2. Anophthalmia-Absence of globe
Defined as an orbit not containing an eye ball, but has orbital soft tissues
usually acquired, rarely congenital
The most common cause - enucleation of the globe
3. SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN THE REMOVAL OF AN EYE
Classified into three categories
Evisceration-
Removal of the contents of the
globe
leaves the sclera ,fat,EOM, and
other adjacent structures of the eye
intact and sometimes the cornea in
place.
Enucleation-
Removal of the eye
leaves EOM and remaining
orbital contents intact.
Exenteration
Removal of the entire
contents of the orbit
including EOM
4. Tenon's capsule-
Thin membrane which envelops the eyeball from the optic nerve to the limbus
Separates eyeball from the orbital fat
Forms a socket in which it moves
In front it adheres to the conjunctiva.
After enucleation orbital implant inserted to the Tenon's capsule in order
to keep the orbital size
to keep eye animation
8. Ideal anophthalmic socket
1.A centrally placed, well-covered, buried implant of adequate volume, fabricated from
a bio-inert material
2. A socket lined with healthy conjunctiva and fornices deep enough to retain a
prosthesis and to permit horizontal and vertical movements of an artificial eye
3. Eyelids with normal position ,appearance and adequate tone to support a prosthesis
4. A supratarsal eyelid fold that is symmetric with that of the C/l eyelid
9. 5. Normal position of the eyelashes and eyelid margin
6. Good transmission of motility from the implant to the overlying prosthesis
7. A comfortable ocular prosthesis that looks similar to the sighted, contralateral
globe and in the same horizontal plane
10. Enucleation/evisceration
secondary implantation
surgery
Conformer is placed in
the conjunctival fornices
to maintain the
conjunctival space
conformer is replaced
with a custom-made
ocular prosthesis
typically fashioned 4–6
weeks
ORBITAL IMPLANT CONFORMER OCULAR PROSTHESIS
12. Anophthalmic surgery
Successful anophthalmic surgery is achieved when the anophthalmic patient obtains
a painless, non-inflamed eye socket
with adequate volume restoration
an artificial eye that looks and moves almost as naturally as a normal eye
The optimal time to achieve the best functional and cosmetic result for the anophthalmic
patient is at the time of enucleation
13. Most socket reconstructive surgeries are required to address the following problems:
1. A volume deficit following loss of the globe
2. Contracture of the socket
3. Orbital implant exposure, extrusion, and malposition
14. History
500 B.C.:Egyptians and Romans wore ocular prostheses
1555 :Johannes Lange (Lowenberg, Germany) 1st to mention enucleation (or extirpation
as it was called then)
1583 :George Bartisch 1st recorded description of
removal of an eye for treatment of severe ocular disease
(Extirpation)
15. • 1579 :Ambroise Pare described the 1st prosthesis which was made of metal and coated with
paint .
• 1841: O’Ferrall (Dublin) and Bonnet (Paris) established current enucleation technique
• 1817 :1st recorded evisceration by James Bear
• 1874: Noyes -1st to perform a routine evisceration procedure
•
16. 1884: P.H. Mules developed a unique technique for evisceration
a milestone in ophthalmic surgery
He inserted a hollow glass sphere (the “Mules” sphere) into the scleral cavity after removal
of the cornea and intraocular contents
Since then Sponge, rubber, paraffin, ivory, wool, cork, cartilage, fat, bone, Vitallium,
platinum, aluminum, silver, and gold were used as implant.
17. 1886:Frost 1st described the placement of an orbital implant into an enucleated socket
1820s-1890s :Enamel prostheses introduced ;expensive and not durable.
1835 :Germans introduced cryolite glass
made of arsenic oxide and cryolite from NaAlF
grayish-white color suitable for a prosthetic eye
a tube of glass was heated on one end until the form of a ball obtained.
Various colors of glass used to imitate the natural eye color
18. • 19th century:German craftsmen ("ocularists") began to tour the US and other parts of the
world, fabricated eyes and fit them to patients
• Stock eyes (or pre-made eyes) were also utilized. An "eye doctor" might keep hundreds of
glass stock eyes in cabinets, and would fit patients with the best eye right out of the
drawer.
