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Bipolar disorder
1. By
Dr. Maged Al Adrousy
Lecturer of psychiatry- Cairo university
2. introduction
Bipolar disorder is an episodic, potentially
life-long, disabling disorder that can be
difficult to diagnose.
known as Manic Depression, Results in
pathological mood swings from mania to
depression, These mood swings occur
spontaneously.
4. History
Bipolar Disorder
200 CE First reports
1654 Jean Pierre Falret
“folie circulaire" (circular insanity)
Familial illness
1913 Emil Kraepelin
Manic - Depressive
1930’s ECT first used
1949 Lithium first used
1950 Chlorpromazine first used
1952 Genetic link recognized
1980 Bipolar Disorder term adopted
1995 Depakote approved for BP
2003 First atypical approved for BP
5. Types of Mood Disorders
10%
2%
DSM IV
2% MDD
Major Depressive Disorder
BP I
Dysthymic Disorder
BP II
Bipolar Disorder Type I
NOS
Bipolar Disorder Type II 86%
Cyclothymic Disorder
NOS
Mixed Phase
Rapid Cyclers 33% MDD
BP I
Bipolar Spectrum (BPS) 50%
BP II
BPS
15% 2%
6. Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder
Abnormally elevated mood or irritability
alternates with depressed mood
bipolar I – at least one manic or mixed episode
bipolar II – at least one major depressive episode
and at least one hypomanic episode
Cyclothymia = hypomania with “minor” depression
“Bipolar spectrum” = Depression + other complexities
Bipolar NOS or Mood DO NOS
7. Structure of a Recurrent
Illness
Precipitant
Episode
Underlying illness
8. Spectrum of Illness Course
Episodic Unstable
Purely episodic course: Radical mood instability:
-interepisode stability -’interepisode’ instability
-no mixed states -mixed states
-infrequent episodes -frequent episodes
-good recovery -incomplete recovery
-low incidence of complications -high incidence of complications
-early onset
-stronger genetic loading?
Course of illness dictates response strategies for the acute episode
9. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR MANIC
EPISODES
THREE TO FOUR OF THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA ARE REQUIRED
DURING THE ELEVATED MOOD PERIOD
Highly inflated or grandiose self-esteem
Decreased need for sleep, or rested after only a few hours of sleep
Pressured speech
Racing thoughts and flight of ideas
Easy distractibility, failure to keep attention
Increased goal-directed activity
High excess involvement in pleasurable activities (sex, travel, spending
money)
General criteria for a manic episode require a period of elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood that lasts 1 week or requires hospitalization. A general
medical condition and substance abuse must be ruled out before these
symptoms are considered mania.
10. Manic Episode:
Differential Diagnoses
Differential diagnosis Consider if . . .
Mood disorder due to a Major medical condition present
general medical
condition First episode at >50 years of age
Symptoms in context of intoxication
Substance-induced or withdrawal
mood disorder History of treatment for depression
Mood disturbance not severe
Hypomanic episode enough to require hospitalization
or impair functioning
Mixed episode Manic episode and MDE in 1 week
11. Manic Episode:
Differential Diagnoses (cont.)
Differential diagnosis Consider if . . .
AD/HD Early childhood mood disturbance onset
Chronic rather than episodic course
No clear onsets and offsets
No abnormally elevated mood
No psychotic features
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-IV). 4th ed. 1994.
12. Major Depressive Episode:
DSM-IV Criteria
Depressed mood and/or loss of interest
or pleasure ≥ 2 weeks duration
Associated symptoms
Physical: insomnia/hypersomnia, appetite/weight
change, decreased energy, psychomotor change
Psychological: feelings of guilt or worthlessness,
poor concentration/indecisiveness, thoughts
of death/suicidal intentions (SI)
13. …and ≥4 of the following symptoms
Physical Psychological
Sleep disorder Low self
Appetite change esteem/guilt
Poor concentration/
Fatigue
indecisiveness
Psychomotor
Thoughts of death/SI
retardation
14. Mixed Episode: Diagnostic
Criteria
Criteria met for both manic episode + MDE
for ≥1 week
Symptoms
Are sufficient to impair functioning
or
Necessitate hospitalization
or
Are accompanied by psychotic features
15. Epidemiology
Peak age of onset: adolescence through early 20s
Onset of first manic episode after age 40 years is
“red flag” to consider substance use or general
medical condition
Lifetime suicide rates range from 10% to 15%
Seasonal variation
Depression more common in spring and autumn
Mania more common in summer
17. Bipolar Disorders: Epidemiology
Characteristics BPD I BPD II
Course Recurrent in >90% Hypomanic episodes in
of cases BPD II immediately
precede or follow MDEs
in 60% to
70% of cases
First-degree First-degree relatives
Familial pattern relatives have may have increased
increased rates of rates of BPD I, BPD II,
BPD I, BPD II, and and MDD
MDD
18. Diagnostic Dilemmas:
Unipolar Versus Bipolar
No evidence of hypomania,
Unipolar cyclothymia, hyperthymic personality,
or family history of BPD
≥1 manic episode
BPD I Recurrent major depression with
BPD II hypomania and/or cyclothymic
temperament
Recurrent major depression without
BPD NOS spontaneous hypomania but often with
hyperthymic temperament
and/or family history of BPD
21. CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
Cyclothymic disorder is
a recurrent, chronic,
mild form of bipolar
disorder in which mood
typically oscillates
between hypomania
and dysthymia.
If a manic episode or
depressive episode is
experienced,
cyclothymic disorder is
not diagnosed. http://www.allaboutdepression.com/cyclothymia/images/graph
ic2.gif
22. CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY
The lifetime prevalence of Genetic and familial studies reveal
cyclothymic disorder is 0.4% to 1%. an association with other mood
disorders
The rate appears equal in men and
women, although women are
usually more likely to seek
treatment
23. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar
disorder consisting of recurrent mood
disturbances between hypomania and
dysthymic mood.
A single episode of hypomania is sufficient
enough to diagnose cyclothymic disorder,
although most individuals also have dysthymic
periods.
Cyclothymic disorder is never diagnosed when
there is a history of mania, major depressive
episode, or mixed episode.
25. Heritability
Evidence for heritability is much stronger for
bipolar than for unipolar disorders
Specific genetic association has not been
consistently replicated
26. EVIDENCE FOR HERITABILITY OF
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Family Studies- First degree relatives are 8 to 18
times more likely to have Bipolar I
2 to 10 times to have MDD.
Risk is 25% if one parent has illness, and 50% to
75% with both parents affected
27. FAMILY STUDIES
The majority of individuals with bipolar disorder
have a positive family history of some type of
mood disorder
About 50% of all bipolar I patients have at least
one parent with a mood disorder
28. ADOPTION STUDIES
Prevalence of bipolar disorder in adopted away
offspring corresponds to rates in biological, but
not adoptive relatives
Twin Studies- Concordance rate in MZ twins
is 33 to 90%, in DZ is 5 to 25%
29. Genetic Polymorphism
A functional polymorphism is a genetic variant
that appears in at least 1% of a population and
alters the biological functioning of the individual
Some types of polymorphisms in Mood
Disorders
Serotonin transporter
Serotonin 2A receptor
MTHF reductase
Catachol -o- methyl tranferase (COMT)
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Cytochrome P450 metabolism of medications
30. Biological factors
Dysregulation in levels catecholamines (++
levels of dopamine and norepinephrine).
-- levels of serotonoine ??
Neuroendocrinal factors:
• HPA axis (cortisol hypersecreation) may
affect BDNF.
• Throid dysfucntion.
EEG changes (kindling model)
Degenerative structural brain changes.
