Maritime Security and Security Responsibilities

Maritime Security
and
Security Responsibilities
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Chief Engineer and
Maritime Lecturer & Trainer, Bangladesh.

11 September 2001
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In the wake of the tragic events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of
America, IMO Secretary-General William A. O’Neil, consulted Member Governments
on the need to review the measures already adopted by IMO to combat acts of
violence and crime at sea.

Resolution A.924(22)
(20 November 2001)
• Twenty-second Assembly (November 2001): Assembly
resolution A.924 called for a review of the existing
international legal and technical measures to prevent and
suppress terrorist acts against ships at sea and in port, and to
improve security aboard and ashore.
• The Assembly also contributed to the IMO Technical Co-
operation fund to assist States to develop maritime security.
- A call for a review of measures and procedures to prevent
acts of terrorism which threaten the security of passenger
and crews and the safety of ships;
- A boost to the Organization’s technical co-operation
programme of £1.5 million to help developing countries to
address maritime securing issues.
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MARITIME SECURITY INCIDENTS
Santa Maria- January, 1961
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On January 23, 1961, a group of 24 Portuguese and Spanish opposition
movement members seized control of the Santa Maria, a 609-foot-long
(186 m), 20,900-ton Portuguese luxury cruise liner (600 passengers & 300
crew).

MS ACHILLE LAURO- OCTOBER, 1985
On October 7, 1985, four men representing the Palestine
Liberation Front (PLF) hijacked the Italian MS Achille Lauro
liner off the coast of Egypt, as she was sailing from
Alexandria to Ashdod, Israel. The hijacking was
masterminded by Muhammad Zaidan, leader of the PLF
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USS COLE -
OCTOBER, 2000
October 12, 2000, while
refueling at a port in Aden,
Yemen, the U.S. Navy
destroyer Cole was attacked
by two suicide bombers
navigating a small motorboat
full of explosives. In this
incident, 17 crew members
were killed and wounded 39
others.
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LIMBURG – OCTOBER 2002
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Further impetus was added by the attack on the tanker LIMBURG off
Yemen in October 2002

SEABOURN SPIRIT- NOVEMBER, 2005
Pirates fired a rocket-propelled grenade and machine guns
on 5 November, 2005 in an attack on a luxury cruise liner
“Seabourn Spirit” off the east African coast.
Two armed boats approached the Seabourn Spirit about
100 miles off the coast of Somalia and fired as the boats'
occupants attempted to get onboard.
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M STAR - JULY 2010
• The Japanese oil tanker M
Star with its damaged hull
after the explosion in the
Strait of Hormuz.
• The report comes two days
after a militant group
known as the Brigades of
Abdullah Azzam, which has
links to al-Qaida, claimed
responsibility for the attack.
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Maritime Security Threats
• Pilferage and Theft
• Illegal migrants and stowaways
• Piracy and armed robberies
• Hijacking
• Sabotage
• Illicit drugs smuggling
• Terrorism
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TERRORISM
• Use of violence for political ends including violence for
the purpose of putting the public or any section of the
public in fear.
• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated
against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or
clandestine state agents.
• Destroys or damages, or place a device likely to destroy
or damage a ship, maritime platform, cargo or
navigational facility
• Knowingly communicate false information which
endangers safe navigation
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ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS AND STOWAWAYS
Definition: “Stowaway”. A person who is secreted on a
ship, or in cargo which is subsequently loaded on the
ship, without the consent of the ship owner or the master
or any other responsible person and who is detected
onboard the ship after it has departed from a port, or in
the cargo while unloading it in the port of arrival, and
reported as a stowaway by the master to the appropriate
authorities
FROM 1 JAN TO 31 DECEMBER 2008
494 INCIDENT REPORTED INVOLVING 2052
STOWAWAYS
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Background and History of Requirements
• UN Resolutions regarding Maritime Security
terrorist counter measures after September 11,
2001
• USA introduced measures at the IMO aimed to
enhance Maritime Security
• IMO developed and adopted new mandatory
provisions to enhance Maritime Security:
– Conference Resolutions
– Amendments to SOLAS, Chapter V and XI
– International Ship and Port Facility Security
(ISPS) Code
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Background and History of Requirements
• The new requirements form the international
framework through which ships and port facilities
can co-operate to detect and deter acts which
threaten security in the maritime transport
sector.
Difference to safety:
• this new legislation imposed for political reasons
• not from demands of shipping industry
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Diplomatic Conference (December 2002)
So, in 1st Conference resolution
new Amendments to SOLAS
• Chapter V
• Chapter XI-1
• Chapter XI-2
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The Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security held at IMO headquarters in
London from 9 to 13 December 2002, developed a new and comprehensive
maritime security regime for international shipping. The Conference was attended
by 109 Contracting Governments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention.
The Conference adopted, under Conference resolution 1, changes to SOLAS
including additional provisions in chapters V and XI and the creation of a new
chapter XI-2 addressing security.

