Types of closures used for packaging of dosage forms include rubber closures, caps and overseals like screw caps and crown caps, and special types like tamper-evident, dispensing, and child-resistant closures. Rubber closures are commonly used and must pass fragmentation and self-sealability tests. Caps and overseals secure rubber closures and include screw caps, crown caps, snap on caps, and friction fit caps. Special closures provide features like tamper evidence, controlled dispensing, and child resistance. Proper closures are important to contain contents, provide barriers, allow resealing, and meet regulatory standards.

1. TYPES OF CLOSURES USED FOR
PACKAGING OF DOSAGE FORMS

2.  closures are devices and techniques used to
close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc.
Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc.
 closures tightly packs the container to exclude
oxygen,carbondioxide,moisture ,
microorganisms ,prevents the loss of water and
other volatile substances from the product

3.  Purpose of closures :
 Many containers and packages require a means of closing. It
can be a separate device or seal or sometimes a integral latch
or lock. Depending on the contents and container, closures
have several functions:
 Keep the container closed and the contents contained for the
specified shelf life until time of opening
 Provide a barrier to dirt, oxygen, moisture, etc. Control
of permeation is critical to many types of products: foods,
chemicals, etc.
 Keep the product secure from undesired premature opening
 Provide a means of reclosing or reusing the container
 Assist in dispensing and use of product
 Allow reasonable ease to open the container by the intended
user. Difficult to open containers may cause wrap rage.
The force or torque required to open a closure is an
important consideration for packaging engineers
 Many types of packaging with their closures are regulated
for strength, safety, security, communication, recycling, and
environmental requirements.

4.  Types of closures
(a)RUBBER CLOSURES
(b)CAPS & OVERSEALS
screw cap
crown cap
Snap on
Friction fit
(c)SPECIAL TYPES
Tamper-evident
Dispensing
Child-resistant

5.  RUBBER CLOSURES

6.  Rubber consists of several ingredients,one of them
is elastomer.rubber compounds used in
pharmaceutical packaging contain only limited
number of ingredients,which are difficult to
extract.these closures do not pose a problem and
can used in contact with large number of drug
preparations.
 Rubber closures for containers for aqueous
parenteral preparations have been classified into 2
types,according toB.P.Type I are to be
preferred:Type II closures are those,which have
mechanical properties suitable for special
use,cannot meet the requirements as severs as
those for the 1st category because of the chemical
composition.
 Fragmentation test and self sealability of closures
of parenteral preparation is given by…..

7. Place a volume of water corresponding to nominal volume minus 4ml in
each of 12 clean vials
Close vial with closure and secure caps for 16hours
Pierce the closures with 21 SWG hypodermic needle and inject 1ml water
and remove 1ml air
Repeat the above operation 4times for each closure
Count the number of fragments visible to the naked eye
Total number of fragments should not be more than 10 except butyl
rubber where the fragment should not exceed 15

8. SELF SEALABILITY (IP 1996) TEST FOR RUBBER CLOSURES APPLICABLE TO MULTIDOSE
CONTAINERS ONLY
Fill 10 vials with water to nominal volume and close the vials with
closure,secure the cap
Pierce the cap 10times at different sites with 21SWG hypodermic needle

9.  Immerse the vials in 0.1%w/v solution of methylene blue under
reduced external pressure for 10min
Restore the normal pressure and keep the container immersed for
30minutes
Wash the vials.None of the vials should contain trace of coloured
solution

10.  CAPS AND OVERSEALS :
These are used to secure the rubber closure to the container in order
to maintain the integrity of the seal under normal conditions of
handling and storage.It includes:
 Screw cap
A screw cap or closure is a common type
of closure for bottles, jars, and tubes
Common screw closures: Plastic bottle with plastic screw
cap, Dispensing closure for salad dressing (with inner seal), Break-
away closure for syrup, Dispensing pump closure, Dispensing
closure (with inner seal), Spray pump, Metal closure on glass
jar, Child resistant closure, Cap on toothpaste, Measuring cap

11.  A "sports cap", which appears on many water bottles, seen in
closed configuration at left an in open configuration at right,
availing the water to pass around the central blue piece.
 Usage
 A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and
off of a "finish" on a container. Either continuous threads or lugs
are used. It must be engineered to be cost-effective, to provide an
effective seal (and barrier), to be compatible with the contents, to
be easily opened by the consumer, often to be reclosable, and to
comply with product, package, and environmental laws and
regulations. Some closures need to be tamper resistant and
have child-resistant packaging features.

12.  Crown cap
 Crown caps
Main article: Bottle cap
Beverage bottles are frequently closed with crown beverage caps.
These are shallow metal caps that are crimped into locking position
around the head of the bottle.
 Bottle cap
For the Nestlé candy, see Bottle Caps (candy).
A generic 21-teeth crown cork bottle cap

13. Bottle caps are a type of closure used to seal the openings of bottles of
many types. They can be small circular pieces of metal, usually
steel with plastic backings, and for plastic bottles a plastic cap is used
instead. A bottle cap is typically colorfully decorated with the logo of
the brand of beverage. Caps can also be plastic, sometimes with a pour
spout. Flip-Top caps like Flapper closures provide controlled
dispensing of dry products
 Other types
plastic bottle screw Bottle closure
pull-off bottle cap used to seal
cap a plastic bottle

14. Snap on
Some closures snap on . For opening , the top is designed to pry off, or break off, or have a built in dispenser
Friction fit

15.  Some containers have a loose lid for a
closure. Laboratory glassware often has ground
glass joints that allow the pieces to be fitted
together easily.
 An Interference fit or friction fit requires some
force to close and open, providing additional
security. Paint cans often have a friction fit plug.

16. Special types of clousres
Tamper evident
Layers of tamper resistance: carton with adhesive, shrink band, cap,
innerseal
Main article: Tamper resistant
Main article: Tamper-evident
Resistance to tampering is required for some types of products. Container
closures can be one of several layers of packaging to deter tampering and to
provide evidence of attempts at tampering.Various types of tamper evident
packagings are listed.They are-

17.  Film wrappers breakable cap ring systems
 Blister packs sealed tubes
 Bubble packs plastic blind end sealed tubes
 Heat shrunk bands or wrappers sealed cartons
 Paper foil for plastic packs aerosol containers,and
 Bottle with inner mouth seals metal and composite cans
 Tape seals
Dispensing
 A wide variety of convenience dispensing features can be built in to
closures. Spray bottles and cans with aerosol spray have special closure
requirements. Pour spouts, measuring attachments, sifting devices, etc. are
common.
Child-resistant
Main article: Child-resistant packaging
Child-resistant packaging or C-R packaging has special closures designed to reduce the risk of
children ingesting dangerous items. This is often accomplished by the use of a special safety cap.
It is required by regulation for prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, pesticides, and
household chemicals.

18.  Examples .
 spray bottle
coffee tin – square can with friction fit closure
rubber stoppers on flasks

19. 
spray duster with long tube for dispensing
 Closure and roll-on device for deoderant
Inverted catsup bottle with innerseal and dispensing closure
Bottle of Geritol with a child resistant cap

21.  References
 REFERENCE :
 http://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1440&bih=809&q=dispe
nsing+cap&gbv=2&oq=dispensing+&aq=7&aqi=g10&aql=undefined&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=4580l
14749l0l18l18l7l1l1l0l416l2612l2-3.4.1l8
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=RU
BBER+CLOSURES&oq=RUBBER+CLOSURES&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=undefined&gs_sm=s&gs_u
pl=898013l906085l0l28l17l0l5l5l0l460l2693l2-1.2.4l7
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=VIA
LS&oq=VIALS&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=undefined&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=14585l17901l0l19l9l0l0l0l0l6
07l1864l3-1.2.1l5
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=dis
pensing+cap&oq=dispensing&aq=8&aqi=g10&aql=undefined&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=19301l24985l
0l14l12l0l1l1l0l1050l3752l2-1.3.2.1.0.1l9
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=tam
per+evident+cap&oq=tamper+evident+&aq=5&aqi=g8&aql=undefined&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=551
1l6246l0l5l5l0l0l0l0l957l957l6-1l1
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=chil
d+resistant+closures&oq=child+resistant&aq=1&aqi=g3&aql=undefined&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=89
67l15095l0l32l18l0l3l3l0l425l2304l0.1.2.2.2l9
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=frict
ion+fit+closures&oq=friction+fit+closures&aq=f&aqi=&aql=undefined&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=770
8l10147l0l9l9l0l7l0l1l531l865l3-1.0.1l2
 http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=809&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=sna
p+on+closures&oq=snap+on+closures&aq=f&aqi=&aql=undefined&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=29570l5
0689l0l36l21l0l7l7l0l460l2750l2-1.2.4l9
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(container)
 U.K. JAIN,D.C .GOUPALE,S.NAYAK-PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY