Road traffic accidents are a major public health issue globally and in India. Some key points: - Globally, over 1 million people die each year from road accidents, making it the 8th leading cause of death. Low and middle income countries experience over 90% of deaths despite having less than half the registered vehicles. - In India, over 140,000 people die annually from road accidents, the highest in the world. Major causes include speeding, drunk driving, non-use of safety equipment. 3% of India's GDP is lost annually to road accidents. - The WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013 found that only 28 countries have adequate laws addressing speeding, drunk driving, helmet and seatbelt

1. Epidemiology, prevention
and control of road traffic
accidents
Presented by :Dr saba M Mansoor
Guided by :Dr Hemant Kumar
1

2. Road Traffic
Accidents
2

3. The Neglected
Epidemic ???????
3

4. 1. DEFINITION ,HISTORY& INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. MAGNITUE OF THE PROBLEM –
4. RISK FACTORS
5. GLOBAL STATUS ON ROAD SAFETY
6. INDIA : STATUS ON ROAD SAFETY
7. PREVENTVE MEASURES
8. LEGAL PROVISIONS.
9. REFERENCES
4

5. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are
also known as Road Traffic
injuries,Motor vehicle collision, Motor
vehicle accident, Automobile
accident and Road traffic collision in
some countries.
5

6. Definition
A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be
defined as, an event that occurs on a
way or street open to public traffic;
resulting in one or more persons being
injured or killed, where at least one
moving vehicle is involved*.
*
6
Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Accidents in India
2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India; 2012.

7.  Thus RTA is a collision between
vehicles; between vehicles and
pedestrians; between vehicles and
animals; or between vehicles and
geographical or architectural
obstacles.'
 Road traffic accidents are a human
tragedy. They involve high human
suffering and socioeconomic costs in
terms of premature deaths, injuries,
and loss of productivity,
7

8. HISTORY
8

9.  Ohio City claims the first accident in
1891, engineer James Lambert was
driving a gasoline-powered buggy, when
he ran into a little trouble.
 The buggy, also carrying passenger
James Swoveland, hit a tree root sticking
out of the ground.
 Lambert lost control and the vehicle
swerved and crashed into a hitching
post. Both men suffered minor injuries.
9http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident

10. 10

11.  The first recorded fatalities by car came in
1896 . Bridget Driscoll stepped off of a
London curb and struck a gas-powered
Anglo-French model car driven by Arthur
Edsall.
 While the car had a top speed of four miles
per hour, neither Edsall nor Driscoll were
able to avoid the collision.
 Edsall was arrested, but the death was ruled
an accident and he was not prosecuted.
11http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident

12. INTRODUCTION
12

13. Motorization has
enhanced the lives of
many individuals and
societies, but the benefits
have come with a price.
13

14. Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are
Major Global Health problems
and 8th leading cause of death
leading to more than 1.2 million
deaths and 20-50 million injuries
annually*
14
*WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action

15.  RTAs in India are major
but a Neglected Public
Health Problem .
 In 2011. 1.45 lakh
people lost their lives
while nearly 5 lakh
people were severely
injured, who were mainly
males in productive age
group, leading to nearly
3% loss of GDP
15
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-
0218;year=2014

16. While the situation in many countries
in now improving, India still holds the
dubious distinction of being only
country who faces more than 14
fatalities and 53 injuries every hour
due to RTA.
16
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014

17. In India, during last ten years the
population has increased only 1.6 %
per year but the, RTAs have
increased at the rate of 4.6 % per year
leading to RTA fatality rate from
8.2/lakh in 2000 to 10.9 in 2010.
17
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-
0218;year=2014

18. Therefore there is urgent need to
revamp the alarming Road safety
situation in India and accord it the
same priority as other important
health issues, to prevent further loss
of human life and their devastating
impact on society and economy.
18http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-

19. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS
 The Road Accidents can be classified in
the following manners:
 Classification of Persons by Injury
Severity
i. • person with fatal injury
ii. • person with Grievous Injury
iii. • person with minor injury
iv. • person with no injury
19Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64

20. ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY VEHICLE
TYPE
 Motorized two Wheeler accident
 Motorized three wheeler accident
 Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi accident
 Bus Accident
 Light Transport Vehicle accident
 Heavy Articulated Transport Vehicle
accident
 Tractor with Trolley accident
 Bicycle/Pedestrian accident
 Animal/Hand Drawn Cart accident
20

21. ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY NUMBER
OF VEHICLES
 Single-vehicle accident
 Two-vehicle accident
 Three-vehicle accident
 Multiple Vehicle accident
21

22. GLOBAL BURDEN
22

23. Road traffic accident take the lives
of nearly 1.24 million people
every year,and injure 20–50
million more.
23
WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

24. More than 1.24 million people are
killed in Road Accidents, every year.
24

25. RTAs are the 8th leading cause of
death globally and the leading cause
of death for people aged 15–29
years.
Young adults aged between 15 and 44
years account for 59% of global road
traffic deaths. 77% road deaths are
among men.
25
•WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

26. One child is killed in Road Accidents,
every three minutes in the World.
26

27.  3 to 4 % of Gross National Product
is lost in Road Accidents.
27

28. For males aged 15-44, road traffic injuries
rank second (behind HIV/AIDS) leading
cause of premature death and ill health
worldwide .
 WHO.Global status report on road safety
2013. Supporting a decade of action.
28
WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

29. Over 90% of road traffic
deaths and injuries occur
in low- income and
middle-income countries, which
haveonly 48% of the world’s
registeredvehicles.
29•WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

30. There are large disparities in road traffic
death rates between regions. The risk of
dying as a result of a road traffic injury
is highest in the African Region (24.1
per 100 000 population), and lowest in
the European Region (10.3 per
100 000).
30
•WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

31. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
DEATHS ( PER 100,000)
Death rate due to Road Traffic accidents
is highest in Namibia (53.4/ 100,000)
followed by Swaziland (48.2/100,000)
,while it is lowest in Maldives
(2.4/100,000) Malta (3.1/100,000) and
Japan (3.8/100,000).
India ranks 77 with a death rate of 18.7/
100,000)
31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

32. Half of the world’s road traffic deaths
occur among motorcyclists (23%),
pedestrians (22%) and cyclists (5%)
– i.e. "vulnerable road users" – with
31% of deaths among car occupants
and the remaining 19% among
unspecified road users
32

33. In addition to the grief and
sufferingthey cause, road traffic
crashes result in considerable
economic losses to victims, their
families, nations as a whole, costing
most countries 2–4% of their gross
national product
33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

34. Further, road traffic accidents are
predicted to resultin the
death of around 1.9 million
people annually by 2020, and by 2030 will
become the fifth leading cause of death
unless urgent action is taken.
34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

35. As of now, only 15% of
countries havecomprehensive
laws relating to five key risk
over-speeding, drinking and driving,
and the non-use of helmets,
seat-belts and child restraints.
35
•WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

36. The world can prevent 5 million
deaths and 50 million serious injuries
by 2020 by scaling up investment in
road safety, at global, regional and
national levels
36

37. INDIN SCENARIO
37

38.  India has one of the largest road
networks in the world, of 3.314 million
kilometers, consisting of National
Highways, Expressways , State
Highways etc.
 About 65 per cent of freight and 86.7
per cent passenger traffic is carried by
the roads
38
http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/136033520/?formInput=%5C%22national%20highway%5C

39. INDIAN SCENARIO
According to official statistics, during the
year 2011, there were around 5 lakh
road accidents, which resulted in deaths
of 142,485 people (85% M,15%F) while
511,394 people were injured. Uttar
Pradesh,Maharashtra, and Tamilnadu
contributed to maximum number of
cases.
 These numbers translate into 1 road
accident every minute and 1 road
accident death every four minutes
(NCRB- 2012)
39

40. Number of road accidents and number
of persons Involved: 2002 to 2011
40National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43
2011P*