Diplomatic Conference
December 2002 (1)
Other Conference resolutions:
• Resolution 3 .- Further work by the International
Maritime Organization pertaining to the enhancement of
maritime security;
• Resolution 4 .- Future amendments to Chapters XI-1
and XI-2 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention on special
measures to enhance maritime safety and security;
• Resolution 5 .- Promotion of technical co-operation
and assistance;
• Resolution 6 .- Early implementation of the special
measures to enhance maritime security;
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Diplomatic Conference (December 2002)
Conference resolution 2
International Ship &
Port Facility Security Code
(ISPS Code)
Part A – Mandatory
Part B - Recommendatory
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The Diplomatic Conference also adopted, under Conference resolution 2, the
International Ship & Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code)
Part A is mandatory.
Part B although recommendatory, provides a process and a menu for achieving
compliance with part A.
[A list of the contents of SOLAS chapter XI-2 and the ISPS Code are in the annex
to the speakers handed out earlier].

Diplomatic Conference
December 2002 (2)
• Resolution 7 .- Establishment of appropriate measures to
enhance the security of ships, port facilities, mobile
offshore drilling units on location and fixed and floating
platforms not covered by chapter XI-2 of the 1974 SOLAS
Convention;
• Resolution 8 .- Enhancement of security in co-operation
with the International Labour Organization;
• Resolution 9 .- Enhancement of security in co-operation
with the World Customs Organization;
• Resolution 10 .- Early implementation of long-range
ship’s identification and tracking; and
• Resolution 11 .- Human element-related aspects and
shore leave for seafarers.
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When do the security measures
come into force ?
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No. 20
1 July 2004

21
MARITIME SECURITY
REGULATIONS
SOLAS AND ISPS CODE

NEW MARITIME SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
SOLAS amendments adopted in December 2002
Chapter V: -Automated Identifications Systems(AIS)
Chapter XI-1: -Ship identification number
-Continuous Synopsis Record (CSR)
Chapter XI-2: -Measures to enhance maritime security
-International Ship and Port Facility
Security (ISPS) Code (Parts A & B)
Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (MTSA)
New Chapter 701 in title 46 of the U.S. Code
Aligned with SOLAS and ISPS Code
Intend to make Part B mandatory
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SOLAS Amendments
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No. 23
Chapter V Chapter XI-1 Chapter XI-2
AIS IMO Number
CSR
Application
of Code
Obligations of
Contr. Govern.
Requir. for
Comp. & Ships
Ship Security
Alert System
Threats to
Ships
Master s
disrection
Requirements
for Ports
Alternative
Agreements
Control
Equivalent
Arrangements
Communication

