Where did Equity Improve
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by Andreas Schleicher, Director for the Directorate of Education and Skills The persistence of social inequities in education – the fact that children of wealthy and highly educated parents tend to do better in school than children from less privileged families – is often seen as a difficult-to-reverse feature of education systems. Yet countries across the world share the goal of minimising any adverse impact of students’ socio-economic status on their performance in school. PISA shows that, rather than assuming that inequality of opportunity is set in stone, school systems can become more equitable over a relatively short time.
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Where did Equity Improve
- 1. Where did equity improve? PISA webinar series Andreas Schleicher Director for Education and Skills
- 2. PISA in brief - 2015 In 2015, over half a million students… - representing 28 million 15-year-olds in 72 countries/economies … took an internationally agreed 2-hour test… - Goes beyond testing whether students can reproduce what they were taught to assess students’ capacity to extrapolate from what they know and creatively apply their knowledge in novel situations - Total of 390 minutes of assessment material … and responded to questions on… - their personal background, their schools, their well-being and their motivation Parents, principals, teachers and system leaders provided data on: - school policies, practices, resources and institutional factors that help explain performance differences - 89,000 parents, 93,000 teachers and 17,500 principals responded
- 4. Singapore Japan EstoniaChinese Tapei Finland Macao (China) CanadaViet Nam Hong Kong (China)B-S-J-G (China) KoreaNew ZealandSlovenia Australia United KingdomGermany Netherlands Switzerland Ireland Belgium DenmarkPolandPortugal NorwayUnited StatesAustriaFrance Sweden Czech Rep. Spain Latvia Russia Luxembourg Italy Hungary LithuaniaCroatia Iceland IsraelMalta Slovak Rep. Greece Chile Bulgaria United Arab EmiratesUruguay Romania Moldova Turkey Trinidad and Tobago ThailandCosta Rica QatarColombia Mexico MontenegroJordan Indonesia Brazil Peru Lebanon Tunisia FYROM Kosovo Algeria Dominican Rep. (332) 350 400 450 500 550 Meanscienceperformance Higherperfomance Science performance and equity in PISA (2015) Some countries combine excellence with equity High performance High equity Low performance Low equity Low performance High equity High performance Low equity More equity
- 5. Brazil Bulgaria Chile Mexico Montenegro Slovenia Thailand United States 350 400 450 500 550 0510152025 Meanscienceperformance Percentage of performance varation explained by ESCS More equity Science performance and equity in PISA (2006-2015) Some countries improved equity Higherperfomance High performance High equity Low performance Low equity Low performance High equity High performance Low equity
- 6. -2 -1 0 1 2 300 400 500 600 700 ESCS PISAsciencescale USA 2006 USA 2015 No difference Significant difference Greater equity
- 7. Poverty is not destiny - Science performance by international deciles of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) 280 330 380 430 480 530 580 630 DominicanRepublic40 Algeria52 Kosovo10 Qatar3 FYROM13 Tunisia39 Montenegro11 Jordan21 UnitedArabEmirates3 Georgia19 Lebanon27 Indonesia74 Mexico53 Peru50 CostaRica38 Brazil43 Turkey59 Moldova28 Thailand55 Colombia43 Iceland1 TrinidadandTobago14 Romania20 Israel6 Bulgaria13 Greece13 Russia5 Uruguay39 Chile27 Latvia25 Lithuania12 SlovakRepublic8 Italy15 Norway1 Spain31 Hungary16 Croatia10 Denmark3 OECDaverage12 Sweden3 Malta13 UnitedStates11 Macao(China)22 Ireland5 Austria5 Portugal28 Luxembourg14 HongKong(China)26 CzechRepublic9 Poland16 Australia4 UnitedKingdom5 Canada2 France9 Korea6 NewZealand5 Switzerland8 Netherlands4 Slovenia5 Belgium7 Finland2 Estonia5 VietNam76 Germany7 Japan8 ChineseTaipei12 B-S-J-G(China)52 Singapore11 Scorepoints Bottom decile Second decile Middle decile Ninth decile Top decile Figure I.6.7 % of students in the bottom international deciles of ESCS OECD median student
- 8. LessonsfromPISA Low impact on outcomes High impact on outcomes Low feasibility High feasibility Money pits Must haves Low hanging fruits Quick wins
- 9. LessonsfromPISA Low impact on outcomes High impact on outcomes Low feasibility High feasibility Money pits Must haves Low hanging fruits Quick wins Commitment to universal achievement Gateways, instructional systems Capacity at point of delivery Incentive structures and accountability Resources where they yield most A learning systemCoherence
- 11. Spending per student from the age of 6 to 15 and science performance Figure II.6.2 Luxembourg Switzerland NorwayAustria Singapore United States United Kingdom Malta Sweden Belgium Iceland Denmark Finland Netherlands Canada Japan Slovenia Australia Germany Ireland FranceItaly Portugal New Zealand Korea Spain Poland Israel Estonia Czech Rep. LatviaSlovak Rep. Russia Croatia Lithuania Hungary Costa Rica Chinese Taipei Chile Brazil Turkey Uruguay Bulgaria Mexico Thailand Montenegro Colombia Dominican Republic Peru Georgia 11.7, 411 R² = 0.01 R² = 0.41 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Scienceperformance(scorepoints) Average spending per student from the age of 6 to 15 (in thousands USD, PPP)
- 12. Differences in educational resources between advantaged and disadvantaged schools Figure I.6.14 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 1 1 CABA(Argentina) Mexico Peru Macao(China) UnitedArabEmirates Lebanon Jordan Colombia Brazil Indonesia Turkey Spain DominicanRepublic Georgia Uruguay Thailand B-S-J-G(China) Australia Japan Chile Luxembourg Russia Portugal Malta Italy NewZealand Croatia Ireland Algeria Norway Israel Denmark Sweden UnitedStates Moldova Belgium Slovenia OECDaverage Hungary ChineseTaipei VietNam CzechRepublic Singapore Tunisia Greece TrinidadandTobago Canada Romania Qatar Montenegro Kosovo Netherlands Korea Finland Switzerland Germany HongKong(China) Austria FYROM Poland Albania Bulgaria SlovakRepublic Lithuania Estonia Iceland CostaRica UnitedKingdom Latvia Meanindexdifferencebetweenadvantaged anddisadvantagedschools Index of shortage of educational material Index of shortage of educational staff Disadvantaged schools have more resources than advantaged schools Disadvantaged schools have fewer resources than advantaged schools
- 13. Croatia16 Belgium14 Austria9 France4 ChineseTaipei8 Germany5 SlovakRepublic11 Malta6 Switzerland8 Luxembourg7 Australia10 Kosovo9 Greece5 Uruguay5 Montenegro6 Korea3 Canada14 NewZealand6 Ireland8 Thailand7 Italy3 FYROM25 Japan3 Turkey7 Qatar5 CABA(Argentina)3 HongKong(China)24 UnitedStates6 Brazil8 OECDaverage6 CostaRica3 Slovenia1 Colombia6 TrinidadandTobago8 Singapore1 Chile1 Georgia1 UnitedKingdom2 Romania2 UnitedArabEmirates7 Finland4 CzechRepublic<1 Spain16 Jordan2 Albania2 DominicanRepublic3 Bulgaria<1 Tunisia3 Israel7 Norway<1 Denmark1 Poland<1 Estonia<1 Lebanon1 Peru1 Russia<1 Moldova6 Algeria2 Latvia1 Sweden1 Netherlands16 Hungary14 Mexico4 B-S-J-G(China)6 Macao(China)19 Indonesia4 Iceland3 Portugal30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 Percentage-pointdifference Percentage-point difference between students in socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools who are required to attend at least one science course per week Differences in the requirement to attend regular science lessons, by schools' socio-economic profile Figure II.2.5 Students in socio-economically advantaged schools are more likely to be required to attend at least one science course per week Students in socio-economically disadvantaged schools are more likely to be required to attend at least one science course per week Percentage of students who are not required to attend any science course
- 14. 0 5 10 15 20 25 The material for hands-on activities in science is in good shape Compared to other departments, our school‘s science department is well-equipped Compared to similar schools, we have a well- equipped laboratory We have extra laboratory staff that helps support science teaching We have enough laboratory material that all courses can regularly use it If we ever have some extra funding, a big share goes into improvement of our science teaching Our school spends extra money on up-to- date science equipment Science teachers are among our best-educated staff members Score-pointdifference After accounting for students' and schools' socio-economic profile Before accounting for students' and schools' socio-economic profile Science-specific resources at school and science performance Figure II.2.7
- 15. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Switzerland Japan Iceland Jordan Norway Austria Netherlands Algeria Uruguay Romania Lebanon Denmark Brazil VietNam Germany Greece Turkey Italy Chile France Tunisia Luxembourg Israel CABA(Argentina) Belgium OECDaverage Thailand Kosovo Mexico ChineseTaipei Sweden Peru Ireland FYROM Colombia UnitedStates NewZealand Canada TrinidadandTobago Spain Bulgaria Korea Malta UnitedKingdom Croatia Slovenia SlovakRepublic Georgia Indonesia CzechRepublic HongKong(China) Qatar Latvia Singapore DominicanRepublic Finland Lithuania UnitedArabEmirates Hungary Portugal Australia Montenegro B-S-J-G(China) Poland Albania CostaRica Estonia Russia Moldova Macao(China) Disadvantaged schools Advantaged schools Science competitions offered at school, by schools' socio-economic profile Figure II.2.10 %
