The study of motivation is complex. It is a significant study for managers because employees when motivated are stimulated to achieve organizational goals. Employees who are motivated remain focus in a systematic way. Without a knowledge of motivation managers are in danger of guiding the behaviour of subordinates and make mistakes towards the desired outcomes of the organization.
2. Motivation Overview The study of motivation is complex. It is a significant study for managers because employees when motivated are stimulated to achieve organizational goals. Employees who are motivated remain focus in a systematic way. Without a knowledge of motivation managers are in danger of guiding the behaviour of subordinates and make mistakes towards the desired outcomes of the organization.
3. Motivation What makes motivation a complex study is the fact that it takes different approaches to motivate an employee. In addressing what it takes to motivate an employee, we need to examine the following: Meeting the basic needs. Designing jobs that motivate employees. Creating the belief that desired goals can be achieved. Treating people equitably.
4. Objective Students should be able to: Define motivation. Understand the process of motivation. Explain the content theories and process theories of motivation. Grasp the implications for managers.
5. The Motivation Process An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates the drive within an individual to generate a search behaviour to fins particular goals, if attained, will satisfy the need and reduce the tension (Robbins and Decenzo, 2004 p.280). A need is and internal state that makes certain outcomes attractive.
6. Definition of motivation Motivation represents forces acting within a person the causes a person to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner (Slocum and Hellriegel, 2007 p.392). The arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour (Daft 2005 p.588). The willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need (Robbins and Decenzo, 2004 p. 279).
7. Categories of motivation theories A group of theories that places emphasis on needs that motivate people A category of theories that explain how employees select behaviours to meet their needs
12. Maslow theory – the explanation Lower-end needs are the priority needs, which must be satisfied before higher-order need are activated. Needs are satisfied in sequence. When a need is satisfied, it declines in importance and the next need becomes dominant. To motivate an individual one must know where that person is in the hierarchy and focus on satisfying at or above that level.
13. Implications of Maslow’s theory in the workplace Not everyone is motivated in the same way. Motivation and need satisfaction are anticipatory in nature. Managers must seek to guide and direct employee behaviour to meet the organizational needs and individual needs simultaneously.
14. Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory Hygiene Factors Working conditions Pay and security Company policies Supervisors Interpersonal relationships Motivators Achievement Recognition Responsibility Work itself Personal growth Satisfaction No satisfaction Motivation factors Hygiene factors No dissatisfaction dissatisfaction
15. Herzberg’s theory - explanation Hygiene factors involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers. When the hygiene factors are present, the individual is not dissatisfied; however when they are absent the individual is dissatisfied. In any case hygiene factors to not motivate. Motivators are factors that influence satisfaction and consequently motivate the person from within as he or she achieve the higher-level needs of achievement, recognition, and personal growth.
16. Implication of Herzberg’s theory Providing the hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction bur will not motivate workers to high levels of achievement. Recognition, responsibility, and the opportunity to achieve personal growth will promote satisfaction and employee performance. The benefit of this theory has implication for the effect of company systems and job design (how work is arranged and how much employees control their work) on employee satisfaction and performance.
21. Equity theory explained According to the theory individuals assign a degree of importance to their input and outcomes. Individuals feel that they are treated fairly when they perceive that their outcomes to inputs are equal to that of others. Any deviation from this perception leads to a feeling of inequity and demotivation. Such inequity feeling results in various actions the individuals are likely to take.
22. Equity theory explained Consequences of inequity: Change in inputs – a person may choose to increase or decrease his or her inputs to the organization Change outcomes – a person may change his or her outcomes to restore equity. An unpaid person may request a salary increase or better working conditions. Distort perceptions – a person may mentally distort the situation to achieve a balance. Leave the job – a person may tenders his or her resignation of request a transfer to another department.
23. Implication of the equity theory Implication for the equity theory for managers is that employees do evaluate their perceived equity of their rewards compared to others’. Smart managers should try to ensure that there is fairness in the distribution of rewards to keep employees motivated.
24. The Expectancy Theory A process theory simply states that people are motivated to work when they believe that they can achieve things they want from their jobs. Such expectation depend on their ability to perform the task, given their effort and the attractiveness of the reward..
25. Expectancy theory Valance The value of outcome Expectancy Probability that effort will lead to desired performance E P P O Expectancy The probability that performance will produce the desired outcome Expectancy theory is base on a relationship between effort and performance. A great individual effort should lead to high performance, which should result in the desired out. If the outcomes that available from high effort and high performance and are not attractive, the individual motivation will be low.
