Nursing Theories and History

Foundations of Nursing
Nursing Theories and History
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Faye Abdellah

Patient – Centered
Approaches to Nursing
Model
FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Nursing Theories and History 21 Nursing Problems

Lecturer: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N  To maintain good hygiene.
 To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep.
 To promote safety.
NURSING THEORIES and CONCEPTUAL  To maintain good body mechanics
FRAMEWORK  To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen
 To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
 To facilitate maintenance of elimination
Florence Nightingale  To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte
Developed and described the first theory of nursing balance
Focused on changing and manipulating environment  To recognize the physiologic response of the body to
in order to put the patient in the best possible disease conditions
conditions for nature to act.  To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory
mechanisms and functions
Identified 5 environmental factors: fresh air, pure
 To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions
water, efficient drainage, cleanliness/sanitation and
 To identify and accept positive and negative
light/direct sunlight.
expressions, feelings and reactions
Client’s environment is manipulated to include
 To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions
appropriate nose, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort,
and illness.
socialization and hope.
 To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and
non-verbal communication
 To promote the development of productive
interpersonal relationship
 To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal
spiritual goals
 To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
 To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with
varying needs.
 To accept the optimum possible goals
 To use community resources as an aid in resolving
problems arising from illness.
 To understand the role of social problems as
influencing factors

Defined nursing as service to individuals and families.
Virginia Henderson Conceptualized nursing as an art and a science that
Introduced The Nature of Nursing Model molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies and
Identified 14 basic needs : technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire
o Breathing normally and ability to help people, sick or well and cope with
o Eating and drinking adequately their health needs.
o Eliminating body wastes
o Moving and maintaining desirable position Dorothy Johnson
o Sleeping and resting Behavioral System Model
o Selecting suitable clothes According to her, each
o Maintaining body temperature within person as a behavioral
normal range system is composed of
o Keeping the body clean and well-groomed seven subsystem namely:
o Avoiding dangers in the environment  Ingestive
o Communicating with others  Eliminative
o Worshipping according to one’s faith  Affiliative
o Working in such a way that one feels a sense  Aggressive
of accomplishment  Dependence
o Playing/participating in various forms of  Achievement
recreation  Sexual and Role Identity Behavior
o Learning, discovering or satisfying the
curiosity that leads to normal development Imogene King
and health and using available health Goal Attainment Theory
facilities. Described nursing as a helping
She postulated that the unique function of the nurse is profession that assists
to assists the clients, sick or well in the performance of individuals and groups in
those activities contributing to health or its recovery, society to attain, maintain and
that clients would perform unaided if they had the restore health
necessary strength, will or knowledge.
Believed that nursing involves in assisting the client in
gaining independence as rapidly as possible or
assisting him achieved peaceful death if recovery is no
longer possible.
Foundations of Nursing Abejo