32. Impact of BD
Higher rates of mortality from other medical conditions
Increased substance abuse risk
Lifetime suicide attempt risk (.02% in general populatio
Bipolar Disorder Type I – 17%
Bipolar Disorder Type II – 24%
90% of completed suicides can be traced back to a
Mood Disorder
High rates of cognitve defeicets affecting Working
memory Sustained attention, Abstract reasoning,
Visuomotor skills, Verbal memory, Verbal fluency,
Cognitive flexibility
34. A- psychopharmacology
Mood stabilizers
Atypical antipsychotics.
Benzodiazepines.
Channel blockers.
Others
Combination therapy is more effective than
monotherapy
35. Mood stabilizers
Lithium
Conventional anti-epileptics as
carbamazepine and Na valproate.
New anti-epileptics lamotrigene
gababentine, and topiramate
36. What Exactly Is a Mood
Stabilizer?
• Some authorities suggest 2 out of 3 of the
following properties:
– Antimanic, antidepressive, prophylactic
• Other experts are more stringent—requiring:
– Treatment of acute mania,
– Treatment of acute depression, AND
– Prevention of recurrent mania and depression
– Dosen’t ppt mania or depression.
• Lithium remains the gold standard
37. Lithium
Widely recommended treatment for
Bipolar Disorder
60-80% success in reducing acute manic
and hypomanic states
However… issues in non-compliance to
take medication, side effects, and relapse
rate with its use are being examined in
terms of being the best option
38. Pharmacokinetics:
Peak blood levels reached in 3 hrs, fully
absorbed in 8 hrs
Absorbed rapidly and completely orally
Efficacy correlates with blood levels
Crosses blood-brain barrier slowly and
incompletely
Usually taken as a single daily dose
39. Kinetics Cont.
Approx. 2 wks to reach a steady state
within the body
½ of oral dose excreted in 18-24 hrs,rest
within 1-2 wks
Recommended 0.8-1.2 mEq/L, optimum
would be 0.6-0.8 mEq/L, with 2 mEq/L
displaying toxicity .
Monovalent ion not metabolized in liver,
excreted by the kidney.
40. Pharmacodynamics
No psychotropic effect on non-Bipolars
Affects nerve membranes, multiple receptor
systems and intracellular 2nd messenger
impulse transduction systems.
Interacts with serotonin
Potential to regulate CNS gene expression,
stabilizing neurons w/ associated multiple
gene expression change.
41. How does a simple ion do all of
this?
Even as a simple ion, it has complex
effects on multiple transmitter systems
and mood stabilizing attributes
This is due to a latter effect reducing a
neuron’s response to synaptic input, and
therefore stabilizing the membrane
42. Side Effects and Toxicity
Relate to plasma concentration levels, so
constant monitoring is key
Higher concentrations ( 1.0 mEq/L and up
produce bothersome effects, higher than 2
mEq/L can be serious or fatal
Symptoms can be neurological,
gastrointestinal, enlarged thyroid, rash,
weight gain, memory difficulty, kidney
disfunction, cardiovascular
Not advised to take during pregnancy, affects
fetal heart development
43. Side effects of Li
1. GIT symptoms (diarrhea intially)
2. Hypokalaemia…….cardiotoxic.
3. Polyuria and D.insipius (ADH).
4. Tremors.
5. Epileptogenic.
6. Teratogenic.
7. hypothyroidism
8. Li toxicity may occure (ttt?)
44. Na valproate
Tab 200mg and 500 mg
Dose 50-150 mg%
Best for rapid-cycling and acute-mania
Actions: through GABA potentiation, Ca
channel blockade, Na channel blockade,
glutamat antagonist.
45. Side effects
2. Hepatotoxic.
3. Wt gain
4. Hair loss.
5. GIT symptoms.
6. Tremors and sedation
7. Neural tube defects
46. carbamazepine
Tab 200mg 400 mg
Dose 5-15 µg/L
Action similar to valproate.
