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39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
39 肺循環,肺水腫,胸水
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺循環系の生理学的解剖
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺血管
コンプライアンスの大きな血管系
壁が薄い
肺動脈壁は,大動脈壁の1/3の厚さ
拡張性に富んでいる.
体血管に比較して,短く,径が大きい
7ml/mmHg
これが,右室の拍出量に順応してる原因.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
気管支血管
 気管支動脈を介して,体血管系から肺に血液
が流入している.
 心拍出量全体の1-2%
 酸素化された血液
 肺の支持組織(結合織,隔壁,大小の気管
支)に流入
 肺静脈から左心房に流入する.
よって,右心室より左心室の方が1-2%排出量が
多い.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
リンパ系
リンパ管は,肺のすべての支持組織に存在.
終末気管支周囲の支持組織にはじまり, 肺門
を介して右の胸管に流入.
吸入した微粒子は,一部このリンパ系から除去
される.
肺血管から漏出した血漿蛋白も,このリンパ系
からドレナージされて,肺浮腫を防いでいる.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 40th. Ed.
右の胸管
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺の圧
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
右心室圧と肺動脈圧
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
肺動脈圧
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
左房圧,肺静脈圧
臥位の場合,肺静脈圧,左房圧は約2mmHg
(1-5mmHg)
直接測定は,困難だが肺動脈楔入圧で代用
通常は,約5mmHg程度
(LAPより2-3mmHg高い)
うっ血性心不全の患者において使用
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺動脈楔入圧(PAWP)測定
QUICK GUIDE TO Cardiopulmonary Care P17Edwards Lifesciences
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺内血液量
 肺内血液量は,約450ml
毛細血管内に約 70ml
肺動脈,肺静脈に残りの血液が
同量づつ分布
(190ml+190ml)
 全血液量の9%
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
血液のリザーバーとしての肺
 肺内の血液量は,正常の1/2から2倍まで変
化しうる.
 肺内が高圧になる環境では, 250mlの血
液が,肺内から体循環へ駆出される.
(トランペットを吹いているような場合)
 大量出血の代償として,自動的に肺から体循
環に血液がシフトされる.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
心疾患による肺うっ血
 肺うっ血により肺内血液量が最高2倍にまで
増量する.
 左心不全
 僧帽弁狭窄
 僧帽弁逆流
 通常体循環血液量は,肺循環血液量の9倍.
したがって,体循環から肺循環へのシフトは
肺循環にとっては影響大
体循環にとっては影響小
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺血流分布
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺胞低酸素は,肺胞血流を減少1
 肺胞気の酸素濃度が正常の70%以下にまで
低下(例 PAO2<73mmHg)すると,周囲の血
管が収縮する.
極度に酸素レベルが低いと血管抵抗は5倍以上に上
昇する.
これは,体循環で低酸素状態になると血管が拡張する
のと対照的である.
機序の詳細は,不明だが…
血管収縮性物質の放出?
Nitric oxideのような血管拡張性物質放出の減少?
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺胞低酸素は,肺胞血流を減少2

39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺の静水圧勾配と局所血流
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺の高さと血流量
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
3血流ゾーン
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
Zone 1は,異常時のみ
sPAPが異常に低いか,肺胞圧が異常に高い
1. 具体例
立位で陽圧換気を受けている.
肺胞内圧は,少なくとも10mmHg
収縮期肺動脈圧は正常範囲内
2. 具体例
 立位
 収縮期肺動脈圧が異常低値(大量出血などで)
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
運動は,すべての部分の肺血流を増加
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
心拍出量の増大と肺動脈圧
重労働では,肺血流量は4-7倍にまで増加.
肺の順応
1. 開いている毛細血管の数を増加(3倍まで)
2. すべての血管径を拡張(2倍以上)
3. 肺動脈圧上昇
 右心系の負担軽減
 肺毛細血管圧上昇の予防
肺水腫の予防
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
心拍出量と肺動脈圧
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
左心不全
健康人の左房圧は,決して+6mmHgより上がらな
い.
左房圧の変動が少ないために,肺からの潅流は容易
心不全では溢水から,正常圧の1-5mmHgから
40-50mmHgまで上昇する.
-7mmHgまでの上昇は,肺循環に与える影響軽微.
それ以上の上昇は,PA圧を上昇させ右心系の負荷↑
30mmHg以上の上昇は,毛細血管圧上昇から肺水腫
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺毛細血管の力学
 肺毛細血管圧
isograbimetric measurement
等重量測定法
によれば, 7mmHg
 血液の毛細血管内滞留時間
正常心拍出量のとき,0.8秒
心拍出量増加 0.3秒まで短縮
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺毛細血管と肺間質との液体力学
1. 肺毛細血管圧は7mmHg. 末梢毛細血管
圧は17mmHg
2. 肺間質液圧 -5~-8mmHg
3. 肺間質膠質浸透圧 約14mmHg
末梢間質膠質浸透圧 この半分以下
4. 肺胞壁は極薄で,肺胞上皮が非常に脆弱
間質の圧が肺胞圧を上回ると(>10mmHg)間
質から肺胞に液が移動する.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺の間質圧と他の圧の関係
mmHg
毛細血管の内側から間質にむけて働く力:
毛細血管圧 7
間質の膠質浸透圧 14
間質の陰圧 8
合計の外向きの力 29
毛細血管内に引き込む力:
血漿コロイド浸透圧 28
合計の内向きの力 28
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
毛細血管,肺胞の静水圧,膠質浸透圧
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺胞をドライに保つ機構
 肺毛細血管とリンパ系が間質の圧を陰圧に
保っている.
 肺胞に水がでても,肺胞上皮細胞の小さな間
隙から,直ちに間質に吸い込まれる.
 さらに,リンパ系が過剰な水分を処理する.
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
肺水腫
1. 左心不全,僧帽弁疾患
 肺静脈圧上昇
 肺毛細血管圧上昇
 間質,肺胞の溢水
2. 肺毛細血管の破綻
感染
有毒ガス吸入(塩素,二酸化硫黄)
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
Pulmonary Edema Safety Factor
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
胸腔内の液
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
胸腔内の水交換の動態
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
胸腔の陰圧
リンパ管による胸水ドレナージが,陰圧のもと.
肺の虚脱傾向は, -4mmHg
よって,胸腔内圧は,少なくとも-4mmHg
以上の陰圧である必要がある.
実測では,胸腔内圧は,
-7mmHg
39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed.
胸水
胸腔の浮腫
1. リンパドレナージの障害
2. 心不全 (末梢,肺毛細血管圧上昇による
漏出)
3. 血漿膠質浸透圧の著しい低下
4. 胸膜面の炎症
透過性亢進による血漿蛋白,液の浸出.

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39 pulmonary circulation

  • 1. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 39 肺循環,肺水腫,胸水
  • 2. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺循環系の生理学的解剖
  • 3. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺血管 コンプライアンスの大きな血管系 壁が薄い 肺動脈壁は,大動脈壁の1/3の厚さ 拡張性に富んでいる. 体血管に比較して,短く,径が大きい 7ml/mmHg これが,右室の拍出量に順応してる原因.
  • 4. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 気管支血管  気管支動脈を介して,体血管系から肺に血液 が流入している.  心拍出量全体の1-2%  酸素化された血液  肺の支持組織(結合織,隔壁,大小の気管 支)に流入  肺静脈から左心房に流入する. よって,右心室より左心室の方が1-2%排出量が 多い.
  • 5. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. リンパ系 リンパ管は,肺のすべての支持組織に存在. 終末気管支周囲の支持組織にはじまり, 肺門 を介して右の胸管に流入. 吸入した微粒子は,一部このリンパ系から除去 される. 肺血管から漏出した血漿蛋白も,このリンパ系 からドレナージされて,肺浮腫を防いでいる.
  • 6. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 40th. Ed. 右の胸管
  • 7. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺の圧
  • 8. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid 右心室圧と肺動脈圧
  • 9. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid 肺動脈圧
  • 10. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 左房圧,肺静脈圧 臥位の場合,肺静脈圧,左房圧は約2mmHg (1-5mmHg) 直接測定は,困難だが肺動脈楔入圧で代用 通常は,約5mmHg程度 (LAPより2-3mmHg高い) うっ血性心不全の患者において使用
  • 11. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺動脈楔入圧(PAWP)測定 QUICK GUIDE TO Cardiopulmonary Care P17Edwards Lifesciences
  • 12. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺内血液量  肺内血液量は,約450ml 毛細血管内に約 70ml 肺動脈,肺静脈に残りの血液が 同量づつ分布 (190ml+190ml)  全血液量の9%
  • 13. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 血液のリザーバーとしての肺  肺内の血液量は,正常の1/2から2倍まで変 化しうる.  肺内が高圧になる環境では, 250mlの血 液が,肺内から体循環へ駆出される. (トランペットを吹いているような場合)  大量出血の代償として,自動的に肺から体循 環に血液がシフトされる.
  • 14. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 心疾患による肺うっ血  肺うっ血により肺内血液量が最高2倍にまで 増量する.  左心不全  僧帽弁狭窄  僧帽弁逆流  通常体循環血液量は,肺循環血液量の9倍. したがって,体循環から肺循環へのシフトは 肺循環にとっては影響大 体循環にとっては影響小
  • 15. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺血流分布
  • 16. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺胞低酸素は,肺胞血流を減少1  肺胞気の酸素濃度が正常の70%以下にまで 低下(例 PAO2<73mmHg)すると,周囲の血 管が収縮する. 極度に酸素レベルが低いと血管抵抗は5倍以上に上 昇する. これは,体循環で低酸素状態になると血管が拡張する のと対照的である. 機序の詳細は,不明だが… 血管収縮性物質の放出? Nitric oxideのような血管拡張性物質放出の減少?
  • 17. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺胞低酸素は,肺胞血流を減少2 
  • 18. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺の静水圧勾配と局所血流
  • 19. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺の高さと血流量
  • 20. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 3血流ゾーン
  • 21. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. Zone 1は,異常時のみ sPAPが異常に低いか,肺胞圧が異常に高い 1. 具体例 立位で陽圧換気を受けている. 肺胞内圧は,少なくとも10mmHg 収縮期肺動脈圧は正常範囲内 2. 具体例  立位  収縮期肺動脈圧が異常低値(大量出血などで)
  • 22. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 運動は,すべての部分の肺血流を増加
  • 23. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 心拍出量の増大と肺動脈圧 重労働では,肺血流量は4-7倍にまで増加. 肺の順応 1. 開いている毛細血管の数を増加(3倍まで) 2. すべての血管径を拡張(2倍以上) 3. 肺動脈圧上昇  右心系の負担軽減  肺毛細血管圧上昇の予防 肺水腫の予防
  • 24. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 心拍出量と肺動脈圧
  • 25. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 左心不全 健康人の左房圧は,決して+6mmHgより上がらな い. 左房圧の変動が少ないために,肺からの潅流は容易 心不全では溢水から,正常圧の1-5mmHgから 40-50mmHgまで上昇する. -7mmHgまでの上昇は,肺循環に与える影響軽微. それ以上の上昇は,PA圧を上昇させ右心系の負荷↑ 30mmHg以上の上昇は,毛細血管圧上昇から肺水腫
  • 26. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺毛細血管の力学  肺毛細血管圧 isograbimetric measurement 等重量測定法 によれば, 7mmHg  血液の毛細血管内滞留時間 正常心拍出量のとき,0.8秒 心拍出量増加 0.3秒まで短縮
  • 27. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺毛細血管と肺間質との液体力学 1. 肺毛細血管圧は7mmHg. 末梢毛細血管 圧は17mmHg 2. 肺間質液圧 -5~-8mmHg 3. 肺間質膠質浸透圧 約14mmHg 末梢間質膠質浸透圧 この半分以下 4. 肺胞壁は極薄で,肺胞上皮が非常に脆弱 間質の圧が肺胞圧を上回ると(>10mmHg)間 質から肺胞に液が移動する.
  • 28. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺の間質圧と他の圧の関係 mmHg 毛細血管の内側から間質にむけて働く力: 毛細血管圧 7 間質の膠質浸透圧 14 間質の陰圧 8 合計の外向きの力 29 毛細血管内に引き込む力: 血漿コロイド浸透圧 28 合計の内向きの力 28
  • 29. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 毛細血管,肺胞の静水圧,膠質浸透圧
  • 30. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺胞をドライに保つ機構  肺毛細血管とリンパ系が間質の圧を陰圧に 保っている.  肺胞に水がでても,肺胞上皮細胞の小さな間 隙から,直ちに間質に吸い込まれる.  さらに,リンパ系が過剰な水分を処理する.
  • 31. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 肺水腫 1. 左心不全,僧帽弁疾患  肺静脈圧上昇  肺毛細血管圧上昇  間質,肺胞の溢水 2. 肺毛細血管の破綻 感染 有毒ガス吸入(塩素,二酸化硫黄)
  • 32. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. Pulmonary Edema Safety Factor
  • 33. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 胸腔内の液
  • 34. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 胸腔内の水交換の動態
  • 35. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 胸腔の陰圧 リンパ管による胸水ドレナージが,陰圧のもと. 肺の虚脱傾向は, -4mmHg よって,胸腔内圧は,少なくとも-4mmHg 以上の陰圧である必要がある. 実測では,胸腔内圧は, -7mmHg
  • 36. 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical PHysiology 13th Ed. 胸水 胸腔の浮腫 1. リンパドレナージの障害 2. 心不全 (末梢,肺毛細血管圧上昇による 漏出) 3. 血漿膠質浸透圧の著しい低下 4. 胸膜面の炎症 透過性亢進による血漿蛋白,液の浸出.