Automatic identification systems (AISs)
In 2000, IMO adopted a new requirement (as part of a revised
new chapter V) for all ships to carry automatic identification
systems (AISs) capable of providing information about the
ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically.
- AIS to be fitted aboard all ships≥300 gross tonnage engaged
on international voyages,
- cargo ships≥ 500 gross tonnage not engaged on
international voyages
- all passenger ships irrespective of size.
The requirement became effective for all ships by 31
December 2004.
Ships fitted with AIS shall maintain AIS in operation at all
times, except where international agreements, rules or
standards provide for the protection of navigational
information.
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Auto ati ide tifi atio syste s o t’d
The regulation requires that AIS shall:
1. provide information - including the ship's identity, type,
position, course, speed, navigational status and other
safety-related information - automatically to appropriately
equipped shore stations, other ships and aircraft;
2. Receive automatically such information from similarly
fitted ships; · monitor and track ships;
3. Exchange data with shore-based facilities.
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Ship Identification Number
In December 2002, the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime
Security adopted a number of measures aimed at
enhancing security of ships and port facilities. This included
a modification to SOLAS Regulation XI-1/3 to require ships'
identification numbers to be permanently marked in a
visible place either on the ship's hull or superstructure.
Passenger ships should carry the marking on a horizontal
surface visible from the air. Ships should also be marked
with their ID numbers internally.
The IMO ship identification number is made of the three
letters "IMO" followed by the seven-digit number assigned
to all ships by IHS Fairplay (formerly known as Lloyd's
Register-Fairplay) when constructed.
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“hip Ide tifi atio Nu er o t’d
This is a unique seven digit number that is assigned to propelled,
sea-going merchant ships of 100 GT and above upon keel laying
with the exception of the following:
- Vessels solely engaged in fishing
- Ships without mechanical means of propulsion
- Pleasure yachts
- Ships engaged on special service (e.g. lightships, SAR vessels)
- Hopper barges
- Hydrofoils, air cushion vehicles
- Floating docks and structures classified in a similar manner
- Ships of war and troopships
- Wooden ships
This number is assigned to the total portion of the hull enclosing the
machinery space and is the determining factor should additional
sections be added.
The IMO number is never reassigned to another vessel and is
shown on the ship’s certificates.
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Ship Identification Nu er o t’d
- Permanently marked
- Visible on:
* stern or side of hull or superstructure
* horizontal surface for passenger
vessels
- Contrasting color
- NLT 200 mm; width proportionate to
height
- raised lettering or by cutting it into
or center punching (or other
equivalent)
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Continuous Synopsis Record
• To be issued by the Administration to
each ship under its flag
• In case of changes, Administration to
issue amended record
• To be kept on board and available for
inspection at all times
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CONTINUOUS SYNOPSIS RECORD o t’d
- Basic diary of ship or historical record of ship
- Issued by Administration, but must be
maintained and updated onboard
- Information includes:
* name of flag state
* date of registry
* ship’s ID number
* name of owners
* name of registered demise charterers
* name of shipping company
* name of classification society(ies)
* name of authorities or associations issuing
certifications
- Left onboard with change of ownership or registry
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SOLAS NEW CHAPTER XI/2
• The new Chapter XI-2 titled “ Special
Measures to Enhance Maritime Security”
• Has 13 regulations on security related
requirements for ships and ports. Refers
to the ISPS Code Parts A and B
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OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTING
GOVERNMENTS WITH RESPECT TO SECURITY
• Administrations shall set security levels
and ensure that information on security
levels is provided to ships under their flag.
• CGs shall set security levels and ensure
that information on security levels is
provided to port facilities within their
territory, and to ships prior to entering a
port or whilst in a port within their
territory.
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Requirements for companies and ships
• Companies and ships :
– Compliance with relevant parts of this chapter and
ISPS Code Part A
– Guidance in ISPS Code Part B to be taken into
account
• Ships :
– Compliance to be verified and certified as provided
for in ISPS Code Part A.
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Ship Security Alert System
• Required to be provided on
– All ships constructed on or after 1 July 2004
– Ships constructed before 1 July 2004 :
• Oil & chemical tankers, gas & bulk carriers,
and cargo HS craft, of  500 GT; Passenger
ships including HS passenger craft; not later
than the 1st survey of radio installation
after 1 July 2004
• other cargo ships of  500 GT and mobile
offshore drilling units; not later than the 1st
survey of radio installation after 1 July
2006
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“hip “e urity Alert “yste o t’d
• Shall initiate & transmit alert to a competent
authority designated by administration
• Shall identify ship, its location and indicate
that ship’s security is under threat
• Shall not send the alert to any other ship nor
raise alarm on board
• Shall continue the alert until deactivated or
reset
• Have activation possible from bridge & at
least one other location
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Ship Security Alert “yste o t’d
- Performance standard; not necessarily requires new
equipment installation (eg. Piracy alarm)
- Silent ship-to-shore alert
* activated from bridge and at least one other location
* not heard by other ships
* include name and location of ship
- Protected from inadvertent initiation
- Administration or coastal state notification requirements
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Ship Security Alert System
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THREATS TO SHIPS
• CGs shall, for ships operating in or
having communicated an intention
to enter their territorial sea :
–Ensure provision of security level
information
–Provide a point of contact for ships to
• request advice or assistance
• report any security concerns about other
ships, movements or communications
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THREATS TO SHIPS
• Where a risk of attack has been
identified, the CGs shall advise the
ships concerned and their
administrations of
–Current security level
–Security measures that the coastal
state has decided to put in place and
those that the ships concerned
should put in place.
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THREATS TO THE PORTS
- Criminals
- Insiders such as military members,
ship’s crew, contractors, civilians, etc.
- Groups opposed to country policies
or actions
- Terrorist organizations and/or individuals
- Piracy
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MA“TER’“ DISCRETION FOR SHIP
SECURITY
• Master shall not be constrained, by the
Company or others, from taking or executing
any decision which, in his professional
judge e t, is e essary to ai tai the ship’s
safety and security.
• This includes denial of access to persons (except
those identified as duly authorized by a CG) or
their effects, refusal to load cargo including
containers or other closed cargo transport units.
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CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE MEASURES
• Controls for ships in a port of another CG :
– Such ships are subject to control by officers
duly authorized by that CG, who may be
same as those carrying out functions of Reg.
I/19.
– Such controls shall be limited to verifying
availability on board, of a valid ISSC or
Interim ISSC issued under provisions of Part
A of ISPS Code.
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• A valid certificate shall be accepted unless
there are clear grounds for believing that the
ship is not in compliance with requirements of
this chapter or Part A of ISPS Code.
• Where no valid cert is produced or when there
are such clear grounds, the officers duly
authorized may impose control measures.
Such measures must be proportionate, taking
into account guidance in Part B of ISPS Code.
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• Possible control measures :
–Inspection of the ship
–Delaying or detention of the ship
–Restrictions of operations including
movement within port
– Expulsion from port
–Additionally or alternatively, other
lesser administrative or corrective
measures.
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• Ships intending to enter a port of another CG :
– May be required to provide relevant information to
officers duly authorized, before entering the port.
– Such information includes the following :
• Confirmation of possession of valid certificate
• Current security level on board
• Security level operated in and any special or
additional security measures taken in any
previous port
• Other practical security related information
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• Master may decline to provide the information
requested on the understanding that this may
result in denial of entry into port.
• Ships shall keep records of relevant information
for last 10 calls at PFs.
• If, after receiving the information, officers duly
authorized have clear grounds to believe that
the ship does not comply with this chapter os
ISPS Part A, the officers shall attempt to
establish communication with and between the
ship & its ADM with a view to rectify the non-
compliance.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR PORT FACILITIES
• PFs to comply with relevant parts of this chapter
and ISPS Code Part A; guidance in ISPS Code
Part B to be taken into account
• CGs to ensure that :
– PF security assessments are carried out, reviewed
and approved in accordance with provisions of Part A
of ISPS Code
– PFS plans are developed, reviewed, approved and
implemented as provided for in ISPS Code Part A
• CGs shall designate & communicate measures
to be addressed in PFS plan for various security
levels; including when a Declaration of Security
is to be submitted.
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ALTERNATIVE SECURITY AGREEMENTS
• CGs may conclude in writing, bilateral or
multilateral agreements with other CGs on
alternative security arrangements covering short
international voyages on fixed routes between
port facilities within their territories.
• Such agreements shall not compromise the level
of security of other ships or of port facilities not
covered by the agreement.
• Any ship covered by such an agreement shall
not conduct any ship-to-ship activities with any
ship not covered by the agreement.
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EQUIVALENT SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
• Other security measures equivalent to and at
least as effective as those prescribed in this
chapter or in Part A of ISPS Code may be
allowed :
– By an Administration on a particular ship or
a group of ships entitled to fly its flag
– By a CG in a particular port facility or a
group of port facilities located within its
territory, other than those covered by an
agreement concluded under Reg. 11
• The Administration or the CG, as applicable,
shall communicate to IMO particulars of any
such equivalent measures allowed.
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ISPS Code: International Ship and
Port Facility Security Code
• Part A
Mandatory requirements:
– Ships / Companies
– Port facilities
– Administration
• Part B
Guidance:
– Background
– Compliance
– Assistance
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No. 51

