3. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Hormonal preparations used for reversible
suppression of fertility
Need of the day
Mortality rate has declined and birth rate has
increased
High failure rate with other contraceptive
methods
4.
5.
6. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
100 million women use
Fertility suppressed at will as long as desired
Fertility returns on discontinuation
Safe
Convenient
Low cost
7.
8.
9. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Inhibit Gonadotropin release
Estrogen reduces FSH, progestin reduces LH
Both synergize to inhibit midcycle LH surge
no ovulation
Thick cervical mucus secretion hostile to
sperm
Cause uterine, tubal contractions
Make endometrium unsuitable for
implantation
14. COMBINED PILL
Most popular & most effective
Contains an estrogen + a progestin
Ethinyl estradiol + a progestin ( norgestrel or
levonorgestrel or desogestrel) ( OVRAL)
Both synergize to inhibit ovulation
Progestin blocks the risk of endometrial cancer,
ensures prompt bleeding
Start on 5th
day of menses, 1 tab/day for 21 days
After 7 days gap next course is started
15.
16. PHASED PILL
Biphasic or triphasic ( ethinyl estradiol with
levonorgetrel)
Reduce total progestin dose
Recommended for women over 35 years of
age, with other risk factors
17.
18. MINIPILL
Progestin only pill ( norethindrone or
norgestrel)
Estrogen is eliminated because of risks
Low dose progestin is taken daily without gap
Efficacy is lower
Less popular
19.
20. POSTCOITAL PILL
YUZPE method – 2 OVRAL tablets as early
as possible after coitus , repeated after 12
hours
S/E – nausea, vomiting
Or levonorgestrel 0.75 mg as early as possible
,then 1 tab after 12 hours
Taken within 72 hours of coitus
Or mifepristone 600mg single dose
21.
22. INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES
Use only under close suprvision
Given I.M
Long acting progestin alone injected once in
2-3 months – depot medroxyprogesterone
acetate 150 mg or norethindrone enanthate
S/E – amenorrhoea, menstrual irregularities,
carcinogenesis, weight gain, dec bone
mineral index
Return of fertility takes 6- 3o months
23. INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES
Long acting progestin + estrogen once a
month
Reasonable menstrual bleeding pattern
Estrogen is harmful
24. IMPLANTS
Drug delivery systems implanted under the
skin slowly release progestin over 1-5
years
Norplant – subcut implantation of
levonorgestrel, works upto 5 years
Progestasert – progesterone impregnated
intrauterine insert acting on endometrium
replaced yearly
25.
26.
27. HEALTH BENEFITS
Lower risk of endometrial, ovarian, colorectal
cancer
Cycles become regular
Less blood loss
No premenstrual tension, pain
Low incidence of fibrocystic breast disease
Improvement in endometriosis, pelvic
inflammatory disease
28.
29. NONSERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nausea, vomiting similar to morning sickness
Mild headache
Breast discomfort
Breakthrough bleeding
Weight gain, acne
Pigmentation of cheeks, nose, forehead
Carbohydrate intolerance, diabetes in few
taking high dose pills
Mood swings with minipills
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS
Leg vein thrombosis, Pulmonary thrombosis
with older pills
Coronary, cerebral thrombosis resulting in
MI, Stroke not seen with low dose pills
Rise in BP
Minor increase in breast cancer
Benign hepatomas
Gall stones
38.
39.
40.
41. ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS
Thromboembolic disorders
Coronary artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Hypertension, hyperlipidemias
Active liver disease, hepatoma, H/O jaundice
Suspected genital / breast carcinoma
Porphyria
Impending major surgery
50. DRUG INTERACTIONS
Contraception failure with enzyme inducers
like rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine
Also with tetracycline, ampicillin
Wise to increase the dose or use alternative
methods
51.
52. PRACTICAL POINTS
Misses a pill 2 tab next day and continue as
usual
Missed more than 2 tab use alternate
methods , start pills on 5th day of menses
If pregnancy occurs terminate it
If breakthrough bleeding occur switch to high
estrogen pill
Use Progestin only pill if estrogen is
contraindicated
Use desogestrel if androgenic side effects occur
due to older progestins
53.
54. CENTCHROMAN
Nonsteroidal SERM
Oral contraceptive Developed in india
Act as an antiimplantation agent
Failure rate 1-3%
No usual side effects of hormonal
contraceptives
Does not affect blood sugar, lipid profile
Not teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic
More experience has to be gained
55.
56. MALE CONTRACEPTIVE
No satisfactory solution yet
Anti androgens loss of libido
Estrogens & progestins feminization
Androgens not reliable
Cytotoxic drugs like cadmium are toxic
57.
58. GOSSYPOL
Obtained from cotton seed
Nonsteroidal compound
Effective orally
Suppress spermatogenesis
Infertility develops after few months
Does not affect libido, potency
S/E – Hypokalemia, edema, diarrhoea