced in cloud computing are
• Security, Privacy and Trust
• Data Lock in Standardization
• Availability, Fault-Tolerance, and Disaster Recovery
• Resource Management and Energy Efficient

Security, Privacy and Trust
• Current cloud offerings are essentially public, exposing the system to more attacks.
For this reason there are potentially additional challenges to make cloud computing
environments as secure as in-house IT systems.
• Security and privacy affect the entire cloud computing stack, since there is a massive
use of third-party services and infrastructures that are used to host important data or to
perform critical operations.
• In this scenario, the trust toward providers is fundamental to ensure the desired level
of privacy for applications hosted in the cloud.
• Legal and regulatory issues also need attention. When data are moved into the Cloud,
providers may choose to locate them anywhere on the planet.
• The physical location of data centers determines the set of laws that can be applied to
the management of data.

• For example, specific cryptography techniques could not be used because they are not
allowed in some countries.
• Similarly, country laws can impose that sensitive data, such as patient health records,
are to be stored within national border.
Security, Privacy and Trust
Data Lock-In and Standardization
• A major concern of cloud computing users is about having their data locked-in by a
certain provider.
• Users may want to move data and applications out from a provider that does not
meet their requirements.
• However, in their current form, cloud computing infrastructures and platforms do not
employ standard methods of storing user data and applications.

• The answer to this concern is standardization. In this direction, there are efforts to
create open standards for cloud computing.
• The Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF) was formed by organizations such
as Intel, Sun, and Cisco in order to “enable a global cloud computing ecosystem whereby
organizations are able to seamlessly work together for the purposes for wider industry
adoption of cloud computing technology.”
• The development of the Unified Cloud Interface (UCI) by CCIF aims at creating a
standard programmatic point of access to an entire cloud infrastructure.
• In the hardware virtualization sphere, the Open Virtual Format (OVF) aims at facilitating
packing and distribution of software to be run on VMs so that virtual appliances can be
made portable—that is, seamlessly run on hypervisor of different vendor
Data Lock-In and Standardization

Availability, Fault-Tolerance and Disaster Recovery
• Availability of the service, its overall performance, and what measures are to be taken
when something goes wrong in the system or its components is very essential in cloud.
• Users seek for a warranty before they can comfortably move their business to the
cloud.
• SLAs, which include QoS requirements, must be ideally set up between customers and
cloud computing providers to act as warranty.
• An SLA specifies the details of the service to be provided, including availability and
performance guarantees.
• Additionally, metrics must be agreed upon by all parties, and penalties for violating the
expectations must also be approved

Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency
• Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency One important challenge faced by
providers of cloud computing services is the efficient management of virtualized
resource pools.
• Physical resources such as CPU cores, disk space, and network bandwidth must be
sliced and shared among virtual machines running potentially heterogeneous workloads.
• The multi-dimensional nature of virtual machines complicates the activity of finding a
good mapping of VMs onto available physical hosts while maximizing user utility.
• Dimensions to be considered include: number of CPUs, amount of memory, size of
virtual disks, and network bandwidth.
• Dynamic VM mapping policies may leverage the ability to suspend, migrate, and
resume VMs as an easy way of preempting low-priority allocations in favor of higher-
priority ones.

• Migration of VMs also brings additional challenges such as detecting when to initiate a
migration, which VM to migrate, and where to migrate.
• In addition, policies may take advantage of live migration of virtual machines to relocate
data center load without significantly disrupting running services.
• Data centers consumer large amounts of electricity. According to a data published byHP,
100 server racks can consume 1.3MWof power and another 1.3 MW are required by the
cooling system, thus costing USD 2.6 million per year.
• Besides the monetary cost, data centers significantly impact the environment in terms
of CO2 emissions from the cooling systems.
Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
Downtime
• With massive overload on the servers from various clients, the service provider might
come up against technical outages. Due to this unavoidable situation your business could
be temporarily sabotaged.
• And in case your internet connection is down, you will not be able to access the data,
software or applications on the cloud. So basically you are depending on the quality of
the internet to access the tools and software, as it is not installed in-house.
Security
• There is room for imminent risk for your data even though cloud service providers
abide by strict confidentiality terms, are industry certified and implement the best
security standards.
• When you seek to use cloud-based technology you are extending your access controls
to a third party agent to import critical confidential data from your company onto the
cloud