3. Nursing System – nursing interventions needed
Madeleine Leininger when Individual is unable to perform the
Transcultural Nursing Model necessary self-care activities:
Nursing is a learned
humanistic and scientific A. Wholly compensatory – nurse provides entire
profession and discipline self-care for the client.
which is focused on Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering
human care phenomena from surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit
and activities in order to
assist, support, facilitate, B. Partial compensatory – nurse and client perform
or enable individuals or care, client can perform selected self-care
groups to maintain or activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse
regain their well being for needs the client cannot meet independently.
(or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to
ways, or to help people face handicaps or death. ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who
Transcultural nursing as a learned subfield or branch can feed himself
of nursing which focuses upon the comparative study
and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and C. Supportive-educative – nurse’s actions are to
health-illness caring practices, beliefs and values with help the client develop/learn their own self-care
the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing abilities through knowledge, support and
care services to people according to their cultural encouragement.
values and health-illness context. Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her
Focuses on the fact that different cultures have baby, Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive
different caring behaviors and different health and coping strategies.
illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Awareness of the differences allows the nurse to
design culture-specific nursing interventions Hildegard Paplau
Interpersonal Model
Myra Levin Defined nursing as an
Four Conservation Principles interpersonal process of
She advocated that nursing is a therapeutic interactions between
human interaction and an individual who is sick or in
proposed 4 conservation need of health services and
principles of nursing which are a nurse especially educated to
concerned with the unity recognize and respond to the
and integrity of the individual. need for help.
 Conservation of Energy Identified 4 phases of the Nurse – Patient relationship:
 Conservation of Structural Integrity Orientation – individual/family has a “felt need” and
 Conservation of Personal Integrity seeks professional assistance from a nurse (who is a
 Conservation of Social Integrity stranger). This is the problem identification phase.
 Identification – where the patient begins to
Betty Neuman have feelings of belongingness and a
Health care System Model capacity for dealing with the problem,
Nursing is a unique profession creating an optimistic attitude from which
that is concerned with all the inner strength ensues. Here happens the
variables affecting an individual’s selection of appropriate professional
response to stresses, which are: assistance.
- intra ( within the individual )  Exploitation – the nurse uses
- inter ( between one or more communication tools to offer services to the
other people ) patient, who is expected to take advantage of
- extrapersonal ( outside the all services.
individual )  Resolution – where patient’s needs have
The nurse helps the client, through primary, secondary already been met by the collaborative efforts
between the patient and the nurse.
and tertiary prevention to adjust to environment
Therapeutic relationship is terminated and
stressors and maintain client stability.
the links are dissolved, as patient drifts away
from identifying with the nurse as the
helping person
Dorotheo Orem
Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit Theory
Defined Nursing: “The act of Martha Rogers
assisting others in the provision Science of Unitary Human Beings
and management of self-care Unitary Man, is an energy field in
to maintain/improve human constant interaction with the
functioning at home level of environment.
effectiveness.” Human beings are more than
Focuses on activities that adult and different from the
individuals perform on their sum of their parts; the
own behalf to maintain life, health distinctive properties of the
and well-being. whole are significantly different
Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus. from those of its parts.
Identified 3 related concepts: 5 basic assumptions:
1. Self-care – activities an Individual performs  The human being is a unified whole, possessing
independently throughout life to promote and individual integrity and manifesting
maintain personal well-being. characteristics that are more than and different
2. Self-care deficit – results when self-care agency from the sum of parts.
(Individual’s ability) is not adequate to meet the
known self-care needs.


 The individual and the environment are Carative Factors:
continuously exchanging matter and energy with 1. The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of
each other values
 The life processes of human beings evolve 2. Instillation of faith-hope
irreversibly and unidirectionally along a space- 3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others
time continuum 4. The development and acceptance of the expression of
 Patterns identify human being and reflect their positive and negative feelings.
innovative wholeness 5. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving
 The individual is characterized by the capacity method for decision making
for abstraction and imagery, language and 6. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning
thought, sensation and emotion 7. The provision for supportive, protective and corrective
mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual
Sister Callista Roy environment
Adaptation Model 8. Assistance with the gratification of human needs
Viewed each person as a 9. The allowance for existential phenomenological forces
unified biopsychosocial system
in constant interaction with a
changing environment. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Person as an adaptive Theory of Human Becoming
system consists of input, control, Emphasized free choice of
processes, output and feedback. personal meaning in relating
All people have certain needs value priorities, co-creating of
which is divided into rhythmical patterns, in
four different modes: physiological, self concept, role exchange with the environment,
function and interdependence. and co transcending in
many dimensions as possibilities
unfold.
Lydia Hall  Human becoming is freely choosing personal
Three Components of Nursing : Care, Core and meaning in situation in the intersubjective
Cure process of relating value priorities
 Care: represent nurturance  Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic
and is exclusive to nursing patterns or relating in mutual process in the
 Core: involves therapeutic universe
use of self and emphasizes  Human becoming is co-transcending
the use of reflection multidimensionally with emerging possibilities.
 Cure: focuses on
nursing related to the
physician’s orders Ernestine Weidenbach
Developed the Clinical Nursing – A Helping Art
Model
She believed that nurses meet
Ida Jean Orlando the individual’s need for
The Dynamic Nurse – Patient Relationship Model help through the
Believed that the nurse helps patients meet a perceived identification of the needs,
need that the patients cannot meet for themselves. administration of help and
Observed that the nurse provides direct assistance to validation that actions were
meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or helpful.
to alleviate distress or helplessness. Components of clinical practice: Philosophy, purpose,
She also indicated that nursing actions practice and an art.
can be:
 Automatic
 Deliberative Joyce Travelbee
Advocated the three elements Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing Model
composing nursing situation: The goal of nursing is to
 Client behavior assist individual or
 Nurse reaction family in preventing
 Nurse action or coping with
illness regaining health,
finding meaning in
Jean Watson illness or maintaining
Human Caring Model ( Nursing: Human Science maximal degree of health.
and Human Care )
Nursing is the application of the
art and human science through
transpersonal caring transactions
to help persons achieve
mind-body-soul harmony, which
generates self-knowledge,
self-control, self-care and
self-healing
She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding
to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a
personal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is
only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the
satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the
person as what he/she may become in a caring
environment


HISTORY OF NURSING  It is called the period of “on the job” training. Nursing
care was performed without any formal education and
by people who were directed by more experienced
PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING nurses.
 Military Religious Orders:
Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man  Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
He was nomad. His philosophy of life was “the best  Teutonic Knights, tent hospital for wounded
for the most” and he was ruled by the law of self-  Knights of St. Lazarus, nursing care for
preservation. lepers
Nursing was a function that belonged to women  Rise of Secular Orders,
Believed that illness was caused by invasion of evil  Order of St. Francis of Assisi
spirit  The Bequines
Believed that medicine man called “shaman” or witch  The Oblates
doctor had the power to heal by using white magic.  Benedictines
Practices “trephining” (drilling a hole in the skull with  Ursulines
a stone or rock without anesthesia as a last resort to  Augustinians
drive evil spirit from the body. Hospitals were poorly ventilated and the
beds were filthy.
Nursing in the Near East Overcrowding of patients
 Man’s mode of living changed from nomadic style to Practice of environmental sanitation and
an agrarian society to an urban community life. asepsis were non-existent.
 Developed a means of communication and the Older nuns prayed with and took good
beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge care of the sick; while the younger nuns
 Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sister or washed soiled linens.
mother  Important Nursing Personage During The Period of
 The care of the sick was still closely related to Apprentice
religion, superstition and magic.  St. Claire
 St. Elizabeth of Hungary “Patroness of
Contribution to Medicine and Nursing: Nurses”
Babylonia  St. Catherine of Siena “First Lady with a
Code of Hammurabi : Provided laws that covered Lamp”
every facet of Babylonian life including medical
practice. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
Egypt  The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther destroyed
Egyptians introduced the art of embalming which the unity of the Christian faith.
enhance their knowledge of human anatomy.  The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything
connected with Roman Catholicism.
Israel  Hundreds of hospitals were closed
Moses – “Father of Sanitation”  There were no provision for the sick, no one
He wrote the five book of the Old Testament which: to care for the sick.
 Emphasized the practice of hospitality to  Nursing become the work of the least
strangers and acts of charity. desirable women.
 Promulgated laws of control on the spread  Several Leaders Sought to Bring Reforms:
of communicable disease and the ritual of  John Howard
male circumcision.  Mother Mary Aikenhand
 Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika
Nursing in the Far East Munster Fliedner, established the Institute
China for Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth,
Strongly believed in spirits and demons. Germany. The first organized training
Prohibition of dissecting the dead human body. school for nurses.
Give the world knowledge of material medica which Nursing in America
prescribed methods of treating wounds, infection and  Jeanne Mance, the first laywoman who worked as a
muscular afflictions. nurse in North America. She founded the Hotel Dieu
India of Montreal, a log cabin hospitals
Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive  Mrs. Elizabeth Seton, founded the Sister of Charity
form of asepsis and were proficient in the practice of of Emmitsberg, Maryland
medicine and surgery.  American Reforms in Nursing
Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications  The Nurse’s Society of Philadelphia,
organized a school of nursing under the
of nurses.
direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington. Nurses
Greece
were trained on the job and attended some
Nursing was the task of untrained slave
preparatory courses.
Introduced the caduceus
 Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia,
Hippocrates, Father of Scientific Medicine established a six month course in nursing.
Rome  Nursing During the Civil War
Attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness  The American Medical Associa during the
was a sign of weakness. Civil War created the Committee on
Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek Training of Nurses.
physician.  Dorothea Dix, established the Nurse Corps
Fabiola, made her home the first hospital in the of the United States Army.
Christian world.  Clara Barton, founded the American Red
Cross
PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING
 Periods extends from the founding of religious nursing  This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence
orders in The Crusades and establishment of Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas
Kaiserwerth Institute for the Training of Deaconesses. Hospital in London (St.Thomas Hospital School of
Nursing)


Prominent Person Involved in Nursing Works (Philippine
 Facts About Florence Nightingale Revolution)
 Recognized as the “Mother of Modern Nursing”
 Also known as the “ Lady with a Lamp”  Josephine Bracken, installed a field hospital in
 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy Tejeros for wounded.
 Not contented with the social custom imposed  Rosa Sevilla de Alvero
upon her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her  Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo, organized Filipino Red
self-appointed goal: “To change the profile of Cross.
nursing”  Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo, 2nd wife of
 Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her Emilio Aguinaldo, Pres. Of Filipino Red Cross in
observation of the sanitary facilities and social Batangas
problems of the places she visited.  Melchora Aquino ( Tandang Sora )
 Advocated for care of those afflicted with disease  Capital Salome
caused by lack of hygienic practices.  Agueda Kahabagan
 At the age of 31, she overcome her family’s  Trinidad Tecson, “ Ina ng Biac na Bato “
resistance to her ambitions. She entered the
Deaconess School at Kaiserworth. Hospitals and School of Nursing
 Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen
during illness.  Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing ( Iloilo
 Upgraded the practice of nursing and made City, 1906 )
nursing an honorable profession for - In April 1944, 22 nurses graduated took the first
gentlewomen. Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission
 Led the nurses that took care of the wounded Hospital.
during the Crimean War.  St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila,
1907)
Important Person/Groups/Events During Period of Educated  Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
Nursing ( 1907 )
 Linda Richards, First graduate nurse in the US - Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the first Filipino nurse to
 Dr. William Halstead, Designed the first rubber occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent
gloves in the Philippines.
 Caroline Hampton Robb, The first to nurse to wear  St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing ( Quezon
gloves while working as an operating room nurse. City, 1907 )
 Clara Louise Maas, Engaged in medical research on Requirements for Admission:
yellow fever, She died of yellow fever  At least completion of seventh grade
 Establishment of nursing organization; the American  Sound physical and mental health
Nurses Association and the National League for  Good moral character
Nursing Education.  Good family and social standing
 Development of private duty nursing, settlement house  Recommendations from three different
nursing, school nursing, government service of nurses persons well known in the community
and maternal and prenatal health nursing.
 Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing
PERION OF CONTEMPORAY NURSING ( Manila, 1907 )
 Period after World War II  Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of
 Establishment of the World Health Organization by Nursing
the UN  San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing
 Use of atomic / nuclear energy for medical diagnosis (1946)
and treatment  Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing
 Utilization of computers and use of sophisticated ( Capiz, 1913 )
equipment for diagnosis and therapy  Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing
 Health is perceived as a fundamental human right. ( Cebu, 1918 )

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

PHILIPPINES  University of Sto.Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
 Manila Central University College of Nursing
EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES (1947)
 Beliefs about causation of disease: Enemy or a witch  University of the Philippines College of Nursing
and evil spirit (1948)
 People believed that evil spirits could be driven away
by persons with power to expel demons. Nursing Leaders in the Philippines
 People believed I special gods of healing, with the
priest-physician (called “word doctors”). If they used  Anastacia Giron – Tupas, First Filipino nurse to
leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent;
(“Herbolarios”) founder of the Philippine Nurses Association.
 Herbicheros one who practiced witchcraft.  Cesaria Tan, First Filipino to receive a Masters
 Persons suffering from disease without any identified degree in Nursing abroad.
cause were believed to be bewitched by the  Socorro Sirilan, Pioneered in Hospital Social Service
“mangkukulam or mangagaway. in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the chief nurse
 Difficult childbirth were attributed to “nono”  Rosa Militar, pioneer in school health education
 Sor Ricarda Mendoza, pioneer in nursing education.
Earliest Hospitals  Socorro Diaz, first editor of the PNA magazine called
 Hospital Real de Manila ( 1577) “ The Message “
 San Lazaro Hospital ( 1578 )  Conchita Ruiz, First full time editor of the newly
 Hospital de Indio ( 1586 ) named PNA magazine “The Filipino Nurse”
 Hospital de Aguas Santas ( 1590 )
 San Juan de Dios Hospital ( 1596 )


Nursing Theories and History

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Nursing Theories and History

Similar to Nursing Theories and History (20)

More from MarkFredderickAbejo

More from MarkFredderickAbejo (20)

Nursing Theories and History