Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs) These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing. Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient. The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.

1. CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE
:
IMPACT,ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
Pragya Naithani
45979
M.Sc. (Ag)

2. 1
2

3. Climate change
“Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in
either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting
for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”
(IPCC,AR4 2007)
1
3

4. What causes climate change?
 Changes due to internal dynamics
 Changes in solar radiation
 Volcanic eruptions
 Changes in atmospheric composition-
(e.g.Change in green house gases concentration)
SLIGHT VARIATION IN EARTHS ORBIT
CHANGE IN ALBEDO
1
4

5. Green house gases
1
CO2 CH4 N2O O3 CFC-11 CFC-12
Present
Concentration(p
pm)
395 1.7-1.8 0.3 0.3 0.0002 0.0005
% increase
since
1750(preindustri
al era
41 144-162 20 42 * *
Atmospheric
lifetime (years)
100-300 12 121 Hour
s-
days
45 100
Global warming
potential
1 28 265 n.a 4,660 10,200
Agricultural
sources
• Soil tillage
• Biomass
burning
• Land
drainage
• Farm
operations
• Rice cultivation
under submerged
conditions
• Composting
• Biomass burning
• Ruminants
• Non judicious
use of
nitrogenous
fertilizers
--- --- ---
Blasing et al. (2014)
5

6. Share of Global GHG emissions by Agriculture 6
1

7. Inherent vulnerability hotspots
Shukla et al.
(2016)
7

8. IPCC – FIFTH ASSESMENT REPORT
 Most aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries, even
if emissions are stopped
1
8
CO2
1000 PPM
Temperature
20C
Mean sea
level
40-63 cm
increasing frequency
of precipitation
patterns

9. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide
SOURCE: NASA(2019)
1
9

10. Scientific consensus :- Global temperature anomaly
1
10

11. Expected future change in monsoon rainfall and annual surface temp for 2020’s
2050’s and 2080;s
1
Krishna et al. (2009)
rainfall
temperature
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12. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
Crops
Soil
Water
Weeds and herbicide efficacy
Plant diseases
Insect
Livestock
fisheries
Crops
Soil
Water
Weeds and herbicide efficacy
Plant diseases
Insect
Livestock
Fisheries
1
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13. Impact on Crop
 Yields of C3 crops…increases
Yields of C4 crops…decreases
 Yield quality may be affected in case of vegetables, tea, aromatics
and medicinal plants
 10-40 % loss in crop Production in India with increase in annual
surface temperature by 20C 2080-2100 (IPCC)
 Possibility of loss of 4-5 million tonnes of wheat production with
every rise of 10C temperature
(Aggarwal et al., 2009)
1
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14. Effect of Temperature, Solar radiation and CO2
Yadav et al. (BHU,Varanasi)
Journal of agrometeorology 17(2):179-184(December (2015)
Weather parameter Rice Maize
Yield(Kg/ha) Change(%) Yield(kg/ha
)
Change(%
)
Temperature(deviations from max and min temp)
T-30C 5701 13.1 4246 22.9
T+0 5042 0 3454 0
T+30C 4790 -5.0 3047 -11.8
Solar radiation
S-2.5% 5066 -2.3 3507 -2.1
S+0% 5188 0 3583 0
S+2.5% 5280 1.8 3657 2.0
Carbon dioxide
C330 4777 0 3494 0
C445 5125 7.3 3555 1.7
C660 5632 17.9 3698 5.8
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14

15. Interactive effect of CO2, Temparture
1
15
CROP TEMPRATUR
E
C330 C445 C660
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Chang
e
(%)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Change
(%)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Change
(%)
RICE T-3 5324 11 5645 17 6134 27
T+0 4812 0 4991 4 5324 11
T+3 4193 -13 4739 -2 5438 13
MAIZE T-3 4191 25 4220 25 4326 29
T+0 3365 0 3430 2 3568 6
T+3 2927 -13 3014 -10 3201 -5

16. Duration of
pre-anthesis
phase (Days)
Maturity
(Days after
emergence)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
Predicted under normal
temperature condition
74 118 5650
Predicted under 1
0
C temperature
increase
72 114 5315
Predicted under 2
0
C temperature
increase
72 113 4773
(Bannerjee, 2008)
Effect of climate change on crop duration and yield of rice
1
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17. Effect of temperature on quality of basmati rice
(Nagarajan et al., 2009)
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18. Parameters Ambient (380 ppm) FACE (550 ppm)
Rice
SOC (%) 0.33 0.33
MBC (Kg/ha) 198 212
NH4-N (Kg/ha) 22.3 19.8
NO3-N (Kg/ha) 12.9 10.3
Wheat
SOC (%) 0.31 0.32
MBC (Kg/ha) 138 187
NH4-N (Kg/ha) 37.2 37.2
NO3-N (Kg/ha) 21.9 17.1
Impact of elevated CO2-level on soil nutrient status in rice
and wheat crop
(Chakrabarti et al ., 2012)
18

19. Growth attributing characters and total biomass of blackgram
under elevated CO2
(Vanaja et al., 2013)
CRIDA , Hyderabad
DAS
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20. Effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on yield parameters of black gram
(Vanaja et al., 2013)
Treatments Increase %
Ch-control 550 ppm 700 ppm 550 ppm
vs. Ch-
control
700 ppm
vs. Ch-
control
700 ppm
vs. 550
ppm
Total
biomass
61.1 84.9 101.1 39.0 65.4 19.08
No. of pods 158 187 239 18.4 51.3 27.81
Pod weight
(g)
35.6 66.5 78.2 86.8 119.7 17.59
Seed weight
(g)
17.4 32.9 39.9 88.7 128.9 21.28
100 seed
weight (g)
2.59 2.65 3.91 2.3 51.0 47.55
Seeds/pod 4.25 6.63 4.26 56.0 0.23 –55.6
Harvest
index
28.5 38.7 39.5 35.7 38.4 2.07
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21. (Singh et al., 2010)
Effect of elevated CO2 level on yield of pulses and oilseeds
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22. Impact of elevated CO2 on larval indices of Spodoptera litura on
peanut
(Rao et al., 2012)
CO2 Relative
consumption
rate
(Mg .Mg-1.D-1)
Total
consumption
(g)
Approximate
digestibility
(%)
Ambient 281.42 ± 53.78b 1.38 ± 0.24b 51.69 ± 3.32ab
550 ppm 333.50 ± 18.71a 2.14±0.37a 59.95 ± 6.35a
700ppm 348.86 ± 23.55a 2.50 ± 0.56a 61.78 ± 9.14a
F5,10 5.49 14.48 3.88
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23. How to cope with Climate Change
 Mitigation strategies of climate change
(action on the causes)
 Adaptation strategies to climate change
(alleviate the effects)
1
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24. Mitigation of CO2 emission
Soil Carbon sequestration
(Pathak et al., 2016).
REDUCED C
LOSSES FROM
SOIL
CONSERVATION
AGRICULTURE
BIOCHAR
RESIDUE
INCORPORATION
INCREASED CO2
FIXATION FROM
ATMOSPHERE
AFFORESTATION
1
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25. More reduced conditions
More methane
Mitigating methane emission from rice
Aerobic rice
SRI
Puddle , transplanted,
continuously submerged
Judicious use
of fertilizers
1
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26. • Application in split doses
• Use of leaf color chart.
• SSNM
• Use of coated urea
• Placement of fertilizer in anaerobic zone
• Use of nitrification inhibitors
Mitigating nitrous oxide
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT AMOUNT
RIGHT DOSE
RIGHT METHOD
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27. Nitrification inhibitor Mitigation (%)
Dicyandiamide (DCD) 13-42
Neem cake 10-21
Neem oil 15-21
Nimin 25-30
Coated Ca-carbide 12-29
Thiosulphate 15-20
Nitrous oxide mitigation with nitrification inhibitor
(Pathak et al., 2010)
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28. Mitigation practices recommended by FAO(2016)
Conventional practice Recommended practice
Plough tilling Conservation tillage/zero tillage
Residue removal/ Burning Residue return
Summer fallow Growing cover crops
Low off-farm inputs Judicious use of fertilizers and
FYM
Regular fertiliser use SSNM
No water control Water conservation, water table
management
MONOCULTURE Crop rotation
Drainage of wetlands Restoring wetlands
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29. Adaptation measures
 Changing planting dates
 More use of Intercropping
 Minimum Tillage and mulching
 Crop diversification
 Integrated farming system
 Integrated nutrient management
 Better weather forecasting
(Pathak et al ., 2012)
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29
• Developing new drought and
heat-resistant varieties
• Developing new chemicals
with high efficacy at wider
ranges of climatic parameters

30. %Change in yield of irrigated mustard with ADAPTATION
measures
(Boomiraj et al., 2010)
IARI
1
30
2020 2050 2080
Northern India
S0 -3.2 -6.6 -15.7
S1 1.0 -0.4 -9.4
S2 -3.0 -2.6 -8.6
Central India
S0 -1.4 -2.1 -16.5
S1 -0.5 -1.9 -7.7
S2 -1.1 -2.1 -6.9
Eastern India
S0 -9.9 -37.4 -63.1
S1 -1.8 -29.6 -69.6
S2 -3.6 -31.4 -71.7
S0= cultivation practices followed at present
S1= Late sowing by 7 days
S2= long duration variety

31. Conclusion
 Climate change is a reality
 Agriculture is likely to suffer losses in long run due to heat,
erratic weather, and decreased irrigation availability
 Adaptation strategies can help minimize negative impacts
to some extent where as mitigation options can help in long
run
 Climate resilient agriculture is the need of hour.
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