19. After the onset of WW II, when German glass blowers no longer toured US,the US
and practitioners developed prostheses using oil pigments and plastics.
•1940 :Naval dental school used acrylic resin in
fabricating a custom ocular prosthesis.
The acrylic eye was
•easy to fit and adjust
•Unbreakable
• inert to ocular fluids
•aesthetical good
•longer lasting
•easier to fabricate
20. • 1950s:A variety of implant designs were tried with an attempt to indirectly couple the
implant to an overlying artificial eye by modifying the anterior surface of the implant as
as the posterior surface of the prosthesis.
• The Allen and subsequently the Iowa enucleation implants were buried integrated (
integrated”) implants.
21. 1950s and 1960s :Troutman, Uribe, Iliff - magnetic implants
1987 :Universal implant
1989:spherical implants made of silicone, glass, or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
mid- to late 1980s The introduction of coralline hydroxyapatite orbital implants in
enucleation, evisceration, or secondary orbital implant surgery
Several other porous implant materials have since been introduced as alternatives (e.g.
synthetic hydroxyapatite, porous polyethylene, aluminum oxide).
22.
23. Anophthalmic implant: Material or substance used to replace an enucleated or eviscerated
globe
(e.g. polymethylmethacrylate, silicone,hydroxyapatite, aluminum oxide, porous polyethylene,
etc.)
Porous implant: Refers to an implant with numerous interconnected pores or channels
throughout its structure that permit fibrovascular ingrowth
(e.g. hydroxyapatite, aluminum oxide, porous polyethylene)
Nonporous implant: Refers to an implant that is solid and does not allow fibrovascular
ingrowth
(e.g. polymethylmethacrylate, silicone)
24. Buried implant:
an implant that has been placed within the anophthalmic socket with an overlying closed,
smooth, uninterrupted conjunctival surface completely covering the anophthalmic implant
Exposed implant:
an implant that does not have an overlying closed, smooth, uninterrupted surface completely
covering it.
An exposed implant is an unwanted complication postoperatively with any implant
25. Integrated implant:
an implant that can be directly coupled to the overlying prosthetic eye with a peg system.
As there is a small break in the overlying conjunctiva through which the peg protrudes,
Sometimes known as a partially exposed integrated implant
Non-integrated implant
An implant that has been placed within the anophthalmic socket that has no connection with
the overlying prosthetic eye.
There is a closed, smooth, uninterrupted conjunctival surface completely covering the
anophthalmic implant. Also known as a “buried non-integrated implant”
26. Peg:
A motility coupling post, made of titanium, which permits direct coupling of the implant
movement to an overlying prosthesis.
Pegs may be inserted within sleeves that are drilled into the anterior aspect of the implant.
27. Quasi-integrated implant
(buried integrated implant OR indirectly integrated implant)
An implant that has been placed within the anophthalmic socket with a
closed, uninterrupted conjunctival surface completely covering
an anophthalmic implant that has an irregular anterior surface,
allowing indirect coupling (“quasi-integration”) of implant to
overlying, modified prosthesis
(e.g., Allen, Iowa, Universal, MEDPOR Quad implants).
Recently designed magnetic coupling systems may also be classified as quasi-integrated .
28. Integrated implants
designed to improve prosthesis motility by coupling to the overlying prosthesis.
Implant is exposed through the conjunctiva
directly coupled to the prosthesis with a peg, pin, screw or other method.
29. Semi-integrated ocular implants
• consist of an acrylic resin implant with 4 protruding mounds on the anterior
surface
• These acrylic resin mounds protrude against the encapsulating tissue
• The ocular prosthesis is made with a counter contour to the implant on the
posterior surface of the prosthesis.
32. Ideal orbital implant
Maintain Natural Lid Shape : ability to receive a motility/support peg, to support the weight
of the artificial eye to prevent lower lid laxity and malposition over time .