• The presence of data on the cloud opens up a greater risk of data theft as hackers
could find loopholes in the framework. Basically your data on the cloud is at a higher
risk, than if it was managed in-house.
• Hackers could find ways to gain access to data, scan, exploit a loophole and look for
vulnerabilities on the cloud server to gain access to the data.
• For instance, when you are dealing with a multi-tenant cloud server, the chances of a
hacker breaking into your data is quite high, as the server has data stored by multiple
users.
• But the cloud-based servers take enough precautions to prevent data thefts and the
likelihood of being hacked is quite less.
Security

Vendor Lock-In
• Companies might find it a bit of a hassle to change the vendors.
• Although the cloud service providers assure that it is a breeze to use the cloud and
integrate your business needs with them, disengaging and moving to the next vendor is
not a forte that’s completely evolved.
• As the applications that work fine with one platform may not be compatible with
another.
• The transition might pose a risk and the change could be inflexible due to
synchronization and support issues.

Limited Control
• Organizations could have limited access control on the data, tools and apps as the
cloud is controlled by the service provider.
• It hands over minimal control to the customer, as the access is only limited to the
applications, tools and data that is loaded on the server and no access to the
infrastructure itself.
• The customer may not have access to the key administrative services

Legal Issues
• Legal issues may also arise. These are specifically tied to the ubiquitous nature of
cloud computing, which spreads computing infrastructure across diverse geographical
locations.
• Different legislation about privacy in different countries may potentially create
disputes as to the rights that third parties (including government agencies) have to your
data.
• U.S. legislation is known to give extreme powers to government agencies to acquire
confidential data when there is the suspicion of operations leading to a threat to
national security.
• European countries are more restrictive and protect the right of privacy.

Benefits of Cloud
No upfront commitment
• IT assets, namely software and infrastructure, are turned into utility costs, which are
paid for as long as they are used, not paid for upfront.
• Capital costs are costs associated with assets that need to be paid in advance to start a
business activity.
• Before cloud computing, IT infrastructure and software generated capital costs, since
they were paid upfront so that business start-ups could afford a computing
infrastructure, enabling the business activities of the organization.

Cost efficiency
• The most evident benefit from the use of cloud computing systems and technologies is
the increased economical return due to the reduced maintenance costs and operational
costs related to IT software and infrastructure.
• The biggest reason behind shifting to cloud computing is that it takes considerably
lesser cost than an on-premise technology.
• Now the companies need not store the data in disks anymore as the Cloud offers
enormous storage space, saving money and resources of the companies.
• It helps you to save substantial capital cost as it does not need any physical hardware
investments.
• Also, you do not need trained personnel to maintain the hardware. The buying and
managing of equipment is done by the cloud service provider.

On Demand
• Services can be accessed on demand and only when required.
• Cloud users can access the required services only when they need and pay for only for
the usage.
• Any subscriber of cloud service can access the services from anywhere and at
anytime.
Disaster Recovery:
• It is highly recommended that businesses have an emergency backup plan ready in
the case of an emergency. Cloud storage can be used as a back‐up plan by businesses by
providing a second copy of important files.
• These files are stored at a remote location and can be accessed through an internet
connection.

Excellent accessibility
• Storing the information in cloud allows you to access it anywhere and anytime
regardless of the machine making it highly accessible and flexible technology of present
times.
• Information and services stored in the cloud are exposed to users by Web-based
interfaces that make them accessible from portable devices as well as desktops at
home.
Scalability
• If you are anticipating a huge upswing in computing need (or even if you are surprised
by a sudden demand), cloud computing can help you manage. Rather than having to
buy, install, and configure new equipment, you can buy additional CPU cycles or storage
from a third party.
• For example, organizations can add more servers to process workload spikes and
dismiss them when they are no longer needed.

Flexibility
• Increased agility in defining and structuring software systems is another significant
benefit of cloud computing.
• Since organizations rent IT services, they can more dynamically and flexibly compose
their software systems, without being constrained by capital costs for IT assets.
• There is a reduced need for capacity planning, since cloud computing allows
organizations to react to unplanned surges in demand quite rapidly.

Are driverless cars safe?
• This is one of the questions that continues to pop up in the driverless car debate:
• is it safe to hand over control of a vehicle to a robot?
• Use your conclusion mam

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Cloud computing

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