How to Plan and Execute Literary Research in Ayurveda - This presentation gives you an idea with regard to title in question.

1. HOW TO PLAN AND EXECUTEHOW TO PLAN AND EXECUTE
LITERARY RESEARCH INLITERARY RESEARCH IN
AYURVEDAAYURVEDA
Dr. J.S.R.A. Prasad
Associate Professor
Dept. of Sanskrit Studies
School of Humanities
University of Hyderabad
jsraprasad@gmail.com

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“A scientific thing is just anything that you don't
understand, as soon as you understand it, it is
not scientific anymore” – Charles kettering
“Progress in science is impossible without a
paradox” - Niels Bohr
“Philosophies of one age have become
absurdities of the next, and the foolishness of
yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow”
- William Osler

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Myths about Ayurveda
- is inherently religious
- is all about kashayas and churnas
- has no proper solutions for current problems
- Philosophy and medicine are different
- colleges won't attract cream of the crop
- knowledge can be acquired based on
translations

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-----
The grammarian is a hunter who wants to kill the
beasts, which appear in the form of
ungrammatical words. Where could these
beasts go to save themselves, unless they find
the mouth-caves of actors... doctors... etc.?
"
The word '' has two meanings..

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Literary Research in Ayurveda
Literary
Research
1. Text aided1. Text aided 2. Computer aided2. Computer aided

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Importance of Sanskrit in
Ayurvedic Research
Definitions
- (Ashtanga Samgraha)
- (Tai.Up. 2.3.1)

So, Ayus =

= the science of /life

- /()

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Declensional forms
Compound words
-----

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Validity of words
Interpretation
(C.S.1.7.61)

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()
-()
()
()
Shades of Negation
Styles of Interpretation

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Inquiring further...
दधदधदध

what substance is that? Dravyam!
()

Which dadhi? Cow/Buffalo

Pharmaco-dynamics of curd?
- Rasa : Amla
- Guna : Guru
- Veerya : Ushna
- Vipaaka : Amla
- Prabhava: Vaatashamaka, kapha-pitta-
kara

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 Definition of rasapañcaka
Rasa – (characteristic of rasa is taste)
Gu a –ṇ (characteristic of gu a is universal)ṇ
Vīrya – (characteristic of vīrya is to produce an
action)
Vipāka – (characteristic of vipāka is produce
digestion and assimilation)
Karma/Prabhāva – ('action' is the definition of
karma)

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C.S. 1.27.227
curd is prohibited in autumn, summer and spring
and it is also unwholesome in hemothermia and
disorders of Kapha

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दधदधदधदधदधदध
Rasa –
Gu a –ṇ ,
Vīrya –
Vipāka –
Karma/Prabhāva – , ,

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दधदधदधदधदधदधदधदध Honey is of four kinds, viz.,
bee-honey, wasp-honey,
insect-honey and large-
bee-honey. Bee honey is
the best of them and
wasp-honey is specially
heavy.
Bee-honey is of the color of
oil and large-bee honey is
said to be of the color of
ghee, Insect-honey is
tawny and wasp-honey is
stated to be white.

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दधदधदधदधदध दधदधदधदधदधदध

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यययययययययययययय यययय यययय ययययययय ययययय य
यययययययययययययययययययय ययययययययययययययययययययय
How to Interpret religious words?

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(Su.Sam. 1.4.7)

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Current Scenario

“Ongoing research is proceeding in such a way
that it is of more value to modern medicine than
Ayurveda. It doesn′t strengthen Ayurveda and
Ayurvedic practice. Ayurvedic research
outcomes have not trickled down to
professionals use; neither do they benefit
Ayurveda students or Practitioners” - Prof. R.H.
Singh (2010)

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World view of Ayurveda vs
Biomedicine
Ayurveda
Micro cosmic organism
to Macro cosmic
organism
()
Biomedicine
Macro cosmic organism
to Micro cosmic
organism
“it was believed that this principle could hardly operate in the absence of perceived similarity between the
substances in the external and internal to man. The man and cosmos here look to be in an energy-based
dynamic relation where the flow is directed from higher to lower levels” - Dr. Sanjeev Rastogi et. al. 2012

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a) mobile
1. living beings with placenta
and membranes (including
humans, animals, wild animals
etc.)
2. birds, snakes, fish, crocodiles,
tortoises
3. microbes, ants, bed bugs
4. vegetable kingdom
Process of Evolution
b) non-mobile
1. trees which bear fruit without
flowers
2. trees with fruits and flowers
3. grass varieties and veins
4. food grains.
Two categories of living beings have been narrated based on five
elemental theory in Ayurveda:

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The Goal of Ayurveda
The equilibrium of all
dhAtus (13) is the goal
of Ayurveda -
"
What is body?
- body is the substratum
of tridoshas, sapta-
dhAtus and trimalas
The vAyu, pitta and kapha
are s and the rajas and
tamas are the s.
The Bio-energies, Vata, Pitta
and Kapha represent input-
output, throughput and
storage respectively as in
any dynamic system – Alex
Hankey, 2004

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“The earth is the essence of all beings. Water is the essence of the
earth. Herbs are the essence of the water and man is the essence
of the herbs.” (Ch. Upanishad 1.1.2)
“These Five Mahabhutas are cosmic elements which create, nurture
and sustain all forms of life, and after death or decay they absorb
what was created earlier; thus they play an important role in
preserving and sustaining the environment” (O.P. Dwivedi; 2001)

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Tridoshas
Correlation in the functioning of tridosha and soma
(visarga), surya (AdAna) and anila (vikshepa):
The mind, soul and the body are like a tripod, on which
entire creation exists. And purusha is the substratum.
(C.S. Su. 1/46)

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= Life

What is life?
Jivitam. (jIvayati –
prANAn dhArayati)

Ayurvai prANaH
(upanishad);

AyuscetanAnuvrttiH
(C.S.);

yaH prANaH sa
– modern science does
not know this.
Life It is not just the
process of respiration
and heart beat. It is
much more than that
with regard to the
existence of soul.

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Literary Research in Ayurveda
Literary
Research
1. Text aided1. Text aided 2. Computer aided2. Computer aided

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1. Text aided1. Text aided

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Use of Pramā asṇ
Means of Valid
Knowledge
Sense
organ/Subject
What to Infer?
(touch) -
(eyes) , (), , , ,
(ears) , ,
(tongue) ()
-
-
(nose)

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(metabolic fire)
(strength)
(sound etc.)
(mind)
(knowledge)
(attachment)
(passion)
(anger)

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Ayurvedic Philosophy of
Evolution
The growth of the embryo in mother's womb
is akin to the process of evolution.

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Contd...
svabhAvam, kAla, Isvara, yadrcchA, niyati and
pariNAma are the logical factors for embryo
genesis, as per Sushruta.
24 tattvas are the primordial factors in the above
process. avyakta (maya) - mahat (immature
mind) - ahankara (stimulation) – instigated by
karma prerita vAyu

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Contd...
Garbhasya catvAri caturvidhAni bhUtAni mAtA pitr
sambhavAni |
AhArjAnyAtmakrtAni caiva sarvasya sarvANi bhavanti dehe ||
C.S. 4.2.26

AhArajAni

mAtApitrsambhavAni

AtmakrtAni -

tanmAtras (these are the genes)- breaks up
by karmaprerita vAyu and they reunite, this
is what described as '', and '' in the
definition of Ayus.

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Contd...
Body is a conglomeration of atomic molecules-
", , , , " (S.S. Sh. 5/3)

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Ambiguity in Terminology
Sometimes it is difficult to convey the
impregnated meaning of Sanskrit/Ayurveda
terminology into a foreign language like
English. But, it is not the weakness of Sanskrit.
Hence let's consider the following wise words
of Sushruta -
(S.S.)

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Organic Chemistry Vis-a-Vis s
Entire creation can be classified into two
divisions: 'Organic' and 'Inorganic.' s can be
explained in the modern terminology such
as:

carbon ()

hydrogen ()

oxygen ()

nitrogen ()

ozone ()
living body is known as 'panchIkrta bhUta

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Resources for Interdisciplinary
Research
- Scientific basis of ancient Indian rituals,
traditions and customs
- Philosophy Vis-a-vis Medical science
- Genetics in Ayurveda – 'Ayurgenomics'
- Grammatical analysis of Ayurvedic
texts/commentaries
- Ayurvedic references in Sanskrit Literature
- Karma-vipaka and Vis-a-vis Medical Astrology
- Yoga & Ayurveda
- Medical Humanities

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Understanding Context

Thorough understanding of a text/concept – don't
depend upon translations – verify it on your own

Get contextual reference for all quotations from
samhitās/Sanskrit texts

Verify twice when you copy any quote/reference
from the web

Aims & Objectives

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Some examples in Literary ResearchSome examples in Literary Research

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Suradhyaksha – Arthashastra
Original sentence:
Disjuncted phrase: --
-------
Problem: is it six case singular number between -
or a dwandwa compound?

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Framework

Methodology
The present study is a theoretical research based on
review of literature of the major classical texts…

Gaps in research
emphasizes on 'what is lacking in XYZ's research' or
'what XYZ could not attempt' and so on and so
forth

Summary
At end of each chapter – as demonstrated by Caraka in
his magnum opus

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Tantrayukti Method

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Translations...and Problmes
Vāta - Vāyu&Akāśa
Pitta - Agni&Āpas
Kapha - Āpas&P thvīṛ

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Importance of Etymology

etymology is the complement of grammar ()

etymology is essential for the proper understanding of the
Vedic words ()

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Some Nomenclature

Vāta = (=)

Pitta = ()

Kapha = /(=)

Śle man =ṣ (=)

Medas = /(=)

Majjā = (=)

Ojas = (=)

Dhamanī = (-)

Peśī = (=)

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Contd...

Rasa = /(=)

Mā sa =ṃ (=)

Ojas = (=)

Śirā = /(=)

Dhamanī = (-)

Peśī = (=)

Srotas = (=)

Gu ūcī =ḍ -(=)

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|
||||

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Basic Sanskrit Skills
Problems with:

and characters
Agnimāndhya agnimāndya;
methas medas

Deergha/hrasva
Prabhuta/āvila mutrata prabhūta/avilamūtratā;
madhurābhāva, āmlābhāva

Sandhi
Dhātvāgni pāka (Dhātu+agni-pāka) Dhātvagni-pāka
Srotas avarodha srotāvarodha sroto'varodha

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
Gender

Vibhakti-Vacana-Purusha

Etymology/Derivation

Synonyms

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IAST
शशशशशशशश शशशशशशश शशशशशशशशशशश शशशशशश शशशशशशशशशशशशश श
शशशशशशश शशशशशशशशशशशशशशशशशश शशशशशशशशशशशशशशशशशशश शश
śāstra jyotiṃ ḥ prakāśārthaṃ darśanaṃ buddhirātmanaḥ
tābhyāṃ bhiṣak suyuktābhyāṃ cikitsannāparādhyati
sastram jyotih prakasartham darsanam buddhiratmanah
tabhyam bhishak suyuktabhyam cikitsannaparadhyati

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Ayurvedic Research
Literary Research
Experimental Research
Pre Cilinical Research
Clinical Research
Post Clinical Studies
Invention of new
drug/therapy
Types in literary
research

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https://www.istb.univie.ac.at/caraka/

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Critical Edition of Charaka Sutrasthana Bhaishajya Chatushka
Ayurvedic texts form the base or foundation of knowledge of Ayurveda for
Academic, Research, Practice, Manufacturing of Medicines etc. all purposes. We the
Indians are very lucky in having a rich heritage of knowledge in the form of
texts. This has been inherited from thousands of years, from generation to
generation. The mode of transmission of knowledge was initially by mouth to
mouth and later on was through manuscripts. While copying it is likely that some
errors creep up in manuscripts. Since the texts are base of all applications in
Ayurveda, these need to be rectified.
Oral tradition we have lost, but the available manuscript can be used to edit the texts.
To resolve this issue we will use manuscripts from all over India. Manuscripts from
various families of manuscripts will be used to edit the present text.

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2. Computer aided2. Computer aided

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Ayusoft

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Anandakanda Knowledge Base
To develop the digital lexical resource
for Ānandakanda, methodically the
printed book has thoroughly been
skimmed to categorize terms
pertaining to plants, animal products
and minerals. This classification is
based on Cakara Sa hitāṃ .

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Topic index – This module contains all topics which were discussed in Ānandakanda.
For instance, 'Rasotpatti', 'gandhaka Śuddhi', 'Yantras', 'Ko hīṣṭ s', 'Mū āṣ s' and so on.
Totoal 567 topics have been identified. The following screen shot provides topical
information on 'gandhaka druti'.

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Ullāsa search – This module provides information on the total 36 Ullāsas spread in two
Viśrāntis (Am tīkara aviśrānti, Kriyākara aviśrāntiṛ ṇ ṇ ). All 36 Ullāsas are termed as
A.K-1.1 through A.K.2.10. The numbering system followed is in two levels. The
first level refers to the Viśrānti and the second level refers to the Ullāsa. So, A.K-1.1
means first Ullāsa in first Viśrānti in Ānandakanda. All the 36 Ullāsas are
searchable through an option with respective headings. This is evident from the
image 2 given below.

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Word search – This module has a provision to search from the index of 663 terms that
are classified into three groups pertaining to plants, animal products and minerals.
The terminology, category wise, has been alphabetically arranged. One can select the
required category to get information on a word while selecting the desired encoding
scheme. Two notations are used here – 'wx' and 'unicode-devanagari'. As the user
start to enter characters in the text field, the software offers an on-fly suggestion.
After making a hard enter the s/w produces the output with information on (gender),
(endletter), (derivation), (etymology)

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Rasaśāstra Ontology – This the a module that provides ontological structure of the
terminology in an expanding tree form. The basic building block is ' '. For a term like , the
hierarchical link is as follows – > > > > . To each constituent of Rasaśāstra ontology, it
is possible to go back and forth to retrieve the desired information. Needless to say,
Rasapañcaka is also available with the queried term. Image 4 demonstrates the ontology
described.

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Rasapañcaka search – This module provides information on the phramaco-dynamics of
drugs i.e., , , , along with Latin names and families. For instance, if the desired word is ,
the output is produced as in the following image

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Analysis
82%
3%
15%
Plants
Animal Products
Minerals

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Li gamṅ Var āntamṇ Ni pattihṣ Vyutpattih Paryāyāh
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
663 663 663
539
587
Latin Names
Family Names
Rasa
Gu aṇ
Vīrya
Vipāka
Karma
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
483
353
527 521 526
514
535
Word Search Rasapancaka

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Sage Advise
“It is a living system, even today millions of
people in India are being treated according to
this system. A system which has stood the test
of centuries, and which still hold its own
against its rival systems of the day, can not be
lightly brushed aside unscientific” - Kaviraja
Kunjalal Bhishagratna (1916).

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THANK YOU!