- 16. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Sweden Estonia Russia Latvia Bulgaria Iceland Norway Hungary Denmark Finland Singapore Israel Belgium HongKong(China) Spain SlovakRepublic Uruguay France Macao(China) Brazil B-S-J-G(China) Japan Germany CzechRepublic Lithuania Slovenia Thailand Austria Croatia Italy ChineseTaipei OECDaverage Poland Peru Korea Mexico Luxembourg Greece Montenegro DominicanRepublic NewZealand UnitedKingdom UnitedStates Switzerland CostaRica Qatar UnitedArab… Colombia Australia Canada Chile Ireland Tunisia Portugal Turkey %students Disadvantaged schools Advantaged schools Number of years in pre-primary education among students attending socio-economically … Attendance at pre-primary school by schools’ socio- economic profile Table II.6.51 OECD average
- 18. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Japan Korea B-S-J-G(China) ChineseTaipei HongKong(China) Iceland Netherlands Macao(China) Belgium CzechRepublic Hungary Germany Sweden Chile Switzerland France Austria Luxembourg Croatia Slovenia Norway Singapore Denmark Canada Greece OECDaverage Poland Portugal UnitedArabEmirates Lithuania Estonia Russia Ireland Spain Latvia NewZealand UnitedKingdom Mexico Australia Tunisia Thailand Israel Finland UnitedStates CostaRica Peru Qatar Colombia Bulgaria Turkey Brazil SlovakRepublic DominicanRepublic Uruguay Italy Montenegro Percentage-pointdifference % Percentage of students who had skipped a whole day of school at least once in the two weeks prior to the PISA test Percentage-point difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools Students skipping a whole day of school, by schools’ socio-economic profile Figure II.3.3 Students in advantaged schools skipped a whole day of school more often Students in disadvantaged schools skipped a whole day of school more often
- 19. -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Staff resisting change Teachers being too strict with students Teachers not meeting individual students’ needs Teacher absenteeism Teachers not being well prepared for classes Student use of alcohol or illegal drugs Students intimidating or bullying other students Students skipping classes Student truancy Students lacking respect for teachers Score-pointdifference After accounting for students' and schools' socio-economic profile Before accounting for students' and schools' socio-economic profile Student and teacher behaviour hindering learning and science performance Figure II.3.10
- 20. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Compared to other departments, the school‘s science department is well-equipped Science teachers are among our best-educated staff members School offers a science club School offers science competitions Learning time in regular science lessons, in hours Time per week studying science after school, in hours Teacher-directed instruction Perceived feedback adaptive instruction Enquiry-based instruction Teacher support z-scores After accounting for science performance and the socio-economic profile of students and schools Before accounting for science performance and the socio-economic profile of students and schools Explaining students' expectations of a career in science Figure II.2.22 Science-specific resources Science activities Learning time Teaching strategies in science lessons Confidence No association
- 21. Inequity in opportunity Policy and practice
- 22. Firstageatselectioninthe educationsystem Recommendationoffeeder schoolsalwaysconsideredfor schooladmissions Student’srecordofacademic performancealwaysconsidered forschooladmission Percentageofstudentsin vocationalorpre-vocational programmes Meanscoreinscience Numberofschooltypesor educationalprogrammes Abilitygroupingbetweenclasses forallsubjects Variationinscienceperformance Graderepetition(atleastonce) -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Standardisedregressioncoefficients Factors associated with equity in science performance Figure II.5.13 More equity in science performance Less equity in science performance
- 23. First age at selection in the education system and index of teacher support in science lessons Figure II.3.11 10 Austria Belgium 8 4 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia 12 France Germany Greece Hungary 5 Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Latvia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands 9 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 11 3 Albania Brazil B-S-J-G (China) Bulgaria Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Dominican Rep. FYROM Georgia Hong Kong Indonesia 1 Lithuania Macao (China) 7 Montenegro 2 6 Romania Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei Thailand United Arab Emirates Uruguay Viet Nam R² = 0.36 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Indexofteachersupportinsciencelessons First age at selection in the education system 1. Jordan 2. Peru 3. United States 4. Chile 5. Iceland 6. Qatar 7. Malta 8. Canada 9. New Zealand 10. Australia 11. United Kingdom 12. Finland In education systems with early tracking students are less likely to report that their science teachers support students in their learning
- 24. Low expenses as a reason for choosing school, by schools’ socio-economic status Figure II.4.17 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Scotland(UK) DominicanRepublic Mexico HongKong(China) Macao(China) Italy Korea OECDaverage Germany Belgium(Flemmish) France Georgia Ireland Portugal Chile Croatia Luxembourg Spain Malta % Percentage-pointdifference Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools Percentage of parents who consider schools' low expenses "important" or "very important" Low expenses are more important for parents whose children attend advantaged schools Low expenses are more important for parents whose children attend disadvantaged schools
- 25. -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 Luxembourg Belgium(Flemmish) Portugal HongKong(China) Malta Italy Germany Ireland OECDaverage Georgia Macao(China) Croatia Chile Spain Mexico Korea Scotland(UK) France DominicanRepublic Score-pointdifference After accounting for socio-economic status Before accounting for socio-economic status Schools’ low expenses as a reason for choosing school and students’ science performance Figure II.4.17 Students whose parents consider schools' low expenses "important" or "very important” perform lower Students whose parents consider schools' low expenses "important" or "very important” perform higher
- 26. School reputation as a reason for choosing school, by schools’ socio-economic status Figure II.4.18 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 Macao(China) Korea Italy Croatia HongKong(China) Mexico Belgium(Flemmish) Portugal France OECDaverage Scotland(UK) Chile Ireland Malta Luxembourg Spain DominicanRepublic Georgia Germany % Percentage-pointdifference Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools Percentage of parents who consider school reputation "important" or "very important" School reputation is more important for parents whose children attend advantaged schools School reputation is more important for parents whose children attend disadvantaged schools
- 27. -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 HongKong(China) Georgia Korea Macao(China) Mexico DominicanRepublic Chile Portugal Malta Italy Croatia Spain OECDaverage Germany Luxembourg Ireland France Belgium(Flemmish) Scotland(UK) Score-pointdifference After accounting for socio-economic status Before accounting for socio-economic status School reputation as a reason for choosing school and students’ science performance Figure II.4.18 Students whose parents consider school reputation "important" or "very important“ perform higher Students whose parents consider school reputation "important" or "very important“ perform lower
- 28. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Colombia Brazil Uruguay Tunisia Belgium Macao(China) TrinidadandTobago CostaRica Spain Portugal Luxembourg Peru Chile France Netherlands Switzerland Germany Qatar HongKong(China) Indonesia Mexico Austria Italy UnitedArabEmirates OECDaverage UnitedStates Turkey Hungary Israel Jordan Ireland Australia Malta SlovakRepublic Thailand Romania Canada Singapore Poland Latvia Greece NewZealand Bulgaria CzechRepublic Sweden Estonia Denmark Moldova Finland UnitedKingdom Albania Lithuania Slovenia Montenegro Croatia Russia Georgia Iceland ChineseTaipei % students PISA 2015 PISA 2009 Change between 2009 and 2015 in grade repetition rates Figure II.5.5
- 29. SlovakRepublic CzechRepublic Russia Uruguay Spain Poland Bulgaria Portugal Slovenia Canada Belgium Estonia Tunisia Hungary France Israel Macao(China) CostaRica Lithuania Italy B-S-J-G(China) UnitedStates Iceland UnitedArabEmirates OECDaverage DominicanRepublic Latvia Luxembourg Greece Ireland Mexico Switzerland HongKong(China) Montenegro Denmark ChineseTaipei Peru UnitedKingdom Qatar Sweden Netherlands Germany Australia Brazil Turkey Croatia Finland Chile Austria Thailand Korea Singapore NewZealand Colombia 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 Increasedlikelihoodofhavingrepeatedagrade(oddsratio) Students' socio-economic profile and grade repetition Figure II.5.7 Students with a higher socio-economic status are more likely to have repeated a grade Students with a higher socio-economic status are less likely to have repeated a grade
- 30. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Croatia Austria Slovenia Italy Montenegro FYROM Bulgaria Belgium Netherlands ChineseTaipei Japan Hungary Greece Korea France Kosovo Turkey CzechRepublic OECDaverage Australia Portugal CABA(Argentina) Luxembourg Thailand SlovakRepublic Colombia Mexico Russia Switzerland Indonesia Albania CostaRica Germany Lithuania Georgia Macao(China) Ireland Uruguay Algeria Spain Chile Latvia B-S-J-G(China) UnitedKingdom Brazil Estonia UnitedArabEmirates Poland DominicanRepublic Sweden Disadvantaged schools Advantaged schools Enrolment in pre-vocational or vocational programmes, by schools’ socio-economic profile Figure II.5.9 %
- 31. Student-teacher ratios and class size Figure II.6.14 CABA (Argentina) Jordan Viet Nam Poland United States Chile Denmark Hungary B-S-G-J (China) Turkey Georgia Chinese Taipei Mexico Russia Albania Hong Kong (China) Japan Belgium Algeria Colombia Peru Macao (China) Switzerland Malta Dominican Republic Netherlands Singapore Brazil Kosovo Finland Thailand R² = 0.25 5 10 15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Student-teacherratio Class size in language of instruction High student-teacher ratios and small class sizes Low student-teacher ratios and large class sizes OECD average OECDaverage
- 33. -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Turkey Singapore VietNam Japan Tunisia Italy ChineseTaipei Thailand Greece Switzerland CzechRepublic UnitedStates Estonia Uruguay France Austria CABA(Argentina) Kosovo Mexico HongKong(China) Indonesia Luxembourg Sweden Hungary Malta DominicanRepublic Latvia OECDaverage B-S-J-G(China) Portugal Slovenia Spain UnitedKingdom SlovakRepublic Norway Australia Croatia Denmark Peru Jordan CostaRica Colombia Chile Netherlands Korea NewZealand Canada Lithuania Ireland Georgia TrinidadandTobago FYROM Germany Finland Lebanon Belgium Poland Brazil UnitedArabEmirates Qatar Score-pointdifference After accounting for socio-economic status Before accounting for socio-economic status Science performance in public and private schools Figure II.4.14 Students in private schools perform better Students in public schools perform better
- 34. -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 UnitedArabEmirates CABA(Argentina) Malta Lebanon Uruguay DominicanRepublic Jordan Mexico Qatar Spain Brazil Peru Colombia Chile Singapore Australia B-S-J-G(China) Japan VietNam Greece Israel Georgia TrinidadandTobago Russia HongKong(China) Ireland Kosovo Denmark FYROM Montenegro France Portugal Austria Switzerland Sweden OECDaverage UnitedStates Hungary Belgium Netherlands Macao(China) Korea Finland Slovenia Moldova Latvia Thailand SlovakRepublic Algeria Italy UnitedKingdom Germany Tunisia Canada Luxembourg Turkey Iceland Indonesia Lithuania CzechRepublic Estonia NewZealand Romania Bulgaria Croatia ChineseTaipei Poland Norway CostaRica Percentage-pointdifference %Percentage-point difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools Index of school autonomy (%) Index of school autonomy, by schools’ socio- economic status Figure II.4.7 Advantaged schools have more school autonomy Disadvantaged schools have more school autonomy
- 35. Resources Curriculum Disciplinarypolicies Assessmentpolicies Admissionspolicies Resources Curriculum Disciplinarypolicies Assessmentpolicies Admissionspolicies Resources Curriculum Disciplinarypolicies Assessmentpolicies Admissionspolicies Resources Curriculum Disciplinarypolicies Assessmentpolicies Admissionspolicies Resources Curriculum Disciplinarypolicies Assessmentpolicies Admissionspolicies -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Correlations between the responsibilities for school governance and science performance Figure II.4.8 Lower science performance Higher science performance Students score lower in science when the school governing board holds more responsibility for admissions policies School principal Teachers School governing board Local or regional education authority National education authority
- 36. Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/pisa – All publications – The complete micro-level database Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org Twitter: SchleicherOECD Wechat: AndreasSchleicher Thank you