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Leadership
                theory &
                styLes




June 27, 2012                1
LEADERSHI
                                 P
                              THEORIES

                LEADERSHIP


    LEADERSHIP
      STYLES




June 27, 2012                            2
Leadership
Trait Theory:
           theories
   there is a set of characteristics that
determines a good leader:
• Personality
• intelligence
• Self confidence
• Sociability
• Will
• Dominance


June 27, 2012                               3
Leadership theories
• Are such characteristics inherently
gender biased?
• Do such activities produce good
leaders?
• Is leadership more than just bringing
about change?
• Does this imply that leaders are born
not made


June 27, 2012                             4
Leadership theories
Behavioral:
  Imply that leaders can be trained –
focus on the way of doing things.
• Structure based behavioral theories
– focus on the leader instituting
structure-task oriented.
• Relationship based behavioral
theories- focus on the development
and maintenance of relationships-
process oriented.

June 27, 2012                           5
Leadership theories
 Four important behavioral
 theories:
 2.University of LOWA studies:
   the studies conducted by KURT
 LEWIN gave three leadership styles:
 d.The Autocratic Style
 e.The Democratic Style
 f.Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style


June 27, 2012                          6
Leadership theories
1. The Ohio State Studies:
b. Initiating structure:
   refers to the extent to which a
   leader structure and defines the
   activities of the subordinates.
d. Consideration:
    refers to the ability of the leader
   to establish rapport, mutual
   respect and two way
   communication.
June 27, 2012                             7
Leadership theories
     •  University of Michigan
        studies:
        The Michigan researches
        identified two types of
        leadership styles:
     c. Employee oriented.
     d. Production oriented.


June 27, 2012                     8
Leadership theories
4. Managerial Grid:




  •Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton.
  •Focuses on task and employee orientation of
  managers as well as combinations of concerns
  between the two extremes.
June 27, 2012                                    9
Likert’s System of Leadership

• Exploitive -Autocratic
• Benevolent Autocratic
• Consultative
• Democratic




June 27, 2012                   10
Leadership As A Continuum

• This theory implies that leadership
  involves a variety of styles, raging from
  one that is highly boss- centered to one
  that is highly subordinate-centred

      The continuous theory recognizes that
    the appropriate style of leadership
    depends on the leader, the followers and
    situation
June 27, 2012                                11
This theory find three forces

3) Forces in managers.
4) Forces in subordinates.
5) Forces in situation.



June 27, 2012                   12
Continuum of manager-non manag




June 27, 2012              13
Leadership theories
  Contingency Theories:
   • Leadership as being more flexible –
   • Different leadership styles being used at
   different times depending upon the
   circumstances.
   • Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of
   characteristics that can be transposed into
   different contexts.
   • May depend on:
   vi. Type of staff
   vii.History of business
   viii.Culture of the business
   ix.Quality of relationship
   x.Nature of the change needed
June 27, 2012                                      14
Leadership theories
Types of contingency theories:
2. Fiedler Model:
 • Fiedler developed LPC questionnaire.
 • LPC measured whether leader was
       task oriented or relationship
       oriented.
 • Based on this Fiedler gave three
       contingency dimensions:
 vi. Leader-Member relation
 vii.Task-Structure
 viii.Position-Power
June 27, 2012                        15
Leadership theories

  2. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational
  Leadership:
  •This theory focuses main attention on
  follower readiness and situation behavior of
  leader.
  •It gives three variables.
  1- Task behaviour
  2- Relationship behaviour
  3- Marturity of followers
June 27, 2012                                    16
Leadership theories
      The four styles:
      ii.Telling /
      Directing (h t & l
      r)
      iii.Selling (ht &
      hr)
      iv.Participating (l
      t& hr)
      v.Delegating (l
      t& l r)
June 27, 2012                         17
Leadership theories
3. Path-Goal Theory:
Leader -
•Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go.
•Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there.
•Increasing the rewards along the route.
•According to House, there are four different types of
leadership styles depending on the situation:
1. Directive Leadership
2. Supportive Leadership
3. Participative Leadership
4. Achievement-oriented Leadership
  June 27, 2012                                      18
Leadership theories

Transactional Leadership:
• The transactional leader works through
creating clear structures .
• Subordinates are considered to be fully
responsible for it, whether or not they have the
resources or capability to carry it out



June 27, 2012                                  19
Leadership theories
Transformational:
  Widespread changes to a business or
  organisation
  Requires:
  • Long term strategic planning
  • Clear objectives
  • Clear vision
  • Leading by example – walk the walk
  • Efficiency of systems and processes

June 27, 2012                             20
LEADERSHIP
                         THEORIES




                LEADERSHIP



     LEADERSHI
      P STYLES

June 27, 2012                        21
types of Leadership styLe
Autocratic :
•Decision making power lies with Leader .He
makes decision without reference to
subordinate and wishes to dominate
• High degree of dependency on the leader .
• Can create de-motivation and alienation of
staff .
• Maybe valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and
decisively.
June 27, 2012                                  22
types of Leadership styLe
   Democratic:
   • The power of decision making is
   decentralized.
   • Consultative - process of consultation
   before decisions are taken.
   •It raises employee morale and job
   satisfaction.
         Draw back of this style



June 27, 2012                                 23
types of Leadership styLe
Laissez-Faire:
• ‘let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are
shared by all.
• Can be very useful in businesses where creative
ideas are important.
• Can be highly motivational, as people have
control over their working life.
           Draw back



June 27, 2012                                  24
types of Leadership styLe
Paternalistic:
• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’.
• The leader aim to protect and guide
  his followers.

         Draw back



June 27, 2012                           25
Leadership styLe
 PERSONAL LEADERSHIP
 It is exercised through the influence of
 personality.
 Directions and motivations are given
 personally.




June 27, 2012                           26
IMPERSONAL LEADERSHIP

Impersonal leadership is a term used to
  designate leadership exercised through
  subordinates of the leader or by non
  personal medium such as written
  instructions, orders, polices, etc.




June 27, 2012                              27
FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP

• Functional leadership exits because an
   individual possesses specialized skill and
   renders expert advice. The group follows
   him as it believes that his advice will help
   and guide them in difficult and
   complicated situation.



June 27, 2012                                     28
CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

• This style of leadership emerges out of
   magnetic qualities of a leaders.




June 27, 2012                               29
Leadership styLe
   Leadership styles given by LIKERT’S:
   Exploitative autocratic:
   • Low concern for employees
   • Uses threat and fear based methods to
   achieve excellence.
   •Benevolent autocratic :
   • Leader adds concern for employees –a
   ‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed.
   • Uses rewards to achieve excellence.
   • Major decisions are centrally made.
June 27, 2012                            30
Leadership styLe
Consultative:
• Set goals and issue orders after discussing

 them with the subordinates.
• Leader makes genuine efforts to listen to the
subordinates.
• Major decisions are still largely centrally made.
Participative:
• Maximum use of participative methods.
• Supervision and control are group-oriented
• Employees across the organization are
psychologically more close.
June 27, 2012                                    31
Leadership styLe
  Leadership styles given in path-goal
  theory:
  Directive Leadership:
  Supportive Leadership:
  Participative Leadership:
  Achievement-oriented Leadership:




June 27, 2012                            32
thank
                 you
June 27, 2012           33

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Leadership theory & styles

  • 1. Leadership theory & styLes June 27, 2012 1
  • 2. LEADERSHI P THEORIES LEADERSHIP LEADERSHIP STYLES June 27, 2012 2
  • 3. Leadership Trait Theory: theories there is a set of characteristics that determines a good leader: • Personality • intelligence • Self confidence • Sociability • Will • Dominance June 27, 2012 3
  • 4. Leadership theories • Are such characteristics inherently gender biased? • Do such activities produce good leaders? • Is leadership more than just bringing about change? • Does this imply that leaders are born not made June 27, 2012 4
  • 5. Leadership theories Behavioral: Imply that leaders can be trained – focus on the way of doing things. • Structure based behavioral theories – focus on the leader instituting structure-task oriented. • Relationship based behavioral theories- focus on the development and maintenance of relationships- process oriented. June 27, 2012 5
  • 6. Leadership theories Four important behavioral theories: 2.University of LOWA studies: the studies conducted by KURT LEWIN gave three leadership styles: d.The Autocratic Style e.The Democratic Style f.Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style June 27, 2012 6
  • 7. Leadership theories 1. The Ohio State Studies: b. Initiating structure: refers to the extent to which a leader structure and defines the activities of the subordinates. d. Consideration: refers to the ability of the leader to establish rapport, mutual respect and two way communication. June 27, 2012 7
  • 8. Leadership theories • University of Michigan studies: The Michigan researches identified two types of leadership styles: c. Employee oriented. d. Production oriented. June 27, 2012 8
  • 9. Leadership theories 4. Managerial Grid: •Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton. •Focuses on task and employee orientation of managers as well as combinations of concerns between the two extremes. June 27, 2012 9
  • 10. Likert’s System of Leadership • Exploitive -Autocratic • Benevolent Autocratic • Consultative • Democratic June 27, 2012 10
  • 11. Leadership As A Continuum • This theory implies that leadership involves a variety of styles, raging from one that is highly boss- centered to one that is highly subordinate-centred The continuous theory recognizes that the appropriate style of leadership depends on the leader, the followers and situation June 27, 2012 11
  • 12. This theory find three forces 3) Forces in managers. 4) Forces in subordinates. 5) Forces in situation. June 27, 2012 12
  • 13. Continuum of manager-non manag June 27, 2012 13
  • 14. Leadership theories Contingency Theories: • Leadership as being more flexible – • Different leadership styles being used at different times depending upon the circumstances. • Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of characteristics that can be transposed into different contexts. • May depend on: vi. Type of staff vii.History of business viii.Culture of the business ix.Quality of relationship x.Nature of the change needed June 27, 2012 14
  • 15. Leadership theories Types of contingency theories: 2. Fiedler Model: • Fiedler developed LPC questionnaire. • LPC measured whether leader was task oriented or relationship oriented. • Based on this Fiedler gave three contingency dimensions: vi. Leader-Member relation vii.Task-Structure viii.Position-Power June 27, 2012 15
  • 16. Leadership theories 2. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership: •This theory focuses main attention on follower readiness and situation behavior of leader. •It gives three variables. 1- Task behaviour 2- Relationship behaviour 3- Marturity of followers June 27, 2012 16
  • 17. Leadership theories The four styles: ii.Telling / Directing (h t & l r) iii.Selling (ht & hr) iv.Participating (l t& hr) v.Delegating (l t& l r) June 27, 2012 17
  • 18. Leadership theories 3. Path-Goal Theory: Leader - •Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go. •Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there. •Increasing the rewards along the route. •According to House, there are four different types of leadership styles depending on the situation: 1. Directive Leadership 2. Supportive Leadership 3. Participative Leadership 4. Achievement-oriented Leadership June 27, 2012 18
  • 19. Leadership theories Transactional Leadership: • The transactional leader works through creating clear structures . • Subordinates are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out June 27, 2012 19
  • 20. Leadership theories Transformational: Widespread changes to a business or organisation Requires: • Long term strategic planning • Clear objectives • Clear vision • Leading by example – walk the walk • Efficiency of systems and processes June 27, 2012 20
  • 21. LEADERSHIP THEORIES LEADERSHIP LEADERSHI P STYLES June 27, 2012 21
  • 22. types of Leadership styLe Autocratic : •Decision making power lies with Leader .He makes decision without reference to subordinate and wishes to dominate • High degree of dependency on the leader . • Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff . • Maybe valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively. June 27, 2012 22
  • 23. types of Leadership styLe Democratic: • The power of decision making is decentralized. • Consultative - process of consultation before decisions are taken. •It raises employee morale and job satisfaction. Draw back of this style June 27, 2012 23
  • 24. types of Leadership styLe Laissez-Faire: • ‘let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are shared by all. • Can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important. • Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life. Draw back June 27, 2012 24
  • 25. types of Leadership styLe Paternalistic: • Leader acts as a ‘father figure’. • The leader aim to protect and guide his followers. Draw back June 27, 2012 25
  • 26. Leadership styLe PERSONAL LEADERSHIP It is exercised through the influence of personality. Directions and motivations are given personally. June 27, 2012 26
  • 27. IMPERSONAL LEADERSHIP Impersonal leadership is a term used to designate leadership exercised through subordinates of the leader or by non personal medium such as written instructions, orders, polices, etc. June 27, 2012 27
  • 28. FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP • Functional leadership exits because an individual possesses specialized skill and renders expert advice. The group follows him as it believes that his advice will help and guide them in difficult and complicated situation. June 27, 2012 28
  • 29. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP • This style of leadership emerges out of magnetic qualities of a leaders. June 27, 2012 29
  • 30. Leadership styLe Leadership styles given by LIKERT’S: Exploitative autocratic: • Low concern for employees • Uses threat and fear based methods to achieve excellence. •Benevolent autocratic : • Leader adds concern for employees –a ‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed. • Uses rewards to achieve excellence. • Major decisions are centrally made. June 27, 2012 30
  • 31. Leadership styLe Consultative: • Set goals and issue orders after discussing them with the subordinates. • Leader makes genuine efforts to listen to the subordinates. • Major decisions are still largely centrally made. Participative: • Maximum use of participative methods. • Supervision and control are group-oriented • Employees across the organization are psychologically more close. June 27, 2012 31
  • 32. Leadership styLe Leadership styles given in path-goal theory: Directive Leadership: Supportive Leadership: Participative Leadership: Achievement-oriented Leadership: June 27, 2012 32
  • 33. thank you June 27, 2012 33