14. Integument system is divided into:
1- skin
2- hair
3- glands
4- nails
5- nerve endings
I) Skin
Skin is an organ because it consists of
different tissues that are joined to perform a
specific function.
Largest organ of the body in surface area and weight.
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16. Anatomy (structure)
Epidermis (thinner outer layer of skin)
Dermis (thicker connective tissue layer)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer or Sub-Q)
Physiology (function)
1- Protection
- physical barrier that protects underlying tissues
from injury, UV light and bacterial invasion.
- mechanical barrier is part non specific
immunity (skin, tears and saliva).
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17. 2- Regulation of body temperature
- high temperature or strenuous exercise; sweat is
evaporated from the skin surface to cool it down.
- vasodilation (increases blood flow) and
vasoconstriction (decrease in blood flow) regulates
body temp.
3-Sensation
- nerve endings and receptor cells that detect
stimuli to temp., pain, pressure and touch.
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18. 4- Excretion
- sweat removes water and small amounts of salt,
uric acid and ammonia from the body surface
5- Blood reservoir
- dermis houses an extensive network of blood
vessels carrying 8-10% of total blood flow in a
resting adult.
6- Synthesis of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
-UV rays in sunlight stimulate the production of
Vit. D. Enzymes in the kidney and liver modify
and convert to final form; calcitriol (most active form
of Vit. D.) Calcitriol aids in absorption of calcium
from foods and is considered a hormone.
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19. Dermis:
- flexible and strong connective tissue
- elastic, reticular and collagen fibers
- cells: fibroblasts, macrophages (WBC),
mast cells (histamine).
- nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels
- oil and sweat glands originate
- two layers: papillary and reticular
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20. SWEAT GLANDS
Widely distributed in skin
Also called sudoriferous glands
Sudor = Sweat
More than 2.5 million per person
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21. SWEAT GLANDS
Different types
Prevent overheating of the body
Secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Secretion of milk
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23. ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
Eccrine glands
Most numerous, widely distributed –
especially abundant on the palms, soles
of feet, and the forehead
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24. ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
Eccrine glands
Simple, coiled tubular gland
Secretory part lies coiled in
the dermis
Open to skin surface by ducts
(pores)
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25. SWEAT COMPOSITION
Mostly water (99%)
Some salts (mostly NaCl)
Vitamin C
Antibodies
Dermicidin (a microbe-killing protein)
Lactic acid (attracts mosquitoes)
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26. SWEAT COMPOSITION
Traces of metabolic waste
Small amounts of some ingested drugs
Normally sweat is acidic
pH between 4-6
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27. SWEAT FUNCTION
Sweating is regulated by the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system
We have little control
Major role is to prevent overheating of the
body
Excretes waste products
Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
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28. SWEAT FUNCTION
Heat induced sweating
helps dissipate excess heat
Prevents overheating of the body
Begins on the forehead
Emotionally induced sweating
(cold sweats)
Brought on by fright,
embarrassment, nervousness
Begins on palms, soles, armpits
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29. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
Found in the axillary
(arm pit) and
anogenital areas
Larger than eccrine
glands
Ducts empty into hair
follicles
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30. APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND
Secretion contains same component as sweat
plus fatty substances and proteins
Odourless when secreted, but when
decomposed by bacteria on skin, turns musky
– basis of body odour
Sometimes has a milky or yellowish colour
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31. APOCRINE GLANDS
Begins functioning at puberty
Becomes active during pain,
stress, and sexual encounters
May be analogous to the sexual
scent glands of animals
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32. OTHER SWEAT GLANDS TYPES
Ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands in external ear
canal that secrete cerumen (earwax)
Deters insects and block entry of foreign
material
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34. OTHER SWEAT GLANDS TYPES
Mammary glands – specialized sweat
glands that secrete milk
Considered part of the female
reproductive system
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35. SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Simple alveolar glands
Found all over the body – except palms
and soles of feet
Small on body trunk and limbs, but large
on face, neck, and upper chest
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36. SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
• Produce oil (sebum)
• Lubricants and softens skin and hair
• Kills bacteria
• Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
• Glands are activated at puberty
• Stimulated by hormones
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39. REGULATION
OF THE SWEATING
Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic
area either electrically or by excess heat causes
sweating.
The impulses from this area that cause sweating
are transmitted in the autonomic pathways to the
cord and then through the sympathetic outflow to
the skin everywhere in the body.
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40. REGULATION
OF THE SWEATING
The sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic
cholinergic nerve fibers (i.e. are stimulated by
acetylcholine).
These glands can also be stimulated by epinephrine or
norepinephrine circulating in the blood, even though
the glands themselves do not have adrenergic
innervation.
This is important during exercise, when these
hormones are secreted by the adrenal medullae and
the body needs to lose the extra heat produced by the
active muscles.
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41. MECHANISM OF SWEAT SECRETION
The sweat gland consisting of a deep subdermal coiled
portion that secretes the sweat and a duct portion that passes
outward through the dermis and epidermis of the skin.