ISPS Code - Objectives
• To establish An international framework
involving co-operation between CGs,
Govt agencies, local administrations and
shipping & port industries to detect
security threats and take preventive
measures.
• To establish respective roles and
responsibilities of CGs, Govt agencies,
local administrations and shipping & port
industries.
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ISPS Code – Functional requirements
• Gathering & assessing information on security
threats & exchanging it with appropriate CGs.
• Requiring maintenance of communication
protocols for ships & PFs
• Preventing unauthorized access to ships, PFs
& their restricted areas.
• Preventing introduction of unauthorized
weapons, incindiary devices or explosives to
ships or PFs.
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ISPS Code – Functional requirements
• Providing means for raising alarm in
reaction to security incidents.
• Requiring ship & PF security plans based
upon security assessments.
• Requiring training, drills and exercises to
ensure familiarity with security plans and
procedures.
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ISPS Code – Declaration of security
• Declaration of security :
– CGs shall determine when it is required by
assessing the risk the ship/port interface or
ship to ship activity poses to people,
property or the environment
– A ship may request completion of DOS
– To be completed by the master or the SSO
on behalf of ship AND PFSO or any other
body identified by CG on behalf of port
facility
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ISPS Code-
Ship Security Assessment
• CSO to ensure that SSA is carried out by
persons with appropriate skills to evaluate the
security of a ship
• RSO may carry out SSA
• SSA shall be documented, reviewed &
retained by the Company
• SSA shall include an on-scene security survey
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ISPS Code
Ship Security Assess e t o t’d
• SSA shall include at least the identification
of :
– existing security measures, procedures and
operations
– and evaluation of key shipboard operations
– possible threats to such operations and the
likelihood of their occurrence, in order to
establish and prioritise security measures
– identification of weaknesses, including human
factors in the infrastructure, policies &
procedures
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ISPS Code – Ship security plan
• ADM to approve
• RSO may prepare SSP for a specific ship
• ADM may entrust review & approval of SSP or
its amendments to RSO ( Provided that RSO is
not involved in either preparing the SSA or
SSP or amendments)
• Shall be available on board and protected
from unauthorized access or disclosure
• Not subject to inspection under control &
compliance measures
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ISPS Code - Records
• Records of following activities addressed
in SSP shall be maintained on board :
–Training, drills & exercises
–Security threats, security incidents &
breaches of security
–Changes in security level
–Communications relating to the direct
security of the ship such as specific
threats to the ship or to port facilities
the ship is at or has been
…… o ti ued……
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ISPS Code - Records
(cont’d)
• Internal audits & reviews of security
activities
• Periodic review of the SSA
• Periodic review of the SSP
• Implementation of any amendments to the
plan
• Maintenance, calibration and testing of
security equipment, if any including testing
of the ship security alert system
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ISPS Code – CSO and SSO
• CSO and SSO :
– Company shall designate a person or persons
as CSO and clearly identify for which ship/s
each person is responsible. CSO & appropriate
shore-based personnel shall have knowledge
and have received training.
– A SSO shall be designated for each ship. He
shall have knowledge and have received
training.
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Security Co-ordinator
at HQ
SSOs for Ships
in Group A
CSO for Ships
in Group A
CSO for Ships
in Group B
SSOs for Ships
in Group B
COMPANY
(Top Mgmt.)

