5. Signs and Symptoms
Appears within a hour
Generally;
GIT:-
Nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps
CNS:-(more intense and persistent than with ethanol)
Headache, dizziness, neck stiffness, confusion, vertigo,
delirium and coma
Tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertension and
hypothermia
6. Contd..
Liver and kidney(acute tubular necrosis) toxicity
Severe non diabetic anion metabolic acidosis
Visual disturbances:-
Photophobia, blurred or misty vision(snowfield
vision), central or peripheral scotoma, floaters,
decreased light perception, sudden vision loss.
The funduscopy shows hyperemia of optic disc
followed by retinal oedema
7. Post Mortem Appearances
Marked cyanosis
GI mucosa
Congested and inflamed with small hemorrhages
Intestine resembling thick pipe of a very narrow
lumen
Lungs:- congested and edematous
Liver:- fatty changes
Kidney:- tubular degeneration
Brain:- edematous and local hemorrhages
8. Management
Patient is kept in a dark room to protect the eyes from
sunlight
Maintain airway, breathing and circulation
Place patient in a left lateral decubitus position with
the head down to avoid aspiration
Gastric lavage using 5% bicarbonate
Activated charcoal to reduce absorption of alcohol
9. CONTD..
Administration of ethanol as a competitive antagonist:
Loading dose 7.6-10 ml/ kg i.v. of 10% ethanol in dextrose
5% water(D5W) over 30 min or 0.8-1 ml/kg orally ethanol
in 200ml of fruit juice
Maintenance dose 0.15 ml/kg/hr orally or 1.4 ml/kg/hr i.v.
Desired serum ethanol concentration is 100-150 mg/dl
Fomipizole
Loading dose 15mg/kg over 30 min, followed by 10 mg/kg
every 12h for 4 doses, then 15mg/kg every 12h
10. Contd..
Haemodialysis (treatment of choice in severe case)
Folic acid 50 to 70 mg, every 4 hours
Blood sugar is measured frequently while ethanol is
given
Basic treatment for alcoholic ketoacidosis
Crystalloid therapy, dextrose, thiamine, and
phosphate
Correct potassium and magnesium
Sodium bicarbinate i.v
11. Case Presentation
1. A 48-year-old male patient stated that he had been
rubbing his legs with alcohol soaked cotton during
the last 3 days due to pain in both of his legs. The
patient presented to the emergency unit on the 3rd
day of his symptoms with abrupt vision loss. No
organic pathology could explain the vision loss.
Blood gas analysis showed high anion gap metabolic
acidosis. Hemodialysis was performed for severe
acidosis and the patient was admitted to the ICU.
12. MCQs
1. In methyl alcohol poisoning, there is central nervous
system depression, cardiac depression and optic nerve
atrophy. These effects are produced due to:
a) Formaldehyde and formic acid
b) Acetaldehyde
c) Pyridine
d) Acetic acid
13. 2. A 39-year-old carpenter has taken two bottles of
liquor from the local shop. After about an hour, he
develops confusion, vomiting and blurring of vision.
He has been brought to the emergency department.
He should be given
a) Naloxone
b) Diazepam
c) Flumazelnil
d) Ethyl alcohol
14. 3. Optic atrophy can be caused by:
a) Phosphorous
b) Ethyl alcohol
c) Methyl alcohol
d) All of the above
15. 4.Anion gap acidosis is seen in
a) Diabetic ketoacidosis
b) Lactic acidosis
c) Methanol poisoning
d) All of the above