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The Governance and Economics of Water Security for Sustainable Development in Africa: Data stock-taking
1. THE GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMICS
OF WATER SECURITY
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
IN AFRICA
Maria Salvetti, maria.salvetti@oecd.org
Data stock taking
Regional survey on water governance in African cities
2. Survey Sample
• 36 cities:
– 15 capital cities (43%)
– 77% of French speaking cities
• Different sizes of cities
Inhabitants Share in the sample
> 3 million 25%
From 1 to 3 million 25%
From 300.000 to 1 million 22%
<300.000 28%
3. 8 blocks in the questionnaire
Main water risks and megatrend for water resource management and WSS services
Institutions in charge of water resource management and WSS services
Coherence across local policies to manage water resources and WSS services
Financing water resource management and WSS services
Stakeholder engagement
Data, monitoring, reporting, evaluation
Obstacles to an effective water governance
Future priorities for water policy
4. Megatrends and Water risks
Which megatrends/water risks predominantly affect water and
sanitation services, and water resource management in your city?
Megatrends
• 44% Urbanisation
• 43% Climate change
• 40% Demographic changes
Water risks
• 39% Too much water
• 37% Insufficient access to
water & sanitation
• 36% Lacking, ageing,
obsolete infrastructure
5. Impetus to Act
Where does the impetus to recognise the importance of water in
your city comes from?
• National laws, regulations & initiatives43%
• Local mayor leadership & commitment34%
• Human right to water & sanitation, SDGs,
Agenda 2030
34%
6. 52%48% yes
no
73%
27%
yes
no
Implementation of dedicated water policies
in African cities
Water & Sanitation
Services
Water
Resource
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Indicatingcleargoals
Indicatingresources
needed
Indicatingclearduties
Indicatingemergency
strategies
Regularlymonitored
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Indicatingcleargoals
Indicatingclearduties
Includingclimateresilience
aspects
Indicatingresources
needed
Regularly
monitored
7. Influence of local sectoral policies on water
management
Which policy areas have the most influence on urban water
management in your city?
• Land use and spatial planning49%
• Public health46%
• Building codes and housing35%
8. WSS Operators
• Predominance of single and public
operators
National
Regional
Municipal
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Public operators Private operators Public & private
operators
Water Sanitation 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Single operator Many operators No operator
Water Sanitation
9. Financing Sources of WSS Services
What are the different financing sources of water and sanitation
services in your city?
51%49%
In your city,
are water & sanitation accounts
separated from municipal
accounting?
yes
no
Tariff-Water
Subsidy-Water
Internationalaid-
Water
Tariff-Sanitation
Subsidy-Sanitation
Internationalaid-
Sanitation
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
10. Social Measures
At city level, are there social measures targeted toward vulnerable
categories of water and sanitation services users?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Poor populations Population living in informal settlements
People living with disabilities Indigenous peoplesand ethnic minorities
Women or female-headed household
11. Stakeholder Engagement
Has your city conducted an
institutional mapping of
water stakeholders?
Which water stakeholder engagement
mechanisms are used in your city?
22%
78%
yes
no
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Meetings Workshops
Citizencommittees Sub-nationalinstitutiondealingspecifically with water
Associationsof waterutilities, waterregulators, etc. Survey/Polls/Referendum
Traditional media Expertpanels
Hotlines
12. Data and Evaluation
Are the following data on water & sanitation services/ water resource
management available for your city?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Available dataoncity water andsanitationservices
at local level
drinkingwater and wastewater quality costof water services
Assetmanagement costrecovery and affordability
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Available dataonwater risks management at local level
Water abstractions, flows & pressures
Historical data on water disasters
Meteorological data
Scenariosincl. climate change, floods, drought and accidental pollution risks
Vulnerability & risk exposure
13. Current obstacles and Future priorities
What are the main obstacles hampering water governance and key
priority actions to face future water-related challenges in your city ?
Obstacles
• 42% Lack of funding
• 40% Lack of staff, knowledge,
competence
• 36% Low level of investment
Priorities
• 46% Build, operate or maintain
water infrastructure
• 46% Catalyse water financing
• 45% Raise citizen awareness on
water risks
14. • Access to water and sanitation, infrastructure,
investments, financing
• Development of local water resource policies, climate
change, too much water, too little water
• Data, monitoring & evaluation
• Capacity and competences development
• Strengthen water stakeholder engagement
Key Findings
15. • Beyond technical solutions and infrastructure, how can
African cities guarantee better access to services and
enhance water security?
• Do you have any experience or research lessons to share
that can inspire overcoming the mentioned water
governance challenges in African cities (financing, data,
capacity, stakeholder engagement)?
Discussion
16. • Review of the draft report
• Finalization of the report by beginning of December 2020
• Webinar on finance for water & sanitation in African cities,
co-organised with UCGL Africa (in December 2020)
• Preparation of the round table of African Mayors (2021)
Next Steps
18. Economic Instruments
Which economic instruments are used to manage water in your city?
Retailwater
tariff
Abstraction
charges
Fines&
penalties
Bulkwater
tariff
Pollution
charges
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
19. Why does water security matter for African Cities?
POLLUTION
20% of urban population in Sub-
Saharan Africa using safely
managed sanitation facilities
DROUGHTS
2000-2009:
116 million people
affected by droughts in
Sub-Saharan Africa
FLOODS
2000-2009:
21 million people affected by
floods in Sub-Saharan Africa
UNIVERSAL
COVERAGE
62% of informal
settlements in Africa
urban areas
5% annual economic
growth rate in African
cities for the past
decade
Urban population in
Africa to represent
50% by 2030 and
60% in 2050
79 urban centres in Africa
are rated as “extreme risk”
in the Climate Change
Vulnerability Index
Potential for new
technologies to better
predict water risks and
disasters
Water
risks
Megatrends
Notas del editor
Argentina’s sustainable development is hindered by water risks:
Floods: Greatest natural disaster threat in Argentina, causing 60% of all natural disaster events and 95% of economic damages
Droughts: in 2018 estimated economic impact of USD 6 to 8 billion (around 1% of GDP)
Lack of access to quality services:
rural regions and informal urban settlements poses health risks associated to water-borne diseases due to the presence of arsenic (affecting approx. 4 million inhabitants)
In 2012, 265 deaths to diarrhoea were attributed directly to lack of adequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation and/or good hygienic practices
Disruption of ecosystems
Primary source of pollution is the discharge of household and industrial wastewater without adequate treatment (only 12% is treated)
Between 30 and 40% of irrigated land is subject to some degree of salinization and/or sodification (particularly in semiarid and arid areas where over 60% of total irrigated land is located)
External trends have an impact on water risks:
Macroeconomic environment poses difficulties for large investments: After a favourable period of stability in 2016 and 2017, the 2018 abrupt macroeconomic shift resulted in a high cost of borrowing due to the associated country risk. The currency has depreciated sharply (from 20% in January 2018 to 41% in January 2019), and as a result gross public debt rose over 30 percentage points to reach 76% of GDP at the end of 2018, and perceived risks of Argentinian assets have spiked (800 basis point in January 2019) provides the opportunity to decouple water policy from the macroeconomic outlook.
Urbanisation and territorial development: Rapid urbanisation in Argentina has acted as a major contributor to continuing gaps in access to quality water services due to uncontrolled land-use. Almost 92% of Argentina’s population lives in urban areas, up from 73% in 1960. The metropolitan area of Buenos aires gathers (40 % of popultation.). 4 million people live in urban dwellers nation-wide.
Climate change: A combination of factors, such as higher average temperatures over the past 70 years and the recent La Nina meteorological event have been at the origin of the 2018 drought. An increased incidence of droughts is expected in the future with more intense and frequent extreme rainfall in Argentina (IPCC, 2014). Increase in average annual precipitation in almost the entire country, especially in the northeast and to the west of the traditional humid region, adding to the destructive potential of floods in recent years
Digitalisation:ICT systems and other cartographic applications could help better predict water risks and disasters, consequently aiding water authorities in designing and implementing improved safety protocols. The Digital Cartography and Georeferenced Systems project. Nanotechnology, show the potential for cheaper, more effective, efficient and long-lasting alternatives in order to treat Argentina’s water resources and rid it of contaminating substances such as bacteria, virus, arsenic, mercury, pesticides and salt