ISPS Code – Training, drills & exercises on ship
security
• Drills shall be carried out at appropriate
intervals to ensure effective
implementation of the SSP, taking into
account :
– Ship personnel changes
– PFs to be visited
– Other relevant circumstances
• CSO shall ensure effective coordination &
implementation of SSP by participating in
the exercises at appropriate intervals.
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SCOPE OF APPLICATION
 Chapter XI-2 of SOLAS and the ISPS Code apply to :
 following types of ships engaged on international voyages :
Passenger ships, including HS passenger craft
Cargo ships, including HS craft, of 500 GT and upwards
 Mobile offshore drilling units
Port facilities serving such ships engaged on international
voyages
 Do not apply to : Warships & naval auxiliaries, other ships
owned/operated by a CG and used only on Govt. non-
commercial service.
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Relevant National Legislation and
Regulations
• All relevant
legislations and
regulations of the flag
State must be
considered in all
security operations of
the vessel
• CSO must take them
into consideration
when implementing
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No. 67

Examples of Relevant National Legislation and
Regulations (2)
• USA
– U.S. Maritime Transportation and Security Act
of 2002
– U.S. Maritime Security Act of July 2003
– 96-Hour Advanced Notification of Arrival
– 24-Hour Advance Cargo Manifest Filing
– INS Crewmember Security Plan (important)
– NVIC 4-02: Security for Pax-Vessels &
Passenger Terminals
– NVIC 10-02: Security Guidelines for Vessels
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No. 68

Examples of Relevant National Legislation and
Regulations (3)
• Canada
– Marine Transportation Security Act (1997)
– Cruise Ship and Cruise Ship Facility Security
Measures (1997)
– Memorandum of Understanding – Cruise Ship
Security (1998)
• UK
– Aviation and Maritime Security Act (1990)
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No. 69

DEFINITIONS
• Company : a company as defined in regulation IX/I.
• Ship/port interface : The interactions that occur when a ship is
directly and immediately affected by actions involving the
movement of persons, goods or the provisions of port
services to or from the ship.
• Ship to ship activity : any activity not related to a port facility
that involves transfer of goods or persons from one ship to
another.
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DEFINITIONS
• Port facility : A location, as determined by the Contracting
Government or by the Designated authority, where the
ship/port interface takes place. This includes areas such as
anchorages, waiting berths and approaches from seaward,
as appropriate.
• Designated authority: The organization (s) or the
administration (s) identified, within the Contracting
Government, as responsible for ensuring the
implementation of the provisions of Chapter XI-2 pertaining
to port facility security and ship/port interface, from point of
view of the port facility.
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DEFINITIONS
• Recognized security organization (RSO):
An organization with appropriate expertise in security
matters and appropriate knowledge of ship and port
operations; authorized to carry out an assessment, or a
verification, or an approval or a certification activity,
required by Chapter XI-2 or by Part A of the ISPS Code.
. Security incident : An suspicious act or circumstances
threatening the security of a ship, including a mobile
offshore drilling unit and a high speed craft, or of a port
facility or of any ship/port interface or any ship to ship
activity.
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DEFINITIONS
• Ship security officer ( SSO) :
“ The person on board the ship, accountable to the Master,
designated by the Company as responsible for the security
of the ship, including implementation and maintenance of
the SSP and for liaison with the company security officer and
port facility security officers.”
• Company security officer (CSO) :
The person designated by the Company for ensuring that a
ship security assessment is carried out; that a ship security
plan is developed, submitted for approval, and thereafter
implemented and maintained and for liaison with port
facility security officer and the SSO.”
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DEFINITIONS
• Port facility security officer (PFSO) :
The perso desig ated as respo si le for the de elop e t,
implementation, revision and maintenance of the port facility
security plan and for liaison with the ship security officers and
o pa y se urity offi ers.
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ISPS Code-

I. Contracting governments
II. R“O’s
III. The Company
IV. The Ship
V. The Port Facility
VI. SSO
VII. CSO
VIII. PFSO
IX. Vessel Personnel with specific security duties
X. Facility Personnel with specific security duties
XI. Other Personnel
XII. CSI Example
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3.76

I. Contracting Governments
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3.77

• Security levels: 1 – 2 – 3
• Higher security levels indicate greater
likelihood of occurrence of a security incident.
Governments consider different factors in
setting the appropriate security level:
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3.78

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3.79

• An administration requiring his ships to set SL 2 or 3
in a port of another Contracting Government shall
inform that Contracting Government without delay.
• Contracting Governments, when they set security
level 3, shall issue appropriate instructions and shall
provide security-related information to the ships
and port facilities that may be affected.
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3.80

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3.81
SL 3 !
Set
SL 2
(3)

Other responsibilities as:
• Approving the SSP and subsequent amendments ;
• Verifying compliance of ships with ISPS Code and issuing the ISSC ;
• Determining which port facilities needs a PFSO ;
• Ensuring compliance and approval of PFSA and subsequent amendments ;
• Approving PFSP and subsequent amendments ;
• Exercising control and compliance measures ;
• Testing the approved plans (PFSP & SSP) ;
• Communicating information to IMO, shipping & port industries.
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II. R“O’s
• Co tra ti g Go er e ts ay authorize a Re og ized
“e urity Orga isatio to u dertake ertai se urity-related
activities.
• An RSO may advise / provide assistance to companies or port
facilities on security matters.
• This can include completion of an SSA or SSP or PFSA or PFSP
• A recognized security organisation who completed an SSA or
SSP is NOT authorized to approve that SSP.
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3.83

II. R“O’s
What an RSO can do :
• Approval of a SSP or amendments thereto on behalf of the
Administration ;
• Verification and certification of compliance of ships with ISPS
Code on behalf of the Administration; and
• Conducting PFSA required by Contracting Government
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3.84

II. R“O’s
What a R“O a ’t do :
• Setting of security level ;
• Determining which of the PF are required to designate a PFSO and to
prepare a FFSP;
• Approving a PFSA or any subsequent amendments;
• Approving a PFSP or any subsequent amendments;
• Exercising control and compliance measures and
• Establishing requirements for a DoS.
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3.85

III. The Company
• The Company must designate a CSO and one SSO per
ship.
• The Company shall insure that the Master has
documents on board relating to :
- the crewing of the vessel and
- the employment of the vessel.
• A d …
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III. The Company
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IV. The Ship
The ship must comply with the requirements of the SSP as per
the security level set !
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3.88

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89

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90

IV. The Ship
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3.91
.
OK
Ship responsibilities in case of change to security level 2 or 3 by the Flag State
“hip’s Ad i istratio :
Vessel to acknowledge receipt of the instructions on change
of level.
Chang
e
to SL 2
( or 3)

IV. The Ship
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3.92
If the vessel (at SL 2/3) enters or is in port with lower SL, ship to advise
without delay the competent authority of the Contracting Government and
the PFSO to coordinate appropriate actions, if necessary.
Ship responsibilities in case of change to security level 2 or 3 by the Flag State
(next) :
SL 2 (or 3) SL1
PFSO
Contracting
Government
SL1

IV. The Ship
4/24/2014
3.93
SL 2 (or 3)
SL1
PFSO
Contracting
Government
Ship responsibilities in case of change to security level 2 or 3 by other
Contracting Government (CG) :
Prior entering the port or in the port of the Contracting
Government, ship to acknowledge receipt of instruction and to confirm to PFSO
the i itiatio of the i ple e tatio of ““P’s pro edures.
OK Done
SL2 (or 3)

IV. The Ship
Ship responsibilities in case of change to security level 2 or 3 by Other
Contracting Government (CG) :
• In case of SL 3, ship to follow instructions issued by CG
• Ships to report immediately any information that might affect maritime
security in the area.
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3.94
In case ship has difficulties to implement procedures, SSO
to contact PFSO to co-ordinate the appropriate actions.

• Port facilities shall comply with the requirements of Chapter
XI-2 of SOLAS and the ISPS Code
• The port facility shall act upon the security levels set by the
Administration within whose territory it is located.
• Security measures & procedures shall be applied as to cause
a minimum of interference with, or delay to, passengers,
ship, ship s personnel and isitors, goods and ser ices (Part
A, 14)
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At Security level 1
• Ensuring the performances of all port facility security duties;
• Controlling access to the port facility;
• Monitoring of the port facility, including anchoring & berthing
areas;
• Monitoring restricted areas to ensure that only authorized
persons have access;
• Supervising the handling of cargo;
• “uper isi g the ha dli g of ship’s stores, a d
• Ensuring that security communication is readily available.
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At security level 2
Additional protective measures, specified in the PFSP shall be
implemented for each activity detailed in the previous slide.
At security level 3
Further specific protective measures, specified in the
PFSP shall be implemented for each activity detailed in the previous slide.
Part B of the Code contains a guidance re the
additional and protective measures.
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VI. SSO
• The Company shall designate a SSO for each ship
• He is responsible for the SECURITY of the ship. This includes
the implementation and maintenance of the SSP, the liaison
with the CSO and PFSO
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VI. SSO
Duties & responsibilities of the SSO (but not limited to):
 Undertaking regular security inspections of the ship ;
 Maintaining & supervising the implementation of SSP;
 Co-ordinating security aspects of the handling of cargo & ship s stores ith
other crewmembers and relevant PFSO;
 Proposing modifications to SSP ;
 Reporting to CSO any deficiencies/non-conformities ;
 Reporting all security incidents;
 Ensuring adequate training to shipboard personnel;
 Enhancing security awareness and vigilance on board
 Co-ordinating implementation of SSP with CSO and PFSO;
 Ensuring that security equipment is properly operated, tested, calibrated and
maintained
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VII. CSO
The Co pa y shall desig ate o e C“O or se eral C“O’s depe di g o the
number or types of ships ;
Duties & responsibilities of the CSO (but not limited to):
• Advising the level of threats to ships ;
• Ensuring that SSA is carried out;
• Ensuring development/submission/approval/implementation &
maintenance of SSP;
• Ensuring modification of SSP as appropriate;
• Arranging for internal audits/reviews of security activities;
• Arranging initial/subsequent verifications by Administration or RSO;
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VII. CSO
Duties & responsibilities of the CSO (but not limited to):
• Ensuring identification of deficiencies & non-conformities;
• Enhancing security awareness & vigilance;
• E sure se urity trai i g for ship’s perso el;
• Ensure effective communication & co-operation between SSO and
relevant PFSO;
• Ensuring consistency between security requirements and safety
requirements;
• Ensure that each plan reflects the ship-specific information accurately;
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VIII. PFSO
 A PFSO shall be designated for each port facility ;
 He shall be given the necessary support to fulfil his duties and
responsibilities;
 His tasks may include :
- Conducting an initial security survey of the port facility;
- The development and maintenance of PFSP;
- The implementation and test of the PFSP;
- The regular inspection of the port facility;
- The recommendation & incorporation of modifications to the PFSP;
- Enhancing security awareness & vigilance of personnel
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VIII. PFSO
 His tasks may include (next) :
- The training of security personnel of the port facility;
- The reporting of security threats & maintaining records of
occurrences;
- Co-ordinating implementation of PFSP with appropriate Company &
““O’s;
- Co-ordinating with security services, as appropriate;
- Setting standards for security personnel;
- Ensuring that security equipment is properly operated, tested,
calibrated & maintained;
- Assisting SSO in confirming identity of those seeking to board the ship
(when requested, not a routine).
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VIII. PFSO
If the PFSO is advised that
 A ship is at a higher security level than the port :
the PFSO shall report the matter to the competent authority
and shall contact the SSO to co-ordinate appropriate action if
necessary.
 A ship encounters difficulties in complying/implementing the
procedures detailed in the SSP (especially in case of security
level 3), PFSO & SSO shall liaise and co-ordinate appropriate
actions.
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IX. Vessel Personnel with specific security
duties
Shipboard Personnel with Specific Security duties…
…a d respo si ilities shall u dersta d their respo si ilities for ship
security as described in the SSP and shall have sufficient knowledge and
ability to perform their assigned duties.
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IX. Vessel Personnel with specific security
duties
Their knowledge & ability should include, as appropriate :
• Knowledge of security threats & patterns;
• Recognition & detection of weapons, dangerous substances and devices
• Recognition of characteristics & behavioural patterns of persons who are likely to
threaten security;
• Techniques used to circumvent security measures;-
• Crowd management & control techniques;
• Security-related communications;
• Knowledge of the emergency procedures & contingency plans;
• Operations of security equipment & systems;
• Testing, calibration & at-sea maintenance of security equipment & systems
• Inspection, control and monitoring techniques;
• Methods of physical searches of persons, personal effects, baggage, cargo and
ship s stores
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X. Facility Personnel with specific security
duties
Port Fa ility Perso el ha i g “pe ifi “e urity duties…
…shall u dersta d their duties a d respo si ilities for port fa ility se urity,
as described in the SSP and shall have sufficient knowledge and ability to
perform their assigned duties.
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XI. Other Personnel
Shipboard personnel and port facility personnel OTHER than personnel
ha i g spe ifi se urity duties …
… ay ha e a role i the e ha e e t of ariti e se urity
… should ha e suffi ie t k o ledge of a d e fa iliar ith rele a t
provisions of the SSP.
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XI. Other Personnel
This includes :
• The meaning and requirements of the different security levels;
• Knowledge of the emergency procedures and contingency plans;
• Recognition and detection of weapons, dangerous substances and
devices;
• Recognition of characteristics & behaviour patterns of persons who are
likely to threaten security;
• Techniques used to circumvent security measures
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U.S. Customs and Border
Protection
Response to Terrorism