The secretory portion of the sweat gland secretes a fluid
called the primary secretion or precursor secretion; then the
concentrations of the constituents in the fluid are modified
as the fluid flows through the duct.
The precursor secretion is an active secretory product of
the epithelial cells lining the coiled portion of the sweat
gland.
Cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers ending on or near
the glandular cells elicit the secretion.
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42. REGULATION BY PREOPTIC AND ANTERIOR
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
When the preoptic area is heated, the skin everywhere
over the body immediately breaks out into a profuse
sweat while at the same time the skin blood vessels over
the entire body become greatly vasodilated.
Thus, this is an immediate reaction to cause the body to
lose heat, thereby helping to return the body temperature
toward the normal level. In addition, excess body heat
production is inhibited.
Therefore, the preoptic area of the hypothalamus has the
capability of serving as a thermostatic body temperature
control center.
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44. 1. VASODILATATION. In almost all areas of the body, the skin
blood vessels become intensely dilated. This is caused by
inhibition of the sympathetic centers in the anterior
hypothalamus that cause vasoconstriction. Full vasodilatation
can increase the rate of heat transfer to the skin as much as
eightfold.
2. SWEATING. There is sharp increase in the rate of
evaporative heat loss resulting from sweating, when the body
core temperature rises above the critical temperature level of
37°C. An additional 1°C increase in body temperature causes
enough sweating to remove 10 times the basal rate of body heat
production.
3. DECREASE IN HEAT PRODUCTION. The mechanisms
that cause excess heat production, such as shivering and
chemical thermogenesis, are strongly inhibited.
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46. 1) INCREASED METABOLIC RATE
It can be co-related
with
digestion of Ama
Increase body
temperature
swedana
Increased
sympatheti
c activities
Epinephrine ,nor-
epinephrine, thyroid
hormones releases
It again
increases
metabolic rate
and stimulate
lipolysis
So increased
demand of O2
and increased out
put
of waste product
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47. 2.VASODIALATION
ii
It can be co-related with srothomukha
vishodana
Increased
body
temperature
Negative feed
back
Stimulat
e thermo
receptor
s
Send nerve
impulse to pre
optic area
Stimulate heat to
losing centre
Dialatio
n of
blood
vessels
Increased
blood flow to
area
Maximum O2
and nutrients
and removal of
waste product
Inhibit the heat
promotion centre
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48. 3.STIMULATION OF SWEAT GLANDS
Swedana corrects swedavaha sroto dushty
Increase body
temperature
Stimulate sweat glands (via
hypothermic action of sympathetic
nerve)
Increased sweat production and
more waste removal
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53. COMPLICATIONS OF SWEDANA
Daha (burning sensation in the body).
Pitta prakopa.
Murcha (fainting).
Sarira sadana (weakness of the body).
Sandhi pida (pain in joints).
Visphota (blisters).
Bhrama (giddiness).
Klama (tiredness).
Chardi (vomiting).
Trshna (thirst).
Rakthadushti lakshana etc.
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54. SWEDA ATIYOGA CHIKITSA
In case of excessive swedana Greeshma
Ritucharya should be adopted like :-
1. The food which is Madura, Sheeta, Drava,
Snigdha is to be given.
2. Juice made of cold water and sugar should be
drunk.
3. Lavana, Amla, Ushna Katu dravyas should not be
used.
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55. 4. The patient should kept in Sheeta gruha (air
condition room)
5. His body should be smeared with paste of
Chandana.
6. The treatment for pitta shamana and Rakta
shamana should be adopted.
Cold water sprinkle
Head low position
Cold water to drink
Management of de-hydration
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56. 7. In case of excessive sweda which may cause
bhrama(giddiness), moorcha (fainting), daha
(thrist) etc. The treatment for respective disease
should be immediately administered.
8. In case of Sphota (Blisters) or Vrana (Ulcers)
fomentation should be stopped immediately and
Jatyaditaila, Jatyadimalam, Shatadautaghrita,
Jatyadi ghrita, Ropana ghrita etc should be
applied.
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57. DISCUSSION
Swedana and Body Temperature
Maintenance of Body heat and Sweating
Sweda and Swedana karma
Application of Swedana karma in respect to
various condition-roga bala,rogi bala,kala,dosha
Swedana karma in practice
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58. CONCLUSION
Very essential purvakarma
Important pradana karma
Having role as paschat karma
Very beneficial technique in de-localizing
sthanika & sarvadaihika dosha
Unripe fruit-crushed to get juice
Ripened fruit-easily extract juice
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59. Three fold benefits of swedana:-
Malapaham- Preventive
Rogaharam- Curative
Bala, Varna Prasadanam- Promotive
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Notas del editor
Svedana word refers to –
Bodily sweat
Perspiration through the body.
Application of heat by various methods at a diseased site or the entire body which causes perspiration is called as sveda in Ayurveda.