44. Number of persons killed per ten
thousand vehicles during 1970-2011
44

45. KARNATAKA SCENARIO
 During 2013 there have been 42107
RTAs across the state claiming the
9510 lives,which included 8145 men
and 1345 women.
 Besised 10850 men and 2805 were
seriously injured.
45http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/61594-karnataka-road-accidents-claim-9510-lives-in-20

46.  Pedestrians, bicyclists and two-
wheelers, who comprise the most
vulnerable group, accounted for
40% of all fatalities.
 The loss to the Indian economy
due to Road Traffic Accidents in
2012 was estimated at 3% of GDP
46http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898451

47. ROAD ACCIDENT DEATHS BY VARIOUS
MODES OF TRANSPORT DURING 2012
47

48.  This is attributable partly to an
increase in the number of vehicles
on the road, and partly to the
absence of a coordinated official
policy to control the problem.
48

49. For instance while the population of
India increased by 17.64 percent
over the past ten years, the
number of licensed vehicles
increased by 132 percent over the
same period.
49

50.  In the United States, which has close to 300
million people and more than 250 million
vehicles, the number of deaths per 10,000
vehicles is 1.6, while in India this number,
known as the “road fatality rate,” is as high
as 14.
 With just 1% of the world's vehicles, India
manages to account for 10% of its road
fatalities.
Contd......
50

51. MAIN CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS
 Over Speeding
 Drunken Driving
 Using Mobile Phones while Driving
 Child Restraint
 Not wearing of helmets and seatbelts
51

52. a) Driver fatigue,
b) Not obeying or following traffic rules.
c) The attitudes of the “right of the might”
bigger vehicles toward the smaller
vehicles.
d) Overloading of transport vehicles,
e) Poor maintenance of the vehicles.
f) Appalling condition of the already
chocked roads and encroachment .
OTHER CAUSES OF RTA
52

53. HUMAN FACTORS IN RTA
 Human factor contributes significantly to
increasing number of road accidents in
India.
 Most drivers continue to be acting like
maniacs in a tearing hurry and error in
judgment often leads to major
accidents. Reckless driving, over
speeding, decline to follow traffic rules,
and drunken driving are main reasons
for road accident
53

54. DRUNKEN DRIVING
 Globally, some 480,000 deaths and 20
million of people get injured by
drunken driving every year.
 In most high-income countries about
20% of fatally injured drivers have
excess alcohol in their blood, i.e.,
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in
excess of the legal limit.
54

55. Contd...
In contrast, studies in low- and
middle-income countries like India
have shown that between 33% and
69% of fatally injured drivers and
between 8% and 29% of non fatally
injured drivers had consumed
alcohol before their crash.
55

56. DRIVER FATIGUE
 Driver fatigue is a very dangerous
condition created when a person is
suffering symptoms of fatigue resulting
from the hypnotic effect leading to
diminished driver's vigilance level.
 Statistics show that 20% of all the traffic
accidents and up to one-quarter of fatal
and serious accidents are due to drivers
with a diminished vigilance level.
56

57. GLOBAL STATUS
REPORT
57

58. WHO: GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON
ROAD SAFETY- 2013”
 Eighty-eight countries have reduced
the number of deaths on their roads –
but the number remains
unacceptably high at 1.24 million per
year.
 Only 28 countries, representing 449
million people (7% of the world’s
population), have adequate laws that
address all five risk factors (speed,
drinkun driving helmets , seat-belts
and child restraints). 58

59.  Half of all road traffic deaths are
among pedestrians,cyclists and
motorcyclists.
 However, less than 35% of low- and
middle-income countries have policies
in place to protect these road users.
59

60. RTA DEATHS BY REGION
 The African region has the highest
road traffic fatality rate injury is
highest in the African Region 24 per
100 000 population) ,
 And European Region has the
lowest in the (10.3 per 100 000).
60

61. RTA DEATHS PER 100 000 POPULATION
: BY REGION
African
Region
61
African
Region
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
Western
Pacific
Region
South-East
Asia
Region
Region of
the
Americas
European
Region
18.5
21.3
16.1
18.5
10.3
24.1
5
15
10
20
25
30
0

62. RTA DEATHS BY POPULATION
REGISTERED VEHICLES AND COUNTRY
INCOME
62
Eighty per cent of road traffic deaths occur in
middle-income countries, which account for 72
% of the world’s population,but only 52% of the
world’s registered vehicles.
 This indicates that these countries bear a
disproportionately high burden of road traffic
deaths relative to their level of motorization.

63. Population, road traffic deaths, and
registered motorized vehicles by country
income status
Population, roadtraffic deaths,and registered motorized vehicles, by country
income status
High-income Middle-income Low-income
12 1%
12% 16% 12% 12% 8%
47%
52%
72% 80%
POPULATION ROAD TRAFFIC REGISTERED VEHICLES
DEATHS
63

64. NEW ROAD SAFETY LAWS: PROGRESS
 New road safety comprehensive
legislation for all five risk factors have
been passed in 28 countries – but
only 7% of the world’s population is
covered.
 Only 59 countries, covering just 39%
of the world’s population (2.67 billion
people), have implemented an urban
speed limit of 50 km/h or less .
64

65. 65

66. DRUNKUN DRIVING
Drinking and driving increases the risk of
crash, as well as the severity of resulting
injuries.
The drivers are affected or impaired with a
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)of 0.05
g/dl, while at a BAC level of 0.1 g/dl the
crash risk is approximately five times higher
than that of someone with a BAC level of
zero.
66

67. Contd…
89 countries, covering 66% of the
world’s population (4.55 billion
people), now have a comprehensive
drink–driving law, defined as a BAC
limit of 0.05 g/dl or less.
High-income countries are more likely
to have a legal BAC limit of 0.05 g/dl
or less (67%) than are middle- or low-
income countries (49% and 21%,
respectively).
67

68. Drink–drive laws, by country/area
68
Blood alcohol concentration ≤0.05 g/dl
Blood alcohol concentration >0.05 g/dl
No drink-drive law/not based on blood alcohol concentration
Drink-drive law at subnational level
Alcohol consumption legally prohibited

69. INCREASING MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE
 In European countries, head injuries
contribute to approximately 75% of
deaths among motorcycle users; in
some low- and middle-income
countries, head injuries are estimated
to account for up to 88% of such
fatalities.
 Wearing a standard, good quality
motor cycle helmet can reduce the risk
of death by 40% and the risk of
serious injury by over 70% .
69

70. Contd....
 155 countries (covering 88% of the
world’s population) have laws in place
for for helmet; both for drivers and
co-passengers.
 About half of all participating
countries (98) covering 77% of world
population apply helmet standards ,
with proven effectiveness in reducing
head injuries.
70

71. INCREASING SEAT-BELT USE
 Failure to use a seat-belt is a major risk
factor for road traffic injuries and deaths
among vehicle occupants.
 Wearing a seat-belt reduces the risk of a
fatal injury by 40–50% for drivers and front
seat occupants, and between 25–75% for
rear seat occupants
71

72. Contd..
 Comprehensive seat-belt laws in
place in hundred and 111 countries,
(69% of the world’s population, 4.8
billion people) .
 But more needs to be done to
convince political leaders and police
authorities that seat-belt use can save
lives, and to work to strengthen seat-
belt legislation in line with best
practices. 72

73. seat-belt wearing is
mandatory by law. there is
no exemption for anybody,
73
seat-belt wearing is
mandatory by law.
there is no exemption
for anybody, including
me. including me.
Governor of
Afyonkarahisar

74. INCREASING THE USE OF CHILD
RESTRAINTS
 Child restraint systems protect infants
and young children from injury during a
crash. Infants and children need child
restraint systems that can accommodate
their size and weight.
 Child restraints reduce the likelihood of
a fatal crash by approximately 70%
among infants and between 54% and
80% among young children
74

75. 75

76. The majority of high-income countries
(88%) have child-restraint laws in place,
while such laws are far less common in
low- and middle-income countries (30%
and 43%, respectively).
 Most of the 51 European countries have
enacted child restraint laws, but only
one of eleven South East Asia countries
has passed such a law
76

77. USE OF MOBILE PHONE
Drivers using mobile phone are four times
more vulnerable than those not using a
phone. The Risk is similar for both, hand
held as well as hands free.
142 countries (covering 83% of world
population ) have laws in place and prohibit
its use while driving, while 34 countries
also prohibit hands free phones.
77

78. STATUS
REPORT
: INDIA
78

79. SAFE ROAD USER
 Penalty/demerit point system in place - No
National speed limits - Yes
 Local authorities can set lower limits - Yes
Maximum limit urban roads 60km/h
Enforcement 012 45678910
79

80. DRUNKUN DRIVING
 National drink–driving law - Yes
 BAClimit–
 General population - 0.03g/dl
 BAC limit–young or novice drivers -
0.03g/dl
 BAC limit–professional - 0.03g/dl
Random breath testing and/or
Police check points - Yes
Enforcement 012 45678910
80

81. HELMET USE
National motor cycle helmet law -
Yes Applies to drivers and passengers
- Yes Helmet standard mandated
- Yes
Enforcement 01 345678910
Helmet wearing rate 50% Drivers
≤10% Passengers
81

82. SEAT-BELT
 National seat-belt law - Yes
 Applies to front and rear seat occupants - Yes
 Enforcement 01 345678910
 Seat-belt wearing rate 27%Drivers

83. NATIONAL CHILD RESTRAINT LAW
AND USE OF MOBILE PHONES
National child restraint law Enforcement -No
National law on mobile phones while driving –Yes
Law prohibits hand-held as well as hands-free
mobile phone use
83

84. POST-CRASH CARE
Emergency Room based injury surveillance
Emergency system - No
Access telephone number(s)
- Multiple numbers
Seriously injured transported by ambulance
- 11–49%
Permanently disabled due to road traffic
crash
- 2%
Emergency medicine training for doctors -
Yes Emergency medicine training for nurses
- Yes 84

85. DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities in
(2010)
= 133938 (85%M,15%F)
Estimated GDP lost due to road traffic
crashes = 3%
85

86. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Occupants 4-wheeled cars and
light vehicles (16%)
86
Occupants 4-wheeled cars
and light vehicles (16%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (32%)
(32%)
Cyclists (5%)Pedestrians (9%)
Drivers/
trucks (13%)
Drivers passengers
buses (8%)
Other (17%)

87. PREVENTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS
87

88.  Road deaths and injuries are
preventable.
 A wide range of effective road safety
interventions exist and a scientific
system approach to road safety is
essential to tackle the problem
88

89. HUMAN FACTOR
 Drunken Driving increses the RTA risk five
times. Drivers need to be educated on this
aspect.
 Issuing of the driving license should be strictly
based on the minimum proficiency acquired
by the learners from designated driving
schools.
 Minimum qualifications should be fixed for
different categories of drivers.
89

90. Contd...
 Carry out periodic medical checkup
especially vision and hearing for the drivers.
 Training on first aid should be compulsory.
 Indiscriminate honking to be avoided.
 Educate the drivers and traveling public
about traffic rules
90

91. DRUNKEN DRIVING
 India has the highest number of road
accidents in the world killing nearly
1,34,000 people every year. Of this 70%
or over 93,800 cases are due to
consumption of alcohol.
 The legal limit of alcohol content in blood
is 0.03% or 30mg per 100ml of blood. If a
person driving a car has a BAC level of
30mg per 100 ml of blood, he or she can
be booked under section 185 of the Motor
Vehicle Act
91

92. SAFE ALCOHOL LIMITS
 For an average adult male who weighs
about 65 Kg ; may have beer (660
ml),whisky (60 ml) or wine (200 ml) to
stay within the legal limit.
 How long after a drink can you drive? It
takes about one hour to process about
9.5 ml of alcohol in the body. But it’s
always safer to drive without any sort of
alcoholic influence.
92

93. BREATH ALYZERS
 A breathalyzer or breathalyser is a device for
estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a
breath sample.
 Breath analyzers estimate BAC indirectly by
measuring the amount of alcohol in one's breath.
Two breathalyzer technologies are most
prevalent. Desktop analyzers generally use
infrared spectrophotometer and electro
chemical fuel cell technology, or a combination
of the two.
93

94. LEGISLATIONS
94

95. ROAD TRANSPORT AND SAFETY
BILL- 2014.
Bill aims to "provide a framework for safer,
faster, cost effective and inclusive
movement of passengers and freight in the
country, thus enabling the mission of
“Make in India" and that the enactment of
the Bill is expected to save 200,000 lives in
the next five years.
95http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/dinesh-mohan-road-safety-and-a-bhel-puri-act-114100901227_1.html

96. Contd...
 The Bill will pave the way for
Vehicle Regulation and Road
Safety Authority prescribing
minimum safety standards for
vehicles, roads and its users.
 The authority will have to maintain
a National Unified Information
System, thereby centralising details
on vehicle registrations, driving
licences, insurance, permits,
penalties, accidents, etc.
96

97. MOTOR VEHICLE AMENDMENT
BILL 2014
The revised proposed bill has been
passed in parliament on 18 dec 2014.
 First offence for drunk driving will
attract "Rs. 25,000 fine, or
imprisonment for a term not exceeding
3 months, or with both, and a six-month
license suspension.
 Second offence within three years will
result in Rs.50,000 penalty or
imprisonment for up to one year or both
and a one year license suspension. 97http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-motor-bill-road-safety-and-transport-bill-2014-traffic-offenders/1/382678.html

98. Contd…
 Any subsequent offence shall result in
the cancellation of the licence, and
impounding of the vehicle which may
extend for 30 days.
 If school bus drivers are caught driving
drunk, Rs. 50,000 fine will be imposed
with imprisonment for three years while
"immediate cancellation" of licence will
take place in case of drivers in the age-
group of 18 to 25 years involved in such
incidences.
98

99. Causing death of a child in certain
circumstances will result in "Rs. 3
lakh fine, and imprisonment for a
term not less than 7 years"
Violating traffic signal three times will
result in Rs. 15,000 fine, licence
cancellation for a month and a
compulsory refresher training.
Contd…….
99

100. Emergency medical care to victims of
accidents and other emergencies
 Honourable Supreme Court of India in its
order dated 19 Feb 2004 has made it
mendatory to all medical professionals to
attend all RTA victim with out raising any
objection that it is a medico-legal case
requiring information to the police authorities.
 Whether or not such a person is
immediately in a position to make payment
for screening and emergency medical
treatment,
100

101. Contd…
 Whether or not such a person has medical
insurance or is a member of any medical
scheme of the person's employer or to a
scheme which otherwise provides for
medical reimbursement.
 And without raising any other
unreasonable objection.
101

102. 102
H’BLE SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVE

103. HAND OUT ON H’BLE SUPREME COURT
DIRECTIVE
103

104. VEHICLES
 Well-maintained vehicles with good breaks,
lighting, tyres etc. will reduce accidents.
 Older vehicles and highly polluting vehicles
should be phased out.
 Vehicles should be provided with seat belts
and other necessary safety provisions (like
airbags).
104

105. CONDITION OF ROADS
 Roads should be well maintained with
frequent relaying of road surfaces and
markings of road safety signs.
 Provide proper footpaths for pedestrians and
pedestrian crossings at intersections.
 Provide separate lanes for slow-moving and
fast-moving vehicles.
 Roads and junctions should be wide and well
lit so that visibility is good
105

106. PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
 More than one fifth of the people killed on
the world’s roads each year are not
travelling in a car, on a motorcycle or even
on a bicycle – they are pedestrians.
 Each year, more than 270 000 pedestrians
(22% of all RTA deaths)lose their lives on
the world’s roads.
106WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of

107. Contd..
Pedestrian deaths and injuries are
often preventable, and proven
interventions exist, yet in many
locations pedestrian safety does not
attract the attention it merits.
107

108. Policy and planning reforms that
support pedestrian safety
Controlling vehicle speed, developing
traffic- calming measures, restricting
vehicle
traffic in residential areas, building
Sidewalks,
enforcing traffic laws, pedestrianizing city
centres, installing pedestrian signals,
Pedestrian
safety in roadway design are some
measures 108

109. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT
VICTIMS
 The importance of the “Golden Hour” in
giving adequate treatment to the accident
victim in saving the injured should be
highlighted to both the health personnel
and the community.
 Provision of medical care/first aid care
facilities on highways and busy roads.
109

110. Contd...
 Provision of ambulances and trained
health personals in shifting and
transporting the injured person to
nearby hospitals for treatment.
 Awareness creation among all
sections of the society to treat
accident victims with sympathy and
without fear so that the morbidity and
mortality can be reduced.
110

111. FIRST AID IN ROAD ACCIDENTS
Many deaths can be prevented with
First-Aid if causalities are treated
immediately.
The basic aims of first aid are
 To save life,
 To protect the casualty
from getting more harm,
 To reduce pain and priorities of
casualty treatment.
111

112. THE “GOLDEN HOUR”
The first hour after the trauma is called
the “golden hour.”. If proper first aid is
given, road accident victims have a
greater chance of survival and a
reduction in the severity of their
injuries
112

113. THE
WHO
INITIATIVE
113

114. MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN RTA
PREVENTION
WHO has drawn a “Global Plan for the
Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–
2020” to guide efforts at national and
local levels.
Governments, international agencies,
civil society organizations, and private
companies from more than 110 countries
have launched the Decade of Action for
Road Safety 2011 − 2020. which seeks
to save 5 million lives over the 10-year
period. India is also a signatory to this.
114•WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020.2011. Saving millions of lives.

115. Contd......
“Decade of Action for Road Safety
2011–2020” was officially proclaimed by
the United Nations General Assembly
in March 2010.
To achieve its goal, the Global Plan
features five categories or “pillars”
115

116. FIVE PILLARS
1. Pillar 1 Road safety management
2. Pillar 2 Safer roads and mobility
3. Pillar 3 Safer vehicles
4. Pillar 4 Safer road users
5. Pillar 5 Post-crash response
116

117. ROAD SAFETY WEEK
Road Safety Week” is observed
throughout the country every year in
the month of January in order to
highlight and emphasize the need
for safe roads by taking up activities
to promote the concep
117

118. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
 Effective community participation also
plays a key role in the prevention of RTA.
 Everybody should be concerned and
should work toward achieving a safe
road travel so that “road accidents
should never happen again.”
118

119. ROAD SAFETY INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Information of RTI is primarily
collected by the Police department
and sufficient information is not
available from the health sector
and under-reporting is a serious
issue undermining the public health
burden and impact of RTI
119

120. BLOOMBERG PHILANTHROPIES
GLOBAL ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMME
 Former New York City mayor Michael
Bloomberg is to donate $125m over the
next five years to improve traffic conditions
in ten cities of low and middle-income
countries across the world.
 Starting from 2015, the funds will be
provided through the Bloomberg
Philanthropies Global Road Safety
Programme with an aim to strengthen road
safety legislation.
120

121. 121

122. CONCLUSION
1. Enforce laws to prevent drunken driving ( 70 %
of RTA deaths can be averted)
2. Prevent over-speeding and enforce speed
limits.
3. Ensure use of helmets by two-wheeler drivers
4. Ensure use of seat belts and child restraints in
cars
5. Improve visibility, vehicle headlights and road
lightings.
6. Enforce traffic rules.
122

123. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
123

124. 124
A symbol for all: the
road safety “tag”
The road safety “tag” is the new
global symbol for road safety
and the key visual for the
“Decade 2011-20 of Action for
Road Safety”.
“Wear. