Lecture notes for diploma students (Animal Science)

1. HERNIA
Hernia;
• Protrusion of organ /part/ tissue via
• Natural or artificial opening &
• Protruding mass seen beneath skin
Causes;
 Straining in constipation, diarrhea, or parturition.
 Falling on blunt object - stone during casting.
 Kicking/ butting by the neighboring animal.
 Untimely absorption of catgut.
• Swallowing of foreign object along with feed and fodder.

2. Hernia is characterized by presence of;
• Hernial ring,
• Hernial sack, and
• Hernial content.
Intestine
Peritonium
Muscle
Skin
Hernial content
Hernial
sack
Hernial
ring
FIG; Parts of Hernia

3. The wall weakens or tears The intestine pushes into the sac
The intestine may become trapped The intestine may become strangulated
Stages of hernia

4. Classification of hernia based on location
Internal External
Diaphragmatic
hernia
Umbilical Inguinal Scrotal Perineal Ventral
Umbilical hernia
Scrotal hernia

5. 1. Internal hernia
where an organ migrates though an opening in the diaphragm.
E.g. diaphragmatic hernia and gut tie in bullock.
2. External hernia
Here the organ involved comes to lie beneath the skin and it can be following types
depending upon the location.
 Umbilical hernia(Omphalocele): is the hernia that is noticed at the umbilical region and
it is mostly seen in young animals.
 Inguinal hernia(Bubonocele): Is the hernia noticed at the inguinal region.
 Scrotal hernia(Oscheocele): the hernia noticed at the scrotum and seen in male
animals.
 Perennial hernia: Is the hernia noticed at the perennial region i.e. area below the vulva.
 Ventral hernia: hernia seen on the areas other than the ones described above

6. CLASSIFICATION OF HERNIA BASED ON FUNCTIONAL ALTERATION
Reducible Hernia
 Hernial content can
be reduced to
original position
through the hernia
opening.
Irreducible Hernia
1. Hernia with adhesions-addition btw sac and
content
2. Incarcerated hernia - content is too
voluminous to be replaced.
3. Strangulated hernia -necrosis and extensive
adhesion due to strangulation of supplying
blood vessel.
Three types;

7. Fig; Perineal hernia
Fig; Muscles encountered.

8. Symptoms:
• Swelling of varying shape and size,
• Increases with pressure
• Can be reduced with pressure
• Consistency vary with tissues involved,
• pain may be present.
• Hernial ring can be felt
Diagnosis;
 History: asking farmer about condition,
 occurrence - sudden or slowly.
 Examination of the patient:
 Palpation of swelling - can be pushed back
 presence hernial ring can be felt.
 Ultrasonography
 Radiography

9. Differential diagnosis:
Hernia be differentiated from
 Abscess: swelling occur slowly,
can’t be reduced, pain.
 Hematoma: seen along the course of vessels
and it can’t be reduced.
 Skin tumor: swelling hard can’t be reduced,
can be lifted along with the skin.
Preparation site Ventral hernia

10. TREATMENT.
Anaesthesia
Large animals- light sedative in case of aggressive animals.
Xylazine @0.03mg/kg bwt I/M.
Infiltration of local anaesthesia with 2%lignocaine
HCL with the help of 22G spinal needle.
Small animals – general anaesthesia.
Site of incision- Elliptical incision at lateral site of hernia.
Suture material- Vicryl (polyglactin 910) No.1
Suture pattern - simple interrupted
Horizontal matress
Horizonntal cross-matress if hernia ring is small.
Casting
 By herniorrhaphy

11. Apply: Liq. povidone iodine X SOS
Oint. Betadine X SOS
Apply tight bandaging and advice for rest.
Daily dressing of wound is done if necessary
Antibiotic therapy at least for 3 days.
Skin suture is removed after 7 days of operation.

12. OVARIECTOMY/OOPHORECTOMY IN SOW
Indication-
Cystic ovary.
Elective surgery like birth control.
Neoplastic condition.
Prevent mammary tumor.
In research study.
Control of animal
Manual casting/ restraining in case of small animals.
Sedative; Xylazine HCL @ 1mg/kgBwt, IV
Butorphanol @ 0.1- 0.3mg/kg Bwt,IM
Tranquilizer; Diazempam @ 3.5mg/kg Bwt, IV
Acepromazine @ 0.11-1.1mg/kgBwt,IM
Needle for IM injection; 18G
IV injection; 16G Size of needle varies with age and body condition.

13. Anaesthestic agent
Pre-anaesthetic; Atropine sulfate@ 0.02-0.04mg/kgBwt,IM.
Diazepam @ 3.5mg/kg Bwt,IV
Dissociative anaethetic; Ketamine @ 11-13mgkg/Bwt,IV
Preparation of site;
Selection of site;
Flank method
Ventral midline incision.
Shaving of selected site.
Positioning of animal;
Lateral recumbency in case of flank method.
Dorsal recumbecy(supine position in ventral midline position.
Local anaesthetic agents like 2%lignocaine is used as infiltration to achieve insensibility
at site of incision or at surgical site.

15. Muscles at flank region
 Obliguus abdominis externus
 Obliquus abdomninis internus
 Transversus abdominis
 Rectus abdominis

16. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Ligation of vessels- Miller’s knot/ Transfixation method.
Suture material - Vicryl (polyglactin 910) No. 1 in muscles.
No. 1 or 1-0 in skin
Suture technique- simple interrupted in muscles plus peritnium
Skin -horizontal matress/ simple interrupted.
Dressing of wound with help of Povidone iodine with tight bandaging.
Antibiotic therapy is recommended at least for three days of post operation.
Suture is removed after 7 days of surgery