Superior to lithium for rapid-cycling, regarded
as a second-line treatment for mania
Correlation between therapeutic and plasma
levels (estimated between 5-10 Mg/L)
Side effects:
7. Agranulocytosis
8. Skin reaction
9. Teratogenic
10.Liver enzyme induction
47. Gabapentin
Primarily an anti-convulsant, yet also “off
label,” or without FDA approval for treatment
of Bipolar and many other anxiety, behavioral
and substance abuse problems, possibly pain
disorders
GABA analogue
not bound to plasma proteins, not
metabolized, few drug interactions
Half-Life is 5-7 hours
Side Effects include
sleepiness,dizziness,ataxia and double vision
48. Lamotrigine
Reported effective with Bipolar,
Borderline Personality, Schizoaffective,
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
98% of administered drug reaches
plasma
Half-Life is 26 hrs.
Inhibits neuronal excitability and
modifies synaptic plasticity
Side Effects may include dizziness,
tremor, headache, nausea, and rash
49. Topiramate and Tiagabine
Two newer anti-convulsants that have
potential for use in the treatment of
Bipolar disorder
51. Calcium Channel Blockers
Modulate transmitter release & plasticity
Most not consistently effective, possibly due to
inconsistent uptake into brain
Nimodipine reported effective in rapid-cycling,
including refractory & ultra-rapid
52. Atypical Anti-psychotics
Risperidone seems more anti-depressant
than anti-psychotic
Clozapine is effective, yet not readily
used due to potential serious side effects
Olanzapine is approved for short-term
use in acute mania
Quatiapine is now approved as a broad
spectrum medication in BD esp (Bipolar
depression).
53. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Potentiating the action of acetylcholine
may exert relief from mania
This potentiation is the result of
inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine
esterase
54. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Obtained from plant or marine sources
Known to dampen neuronal signaling
transduction systems in a variety of cell
systems
Being investigated as a treatment for
Bipolar Disorder
55. Three Phases of Treatment
Episode Continuation Maintenance
0-2 months 2-12 months Indefinite
Symptomatic Functional Stability/adaptive
Each phase has specific goals
Each phase has specific pharmacological and nonpharmacological rx
Treatment must be harmonized across phases
56. Nonpharmacologic
Treatments
ECT
Reports of effectiveness in mania, depression, &
refractory mixed states
Bilateral generally more effective
Continuation ECT may prolong recovery;
maintenance?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Psychotherapy : May include cognitive
behavioral, psychodynamically oriented, family,
couples, interpersonal, and self-help group
therapies
The key differential diagnoses for manic episode, according to DSM-IV, are mood disorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced mood disorder, hypomanic episode, mixed episode, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mood disorder due to a general medical condition should be diagnosed if the patient has a mood disturbance that is judged, based on history (H/O), laboratory findings, or physical examination, to be the direct physiologic result of a general medical condition. Examples of medical conditions that may cause manic symptoms include multiple sclerosis, Cushing’s syndrome, and brain tumor. Onset of a first manic episode after age 50 years is an indication to consider a diagnosis of either mood disorder due to a general medical condition or substance-induced mood disorder. A substance-induced mood disorder is distinguished from a manic episode based on the finding that a substance—whether a medication, a recreational drug, or a toxin, is etiologically related to the mood disturbance. Note that manic symptoms precipitated by antidepressant therapy—medication, light therapy, or electroconvulsive therapy—should be diagnosed as substance-induced mood disorder, not mania. Hypomanic episode should be diagnosed if excitement symptoms are present but are not sufficient to meet the criteria for manic episode. Mixed episode should be diagnosed if the criteria for both manic episode and major depressive episode (MDE) are met nearly every day for at least 1 week. 10
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mania have several symptoms in common, including excessive psychomotor activity, impulsivity, impaired judgment, and denial of pathology. ADHD is discerned from manic episode by a chronic rather than episodic course, a lack of clear onsets and offsets of mood disturbance, the absence of abnormally elevated mood or psychotic features, and a history of (H/O) early-childhood onset (prior to the age of 7 years). Although it is important to be able to differentiate the two, it is important to note that ADHD can coexist with bipolar disorder. Eating disorders, panic attacks, borderline personality disorder, ADHD, and compulsive behavior may be signs of bipolar disorder among other psychologic syndromes. 11
A mixed episode consists of at least 1 week during which criteria for both a manic episode and a major depressive episode (MDE) are met nearly every day. Mood tends to alternate rapidly between euphoria, sadness, and irritability. Symptoms must be sufficient to impair social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization. Alternatively, hospitalization must be required. Common symptoms include agitation, appetite disturbance, insomnia, psychosis, and suicidal ideation. Relative to manic episodes, mixed episodes are more commonly characterized by dysphoria and disorganization; therefore, patients experiencing mixed episodes may be more likely to seek help than those experiencing purely manic episodes. Mixed episodes may be more common in younger and older persons with bipolar disorder and may be more likely to occur in male than in female individuals. 16
The peak age of onset for bipolar disorders is adolescence through early 20s. Approximately one fourth of first episodes occur before the age of 20 years. Onset of a first manic episode after the age of 40 years should signal substance use or a general medical condition as the possible cause of the symptoms. Seasonal variation of episodes have been noted in some patients. Depression appears to be more common in the spring, specifically, March through May, and in the autumn, specifically, in September through November. Manic episodes appear to be more common in the summer months. 3
Although estimates vary, data from community samples estimate the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder (BPD I) at up to 1.6%. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar II disorder (BPD II) alone is approximately 0.5%. There is no apparent differential incidence of bipolar disorder based on race or ethnicity. However, there is some evidence of a greater tendency to overdiagnose schizophrenia instead of bipolar disorder in some ethnic groups. BPD I is believed to be equally common in men and women. BPD II, on the other hand, may be more common in women. In men with bipolar disorder, the first episode is likely to be manic; in women, the first episode is likely to be depressive. 1
Bipolar I disorder (BPD I) is recurrent in more than 90% of cases. Approximately 60% to 70% of manic episodes occur immediately before or after a major depressive episode (MDE). Each individual tends to develop a pattern in which manic and depressive episodes precede and follow each other. In the absence of treatment, individuals with BPD I will suffer an average of 4 episodes in a 10-year period. In the case of bipolar II disorder (BPD II), approximately 60% to 70% of hypomanic episodes occur immediately before or after an MDE. Both BPD I and BPD II show tendencies to run in families, although this tendency is more evident in BPD I. First-degree biological relatives of individuals with BPD I have increased rates of BPD II and major depressive disorder (MDD), and twin and adoption studies provide convincing evidence of genetic predisposition. Some studies also suggest that first-degree relatives of individuals with BPD II have increased rates of BPD II, BPD I, and MDD. 2
In the clinical setting, bipolar depression can be difficult to distinguish from unipolar depression. In a recent study, 48 consecutively admitted patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (BPD I) (n=44) or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type (n=4), were systematically interviewed using strict DSM-IV criteria, and their charts were reviewed to confirm preadmission diagnoses. In this sample, 43% of the patients (19 of 44 available patients), were found to have previously undiagnosed bipolar disorder; all had previously been believed to have unipolar major depression. It took an average of 7.5 years to establish an accurate diagnosis for these patients. Although some have criticized these criteria for being too narrow, this study shows that strict application of DSM-IV criteria can help clinicians distinguish unipolar depression from bipolar disorders. This slide summarizes some factors that may help differentiate these diagnoses. Evaluating patients’ interepisode personalities can be particularly helpful. Hyperthymic temperament is characterized by a hypomanic state at baseline; these patients have been described as cheerful, extroverted, and habitually short sleepers. Patients with cyclothymic personalities also have hypomanic baseline personalities, but their hypomania alternates with mildly depressive episodes that do not meet criteria for major depressive episode (MDE). The bottom line is that bipolar disorder should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with depression. H/O = history of. 17