Light Weight
Porosity: The implant must allow vascular orbital tissues to invade its structure to:
a) lock it into place and prevent migration
b) allow it to fight infections from within the implant via the vascular bed infiltrating the implant
c) support "healing from within" of any defect in the conjunctival-Tenon's closure
33. True Integration The implant must be directly integrated (e.g., via a peg) with the artificial
eye to allow direct transfer of all available movement from the rectus muscles to the
artificial eye
Natural Biocompatibility: the implant must be a natural material and readily accepted by
the tissues of the orbit to prevent "synthetic implant syndrome" i.e., pseudocapsule
formation around the implant. This pseudocapsule is the body's way of walling off a foreign
material
Non toxic
non allergic
34. Current Classification of Implants
porous or nonporous, and in either category, the implants are non-integrated, integrated,
or quasi-integrated
Porous implants (hydroxyapatite, porous polyethylene, aluminum oxide)
Nonporous implants (silicone,polymethylmethacrylate)
Quasi integrated (or indirectly integrated) implants may be porous or nonporous and,
because of their irregular anterior surface, are partially coupled to the overlying prosthetic
eye (e.g., Allen, Iowa, Universal, MEDPOR ® Quad implant).
35. Acrylic sphere
Acrylic, or methylmethacrylate
is the most basic implant
best used in cases of trauma, such as a severe gunshot wound to the orbit
Silicone sphere
similar to an acrylic implant but slightly more pliable.
Non porous inert spherical implants
36. Non porous inert spherical implants
Advantages
Provide comfort and low rates of extrusion.
Cost-effective choice in patients.
Disadvantages
decreased motility and implant migration.
37. Porous Orbital Implants
Hydroxyapatite
Perry (1985) introduced coralline (sea coral)(HA) spheres
complex calcium phosphate
regular and complete system of interconnecting pores ( 500-µm pore size )
secure attachment of the extra ocular muscles
The most suitable for peg–sleeve system.
38. Disadvantages of HA:
Surface is abrasive
conjonctival thinning
Extrusion or exposure
infection
Pyogenic granuloma formation
Costly
Synthetic HA implants
developed by FCI
Chinese HA
Brazilian HA
Less expensive
Poor porous structure
39. Synthetic porous polyethylene (MEDPOR)
a porous type of plastic
Less biocompatible than HA
Well tolerated by orbital soft tissue
The surface is nonabrasive so extrusion is rare.
They may be used with or without a wrapping material
extra ocular muscles can be sutured directly onto the implant
40. available in spherical, egg, conical, and mounded shapes (MEDPOR ® Quad implant)
The anterior surface can also be manufactured with a smooth, nonporous surface to prevent
abrasion of the overlying tissue (e.g., MEDPOR ® smooth surface tunnel implant – SST™.
41. Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3, Alumina, Bioceramic implant)
porous, inert substance
permit host fibrovascular ingrowth
Human fibroblasts and osteoblasts proliferate more rapidly on aluminum oxide than HA
suggesting it is a more biocompatible substance than HA
lightweight
has a uniform pore structure and excellent pore interconnectivity
The microcrystalline structure is smoother than the rough surfaced Bio-Eye
A protein coating that forms after insertion prevents the implant from being recognized as
a foreign body This inert nature of these implants is a potentially critical advantage in
minimizing socket inflammation.
Less expensive
43. Advantages of vicryl mesh wrap
Facilitates entry into the orbit by decreasing drag on surrounding structures
Allows suturing directly to implant
Eliminates need for donor tissue
No risk of disease transmission
Eliminates second surgical site
Absorbable
Allows 360 degree entry of fibrovascular tissue (as opposed to entry through scleral
windows)
44. Non integrated Semi integrated
Fully integrated Expandable implants
IMPLANTS
45. Pegging
Is an option of any of the porous implants, most commonly done with hydroxyapatite.
It improves motility by allowing the pegged surface to fit into a corresponding groove in
the back of the prosthesis .
can promote infection and lead to extrusion
46.
47.
48. Orbital Implant Selection in Adults
BETWEEN 15 AND 65 YEARS OLD
porous implant -quasi-integrated implant such as the Universal (PMMA – mounded) or MEDPOR ® Quad
implant (mounded)
A nonporous sphere (e.g., PMMA, silicone), wrapped, centered within the muscle cone, and attached to
each of the rectus muscles and inferior oblique muscle,
SEVENTH DECADE OR BEYOND
A nonporous implant simply placed into the orbit, without a wrap and without connection to the rectus
muscles
49. Orbital Implant Selection in Children
LESS THAN 5 YEARS AGE
wrapped nonporous sphere implant 16- or 18-mm diameter
Exchange with porous and bigger size is possible
autogenous dermis-fat grafts
5 TO 15 YEARS AGE
nonporous implants, either a PMMA mounded implant (e.g. Universal) or a
wrapped sphere (e.g. PMMA, silicone).
50. The orbital defect
The ideal defect is circumscribed fully by bony orbital rim.
The eyebrow should be intact.
The soft tissue defining the defect should be thin and immobile.
The surface with in the defect may be lined with a skin graft or even a free tissue flap.
may be the result of a congential anomaly (facial cleft), trauma (gunshot wound, road
traffic accident) or surgery.
51. Even with the advent of microscovascular surgery and free tissue transfers, surgical
reconstruction alone cannot fully restore this area.
Prosthetic rehabilitation is needed.
If the defect is more extensive, bone and softissue grafting should be considered to
missing portions of the orbital rim, zygoma, or temporal or midface regions before
placement.
The surgical restoration of contour can contribute to a less extensive prosthesis.
52. Implant Placement
Implants are commonly placed in the orbital rim most often superiorly and laterally.
Placement in the inferior rim is desirable if the shape of the defect and access permit.
This improves the stability and retention of prosthesis.
In larger defects extending beyond the orbital rim, implants can be placed in the zygoma
or maxilla.
Even a single implant can help stabilize and retain a prosthesis.
53. Surgical Positioner
Actual placement of the implants is guided by a surgical positioner.
This is an acrylic resin prototype of the prosthesis that is used intraoperatively.
It indicates the ideal position for implant placement.
It also serves as guide for selection of the retentive mechanism and later as a time saving
reference for the shape of the prosthesis.
It helps determine if preprosthetic surgery is needed before implant placement.
Most often, the lateral superior aspect of the orbital rim needs reduction to place an
implant at the location and remain with in guidelines of the positioner .
54. Implant angulation should be parallel to the frontal plane of the face or be inward
slightly.
A protrusive angulation can interfere with positioner contour and require compromise
of the ideal shape of the prosthesis.
At the same time implant should not be over-angulated inward because prosthetic
access for fabrication of retentive mechanism can be hampered.
This is true especially in smaller shallow defects when a soft-tissue flap has been used to
close the opening of the defect.
55. At second-stage surgery, the gauze strip surgical dressing should be wrapped
carefully around the abutments and under the healing caps so that close
adaptation of skin to the abutment and underlying bone is achieved.
56. TECHNIQUE OF IMPLANT INSERTION
Soil described an improved surgical method of placing the orbital implant following the
enucleation of the eye
The optic nerve and its associated vessels are severed and tied close to the
posterior wall of the capsule.
The implant is placed deep within the muscle cone, and buried beneath the
posterior layer of Tenon’s capsule
The posterior portion of Tenon’s capsule is closed over the implant providing the
first layer of closure.
57. Next, the anterior portion of Tenon’s capsule and conjunctiva are then closed to form the
second and third layers over the implant.
The horizontal rectus muscles are then attached to the medial and lateral fornix.
It is the movement of the fornix in the enucleated socket that provides the motility to the
artificial eye.
For example, as a person looks up. the inferior fomix shortens, the superior fornix deepens
and the prosthesis revolves upward
58. By utilizing the posterior layer of Tenon’s capsule,a larger implant can be placed deep
within the muscle cone which
decreases the incidence of implant migration
reduces the tension on the anterior Tenon’s
capsule sutures
reduces the volume deficit in the superior
and inferior sulcus preventing enophthalmos
which can be produced by smaller implants
Orbital Sphere Introducer
59. Postoperative complications may develop during the first weeks following surgery.
Early extrusion of the implant may occur secondary to
orbital hematoma formation and infection
traumatic manipulation of the tissues
placement of too large an implant thus creating excess tension on Tenon’s capsule
The technique of wrapping the orbital implant with fresh or preserved scleral tissue is
thought to be a deterrent for extrusion and migration of the implant and it is a technique
used quite frequently with enucleation
60. After enucleation. a plastic conformer and corticosieroid antibiotic ointment is placed in
the socket.
The conformer should fit the contour of the socket and fill the depths of the fornices.
The conformer should not be removed by the patient, as it is designed with drainage
holes
to allow mucoid discharge to escape
for insertion of postoperative medication
The plastic conformer is left in place for 4 to 6 weeks to reduce edema and maintain the
socket contours by stretching the fornices for the prosthetic eye.
SMALL MEDIUM LARGE
20mm 23mm 26mm
61.
62. • Following healing of the anophthalmic socket, a stock or custom eye should be
placed temporarily for cosmetic and psychological reasons.
• Patient should be taught how to insert and remove the eye (devote separate time,
quiet room and a mirror)
• Patient should be encouraged to
minimize handling the artificial eye.
• Daily removal and cleaning is not
necessary.
64. Lubrication may improve comfort (no tap water! Ringers, Saline or Artificial
Tears may work well instead, packed in the eyedrops bottles)
There is only one eye now.
Encourage using the protective plastic glasses
One artificial eye should serve for 6-8 years.
Easily gets damaged while dropped down
Advise annual check up.
65. Evaluating the socket of
anophthalmic patient:
1) Socket is fit or infmalmed?
2) Lower lid is healthy or lax?
3) Can the patient blink naturally?
4) Any lagophthalmos?
5) Are the fornices deep enough?
6) Giant papillae of upper tarsal conjunctiva?
66. Evaluating the prosthesis
1) Artificial eye is well centered?
2) Horizontal symmetry?
3) Equal prominence?
4) High gloss, wet shine?
5) Scratches, debris of the surface?
6) Moving naturally within 10-15 degrees?
67. Types of ocular prosthesis
Spherical or oval
Stock or custom made
Porous or non porous
Chemical make up
Presence or absence of motility post.
68.
69. impression of the
socket is taken
Once the impression
material sets to a firm
consistency, the shape
is copied into a wax
mold
prepared iris–cornea
piece is positioned on
the front surface of
the wax pattern.
mold is placed into
the socket and modifi
ed (reshaped) for
comfort and to
improve cosmesis
The wax shape is then translated (using additional
molds) into fine quality acrylic (from methyl
methacrylate resin), painted, cured, and polished.
Modified impression technique
72. CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS OF CRANIOFACIAL OSSEOINTEGRATED
IMPLANTS
(According to “Swedish council on Technology assessment in Health
care”)
Implants are immobile as verified by clinical examination.
No prolonged symptoms, such as pain, infection, tactile disorders or nerve damage
should be present in connection with the implants.
Penetrated soft tissue should be free from irritation in at least 85% of regular out
patient postoperative checks.
At least 95% of the temporal bone implants and at least 75% of other extraoral
implants should be functional after 5 years.
73. PROSTHETIC TECHNIQUES:
I) Fabrication of the ocular prosthesis:
Ocular prosthesis is made in conjunction with the surgical positioner because its shape
and position relate to the overall shape of the orbital prosthesis.
A stock eye piece can be used. However, custom fabrication yields the best aesthetic
results.
A pyramidal index of acrylic resin is incorporated on to the back surface of the
eyepiece to aid in registering its position in the wax prototype and for subsequent
mold making
74. II) Impression making:
Impression making for an orbital prosthesis varies depending on the anatomic
the orbital defect, location of implants and type of retention system selected
daily hygiene procedures should be performed by
the patient to maintain the health of the soft
stabilization of the soft tissue to ensure fit and
marginal adaptation of the prosthesis.
This allows time for adequate healing
Impression is made 8 – 12 weeks after
of the abutments.
75. If individual magnets are used for retention, the MAGNACAPs are threaded into the
abutments, and the transfer magnets are placed on them.
These can be connected with autopolymerising resin to stablize them in impression.
The impression can be made using irreversible hydrocolloid, a silicone rubber .
The impression should include the entire midface to provide adequate references and
landmarks for accurate sculpting
76. Orientation lines are marked on the patient indelible pencil and will be transferred to
the cast to aid this process.
After removal of the impression and disinfection, LAB-ANALOGUE CAPS are placed
the transfer magnets and the impression is poured in dental stone.
77. III Design and Fabrication of resin plate
The resin plate retains the retentive components in a rigid base and provides
stability for the prosthesis.
In most cases, it should be as small as possible so as not to interfere with the
placement of the ocular prosthesis
Magnets are placed on the lab-analogue caps on the cast.
Wax is used to block out the defect and the abutments
78. The resin engages this area to help retain the magnets in the plate.
The area is bordered with boxing wax, and clear autopolymerising acrylic resin is poured
over the area, covering the magnets and engaging the retentive rim.
The thickness should be minimal and uniform to control distortion
A sprinkle on method can be used to apply the resin to better control the thickness of the
plate.
Alternatively, colourless urethane dimethacrylate visible light cure resin can be used to
fabricate the plate.
It is cured initially on the cast with a handheld light and then placed in the curing unit to
complete curing.
The processed plate is shaped not to interfere with the ideal contour of the prosthesis. It is
adjusted on cast and then tried on the patient. Complete engagement of retentive
elements should be verified
79. IV Sculpting the wax prototype:
To achieve a life like orbital prosthesis, attention to anatomy and surface detail is
important.
Input from the patient and family members is encouraged during this process.
To begin the sculpting process, the ocular prosthesis is attached to resin plate with
utility wax while both are on the mastercast, using the orientation lines as a guide.
When the prosthesis is transferred to the patient, depth, position, and gaze are
evaluated relative to natural eye.
80. One or more of the following are helpful in creating the wax
prototype
:
the patient
tissue
conforme
r
computeri
zed
images
Surgical
positioner
photograp
hs
measuring
devices
(boley and
contour
gauges,
calipers)
81. V Mold making:
A three – piece mold of white improved dental stone is made : tissue side, eyepiece and
outer surface.
Once the wax prototype is completed, its outline is marked on the cast with indelible pencil .
An impression of the defect extending beyond the margins of the prosthesis is made with
duplicating silicone elastomer and resin forced with plaster backing.
The periphery of this impression is poured in stone so that the center of the defect is left
open.
Registration keys are placed in the tissue side of the mold.
Lab-analogues of magnetic caps are placed on the magnets with in the resin plate
82. The wax prototype is seated back on the cast by using the transferred pencil line as guide
for orientation, and the margins are sealed.
Skin surface detail can be refined at this time
Stone is poured into the back of the wax prototype through the opening of the cast .
Once set, wax spacers to facilitate later mold seperation are placed in the first piece of the
mold, a seperator is applied to the stone surface, paper tape or wax is used to box the
mold, and the top portion or outer surface of the mold is poured .
Once the stone has set, the mold is separated and the eyepiece and resin plate are
removed. The mold is cleaned with boiling water and detergent to remove all wax residue
83. Before casting the prosthesis, silicone elastomer is used to make a mold of the outer
surface of the resin plate while it is in place of on the tissue side of the mold.
The impression material should be applied with a syringe around the edges to capture
the ledge on the tissue side of the plate.
Then a two piece silicone mold is of the eyepiece and this is poured in stone.
This stone reproduction is used in the mold in place of resin eyepiece during processing
to protect it from damage.
These steps allow the resin plate and prosthesis to be remade without the patient and
the prosthesis present, when a replacement prosthesis is necessary.
84. Maintenance of Prosthesis
To maintain the health of the implants and surrounding soft tissue and to preserve the
prosthesis and retention mechanism.
Bone anchored facial prosthesis require more care on the patient’s part and closer
professional follow-up than one retained with adhesive.
85. HOME CARE AFTER ABUTMENT
CONNECTION
Follow up management actually begins once the abutments have been placed.
After the initial healing period and once a surgical dressing is no longer needed, the
patient should be instructed to clean this area on a daily basis
to remove cellular material on the skin or abutment, which can come from the
interface of the epithelium and abutment.
86. This is performed with a soft, end tuft nylon bristle toothbrush, an interproximal dental
brush or a cotton swab.
The area should be moistened first with an even mixture of H2O2 and H2O to soften any
dried debris
When checking abutment tightness, an abutment clamp should be placed on the
abutment body to provide countertorque so that undue force is not placed on the implant.
If the abutment loosens, complete seating should be verified before retightening. This is
done with an abutment holder.
87. HOME CARE AFTER PROSTHESIS PLACEMENT
On the day that the prosthesis is given to the patient,adequate time should be allotted
for instructions on placing and removing the prosthesis as well as proper maintenance of
the prosthesis, abutments, and surrounding skin areas.
patient should be careful when removing the prosthesis so that the thin margins do not
tear and the silicone rubber does not separate from the resin plate
At night, the prosthesis should be removed and cleaned.
The patients should wash their hands first to decrease chances of soiling the prosthesis
during handling.
All surfaces of the prosthesis should be cleaned gently with a soft, nylon-bristle
toothbrush and mild soap and water
88. The prosthesis should be patted dry with a towel and placed in a covered container.
Should be stored away from extreme heat or direct sunlight, which can cause degradation
and discolouration of the prosthetic material.
The prosthesis should not be worn during sleep so that air can circulate around the
abutments to help maintain skin health
90. Exposure and Extrusion of Implant
Implant exposure may occur with any type of implant or at any time
may lead to implant extrusion or explantation
91. Porous orbital implants have a lower incidence of implant exposure than traditional
nonporous implants
Predisposing factors
1. closing the wound under tension
2. poor wound closure techniques
3. Infection
4. mechanical or inflammatory irritation from the speculated surface of the porous
implant
5. Delayed ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue with subsequent tissue breakdown
92. Preventive measures for implant exposure
proper placement of the implant within the orbit
two-layered closure of anterior Tenon’s capsule and conjunctiva
Treatment :
If few weeks,
No infection
simple reclosure or with a patch graft (eg, Sclera, temporalis fascia)
If infection is suspected
vigorous treatment with topical and systemic antibiotics
an extrusion and removal of the implant may be avoided.
93. beyond 4–6 months,
If non porous
The defect should not be closed
secondary orbital implant surgery should be arranged
If porous,
exposure
<3mm >3mm
Treat conservatively
Wait 8 weeks for spontaneous closure
no
Close with scleral patch graft
surgical repair is indicated
Using sclera patch graft or
temporalis fascia patch graft
98. Lax socket and inferior fornix shelving :
results from shifting of tissues within the orbit
With time there is involutional relaxation of the supporting tissues of the inferior eyelid
the weight and pressure effect of the prosthesis laxity of the lid inability to retain the
prosthesis
Treatment
Use prosthesis of optimal weight and size
Lateral tarsal strip
fornix formation sutures to increase the depth of inferior fornix
102. Anophthalmic ptosis
Inadequate implant size
Migration of the orbital implant
Poorly fit prosthesis
Laxity of the fibrous connective tissue
Orbit trauma from the original injury/surgery
Senile dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis
Frequent manipulation of the eyelids to insert and remove the artificial eye also stretches
the upper eyelid tissues drooping eyelid.
103. Pseudoptosis
Due to the loss of volume between the implant and the lids after removal of the eye.
Occurs with a small, poorly fitted prostheses
If the physiological function of the eyelids is intact, correction of pseudoptosis is achieved
by increasing the volume of the prosthesis in the socket.
A simple technique of correcting pseudoptosis is to make a larger prosthesis that will
thrust forward and separate the eyelids
104. Treatment
Small amounts of ptosis may be managed by modification of the prosthesis
correction of socket volume deficiency should be considered prior to levator surgery
Once the other factors contributing to ptosis in the anophthalmic socket have been
addressed tightening of the levator aponeurosis can be done
105. Treatment of enophthalmos :
placement of a secondary orbital implant if no implant was placed at the time of primary
surgery
Dermis fat graft (DFG) is an option in patients with associated surface contracture
Orbital floor implants.
Autologous bone grafts
Non autologous medpor
Treatment of superior sulcal deformity
implantation of fascia lata / sclera / bone / fat/ alloplastic material in upper eyelid
106. Anophthalmic ectropion
Frequently associated with significant lower eyelid laxity
A large or heavy prosthesis or frequent prosthesis removal may contribute to a stretching of
the medial and/or lateral canthal tendons
Rotation of the orbital contents inferiorly and anteriorly contribute to a shallow inferior
fornix, tilt of the prosthesis, and lower eyelid ectropion
107. Treatment
If the prosthesis is >5 years old, a new one may be required
If the prosthesis is large then a thinner or lighter prosthesis may help correct the
malposition
Tightening the lateral or medial canthal tendon may remedy the situation
Correction of eyelid retraction by recession of IR/ grafting of mucus membrane tissue
inferior fornix
108. Contracted socket
extensive loss of conjunctiva surface area
deep scar formation
shrinkage of orbital fat
conjunctiva fornices contracture.
the shrinkage and shortening of orbital tissues
decrease in depth of fornices and orbital volume
leading to inability to retain prosthesis.
Guibor has classified clinically contracted socket into 4 morphological types
109. Causes
Etiology related
・Alkali burns
・Radiation therapy
Surgery related
Fibrosis from the initial injury
Poor surgical techniques during previous surgeries -enucleation /evisceration with
extensive dissection of orbital tissue
Excessive sacrifice of the conjunctiva and tenons capsule
Traumatic dissection within the socket leading to scar tissue
Multiple socket operations
110. Site related
Poor vascular supply
Severe ischemic ocular disease in the past
Cicatrizing conjunctival diseases
Chronic inflammation and infection
Implant and prosthesis related
Implant migration
Implant exposure
Not wearing a conformer/prosthesis
Ill fitting prosthesis
111.
112. Grades of contracted sockets.
The soft tissue sockets were divided into five grades for the sake of
convenience in management of contracted sockets.
Grade-0: Socket is lined with the healthy conjunctiva and has deep and well
formed fornices.
113. Grade-I: Shallow lower fornix or shelving of lower fornix
Here the lower fornix is converted into a downwards sloping shelf which pushes the lower lid down and out,
preventing retention of a artificial eye. shallow lower fornix and deep upper fornix resulting in upward migration of the
prosthesis
114. Grade-II: Socket is characterized by the loss of the
upper and lower fornices
115. Grade- III: Socket is characterized by the loss of
the upper, lower, medial and lateral fornices
116. Grade-IV: Socket is characterized by the loss of all
the fornices, and reduction of palpebral aperture
in horizontal and vertical dimensions
117. Grade-V: In some cases, there is recurrence of
contracture of the socket after repeated trial of
reconstruction
118. Aims of reconstruction
To establish stable fornices by increasing the surface area by (hard palate ,oral
mucosal,skin graft) and if necessary by increasing size by orbital implant.
The ocular prostheses should be light and take its support from infraorbital rim
not from the lids.
119. Surgical principle
First : obtain adequate palpepral aperture size (canthoplasty may be needed in
grade3,4,5)
Second : create adequate fornixes (lower,upper,lateral) insicion central in grade
2 while it can be at inferior position in grade 1.
Third : perfect lining of the created fornix (hard palate ,oral mucosal,skin graft
,amniotic membrane)
120. Fourth be sure that the fornix created supported by orbital bony rim to create
a stable and deep lower fornix, the lower edge of the graft should be sutured
to the inferior orbital bone rim using anchor sutures .
Fifth: the conformer used during healing for about 6 weeks then ocular shell
prosthesis used there after.
Sixth : central temporary tarsorrhaphy may be used.
121.
122. Bone anchored implant
offers increased security especially with large defects or where the prosthesis rests on
highly mobile tissues.
Perspiration and vigorous physical activity will not affect the retention
Independence from reliance on adhesives frees the patient from tedious task of applying
and removing adhesive at each application and removal of prosthesis.
It prolongs the life of prosthesis, as the edges are not subjected to excessive handling
Follow-up for the clinical evaluation of implant tissues and the maintenance and periodic
replacement of the facial prosthesis are a must
123. REFERENCES
Clinical Maxillofacial Prosthetics-Thomas d. Taylor
Maxillo Facial Rehabilitation – Prosthodontic and surgical consideration
-JOHN BEUMER
Prosthetic rehabilitation-Keith.F.Thomas
Ophthalmic and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery