COVID-19 | Corona Virus: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnostics , Treatments #COVID-19 | Corona Virus: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnostics , Treatments #covid 19 symptoms #COVID-19 health tips #covid 19 vaccine #covid 19 treatment #covid 19 pathophysiology

1. CORONA VIRUS
Maneesha M Joseph
1
By,
Maneesha M Joseph
Assistant Professor
Baby Memorial College
Kozhikode
11/04/20 1
Video Class uploaded in YOUTUBE Channel Mallu Medicos Lounge

2. Introduction
Maneesha M Joseph
Coronaviruses belong to :-
Orthocoronavirinae – sub family
Coronaviridae - family
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3. Introduction…
Maneesha M Joseph
• They are enveloped viruses with a positive-
sense single-stranded RNA genome .
• The name corona virus is derived from the
Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "halo",
which refers to the characteristic appearance
reminiscent of a crown when viewed under
electron microscopy, due to the surface
covering in club-shaped protein spikes.
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4. Coronaviruses are classified into three groups, initially based on antigenic relationships of
the spike (S), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and now re-enforced by viral
genetic phylogeny
v The HCoVs 229E and HCoV NL63 are group 1 coronaviruses,
v HCoV OC43, HCoV HKU-1 and SARS coronaviruses are classified in group 2.
v GROUP 3 Is avian strains Causing infection in chickens
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5. MORPHOLOGY
v Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with surface
projections.
v The diameter of the virus particles is around 120 nm.
v The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M),
envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
v A subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members
of betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like surface protein
called hemagglutinin esterase(HE).
v Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple
copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense
single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-string type
conformation.
v The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the
virus when it is outside the host cell
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7. Epidemiology…
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Outbreaks of coronavirus types of relatively high mortality are as follows
Outbreak Virus type Deaths
2003 severe acute respiratory
syndrome outbreak
SARS-CoV 774
2012 Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus
outbreak
MERS-CoV Over 400
2015 Middle East respiratory
syndrome outbreak in South
Korea
MERS-CoV 36
2018 Middle East respiratory
syndrome outbreak
MERS-CoV 41
2019–20 coronavirus
pandemic
SARS-CoV-2 At least 5,833
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8. Corona virus disease
2019 (COVID-19)
Maneesha M Joseph
• In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak
was reported in Wuhan city of China.
• On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was
traced to a novel strain of corona virus, which
was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the
World Health Organization (WHO), later
renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
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9. Corona virus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
• As of 15 March 2020, there have been at least 5,833
confirmed deaths and more than 156,396
confirmed cases in the corona virus pneumonia
pandemic.
• The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new
strain of Beta corona virus from group 2B with
approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-
CoV.
• The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat corona virus,
so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as
well. The pandemic has resulted in serious travel
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10. Causes of COVID - 19
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• It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 is
closely related to Sever Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Corona
Virus which was outbreaks in
2003.
• It is thought to have a zoonotic
origin.
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11. How Does the New Coronavirus Spread?
SARS-CoV-2, the virus, mainly spreads from person to person.
Most of the time, it spreads when a sick person coughs or sneezes. They can spray
droplets as far as 6 feet away. If you breathe them in or swallow them, the virus can
get into your body. Some people who have the virus don't have symptoms, but they
can still spread the virus.
You can also get the virus from touching a surface or object the virus is on, then
touching your mouth, nose, or possibly your eyes. Most viruses can live for several
hours on a surface that they land on. A study shows that the COVID-19 coronavirus
can last for several hours on various types of surfaces:
Copper: 4 hours
Cardboard up to 24 hours
Plastic or stainless steel: 2 to 3 days
That’s why it’s important to disinfect surfaces to get rid of the virus.
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12. Incubation Period
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• Ranges from one to fourteen days; it is most
commonly five days. In one case, it had an
incubation period of 27 days
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13. Pathophysiology
Host mechanism is decreased (Impaired gag and cough reflex or
immunocompromized State)
Microorganisms enter the lower respiratory tract
Inflammatory reaction begins
Inflammatory reactions with WBC, neutrophils enter the alveoli and fill
normally air containing spaces
Interfere exchange of O2 and CO2
Hypoxemia3/19/2020 1311/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph 13

14. Signs and Symptoms
• Symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and
those infected may either be asymptomatic or
develop flu like symptoms such as fever,
cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, or muscle
pain.
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15. Signs and Symptoms…
Symptom %
Fever 87.9%
Dry cough 67.7%
Fatigue 38.1%
Sputum production 33.4%
Shortness of breath 18.6%
Muscle pain or joint pain 14.8%
Sore throat 13.9%
H3/e19a/2d02a0che 13.6% 1511/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph 15

16. Maneesha M Joseph 16
Chills 11.4%
Nausea or vomiting 5.0%
Nasal congestion 4.8%
Diarrhoea 3.7%
Haemoptysis 0.9%
Conjunctival congestion 0.8%
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17. Clinical Syndrome associated with COVID-
19
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1. Mild illness
2. Pneumonia
3. Severe Pneumonia
4. Acute respiratory distress Syndrome
5. Sepsis
6. Septic Shock
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18. Diagnosis
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• Infection by the virus can be provisionally
diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, though
confirmation is ultimately by reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-
PCR) of infected secretions ,(71% sensitivity) and
CT imaging (98 % sensitivity).
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19. Ø How Do You Prevent the Spread?
If you’re in an area where it’s spreading, take these steps:
Wash your hands often with soap and water, or clean them with an alcohol-based
sanitizer. This kills viruses on your hands.
Practice social distancing. Because you can have and spread the virus without
knowing it, you should stay home as much as possible. If you do have to go out,
stay at least 6 feet away from others.
Don’t touch your face. Coronaviruses can live on surfaces you touch for several
hours. If they get on your hands and you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, they
can get into your body.
There’s no need to wear a face mask unless your doctor tells you to. You will need
one if you’ve been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or have COVID-19, or if you’re a
health care worker or caring for someone who has it.
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20. ØIs There a Vaccine?
Not yet, but clinical trials are under way in the U.S. and in
China to test vaccines for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
One vaccine called mRNA-1273 (which was developed by
using messenger RNA) would tell your cells to pump out a
protein that will kick-start your immune system to fight the
virus. It’s worked well in animals and is ready to test in
humans.
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21. TREATMENT
Ø There’s no specific treatment for COVID-19.
Ø People who get a mild case need care to ease their symptoms, like rest, fluids, and fever
control.
Ø You can take over-the-counter medicine for a sore throat, body aches, and fever.
Antibiotics won’t help because they treat bacteria, not viruses. If you hear about people
with COVID-19 getting antibiotics, it’s for an infection that came along with the disease.
Numerous clinical trials are under way to explore treatments used for other conditions that
could fight COVID-19 and to develop new ones.
Ø A study in China showed that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, which are used to treat
malaria and autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, helped people with
COVID-19 pneumonia
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