CSI is one of several U.S.
Customs and Border Protection
responses to the events of
September 11, 2001
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What is CSI?
• C“I, short for Co tai er
“e urity I itiati e, is a
program that was started by
the U.S. Customs Service in
early 2002.
• CSI puts teams of Customs
professionals in ports
around the world to target
containers that may pose a
risk for terrorism.
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Why is there risk to sea-going
containers?
• Al Qaeda has stated that
one of its goals is to destroy
U.S. economic interests.
• Containerized shipping is a
major vulnerability, and the
global economy depends
upon it.
• Over 200 million cargo
containers move between
major seaports each year.
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containers?
• 90% of world cargo moves
by container.
• In many nations such as the
United Kingdom, Japan and
South Korea, over 90% of
trade volume arrives or
leaves by sea.
• In the U.S., almost half of
incoming trade (by value)
arrives by ship.
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containers?
There is definite room
for improvement in the
area of container
security.
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Intentions of CSI
• Intensify targeting and screen
containers at ports
worldwide, before those
containers are loaded and
sent to their final
destinations.
• Include national security
factors in targeting.
• Provide additional outreach
to U.S. industry for
cooperation, idea generation,
and data collection.
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Key elements of CSI
• Establish security criteria for
identifying containers that
may pose a risk for
terrorism, based on advance
information.
• Pre-screen containers at the
earliest possible point.
• Use technology to quickly
pre-screen containers that
may pose a risk for
terrorism.
• De elop se ure a d s art"
containers.
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Key benefits of CSI
• CSI significantly increases
our ability to intercept
containers that may pose
a risk for terrorism before
they reach U.S. shores.
• CSI increases the security
of the global trading
system.
• CSI facilitates the smooth
movement of legitimate
trade.
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Key benefits of CSI
• Protects port
infrastructures.
• Enhances safety and
security for all.
• Gives a competitive
advantage to the
trade.
• International
reciprocity.
• Insurance; deterrence.
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References & websites:
1. www.imo.org (SOLAS & ISPS Code)
2. IMO Activities to enhance Maritime Security
by Captain Kyung Rae Min
3. NEW MARITIME SECURITY REQUIREMENTS by USCG
4/24/2014
123

ANY QUESTION?
THANK YOU!
4/24/2014
124

Maritime Security and Security Responsibilities

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