1. Maria Francisca Rojas
Victoriano

2. Languages
Contain
Lexicon Phonology Morphology Syntax
(Vocabulary) (Sound) (Word Structure) (Grammar)

4. English West
Germanic
Germanic
Indo European Proto-Germanic
(IE) (PGmc)
Other Proto
Languages
Proto-Indo-
European (PIE)
Languages

5. World Languages by percentage of
speakers
1.50%
3.50% Indo-European
5%
6%
2% Niger-Congo
5% Dravidian
45%
Sino-Tibetan
Afro-Asiatic
22%
Austroasiatic
6% Altaic
Austronesian
Tai-Kadai
4%
Other

6. Some
modern
similarities
languages
of two
Languages have
language
share inherited
families
genes, features
are shown
from Older
in the next
languages
slideshow

7. Numbers one, two and
three in some Romance
languages.
Italian French Spanish Portuguese Latin
One Uno Un Uno Um Unus
Two Due Deux Dos Dois Duo
Three Tre Trois Tres Tres Tres

8. Numbers one, two and
three in some Germanic
languages.
English Dutch German Swedish Yiddish
One One Een Eins En Eyns
Two Two Twee Zwei Två Tsvey
Three Three Drie Drei Tre Dray

9.  Romance languages share an
ancestor language: LATIN.
 Germanic language’s ancestor must
be inferred, a case different from
Latin, because Germanic was never
written.

10. Some Germanic
vocabulary words that
express genetic relation
English Dutch German Swedish Yiddish
Love Liefde Liebe Ljuv Libe
Mother Moeder Mutter Mo(de)r Muter
House Huis Haus Hus Hoyz

11. The Indo-European
Language Family
A family of languages that where Identified in the
spoken by an important part of 18th and 19th
Europe and Asia. centuries.
The concept is
Of the 11 linguistic; the
The IE family term is
subgroups, one of
contains about 140
languages, which
them is geographic
are classified into
Germanic, where (easternmost:
English comes India and
11 subgroups.
from.
westernmost:
Europe)

12. Indo-European
Language Family
Anatolian
Indo- Indic
Iranian Iranian

13. Greek
Italic
Germanic

14. Celtic
Tocharian
Baltic

15. Slavic
Armenian
Albanian

16. Fragmentary Languages (languages
that only survive in fragments, inscriptions, also
classified as IE)
Ligurian Thracian
Messapic Phrygian
Sicel and Sicanian Illyrian
Venetic Others

18. Phonological
correspondence
Phonology among some PIE
languages
PIE Sanskrit Hittite Latin
p p p p
Kw k/c ku qu

19. PIE reconstructions based on
vocabulary from IE languages
Hittite Greek PIE
three teri- treîs *trei-
foot pata-x podós° *ped-
X: The form is Hieroglyphic Luwian
°: The genitive case reveals the stem

20. Morphology
‘PIE, considered a fusional language,
is a language were nouns, adjectives,
pronouns, indicate their grammatical
relationship to other words in a
sentence and mark gender and
number agreement among words in
phrases’
‘The
protolanguage is
reconstructed
with 8 or 9 cases Cases:
which indicate Nominative, genitive, dative, ac
grammatical and cusative, ablative, locative, inst
semantic distinction’ rumental and vocative.

21. Such as
There is a variety
In PIE and
its
of syntactic patterns Modern
descendants from different English
languages or French
Syntax
Due to
Word order is not
a grammatical
Word order Case endings
device
Like in
‘Strawberries, I like’
PIE
As in
Modern
English
Grammatically
While in fix elements in We usually
a sentence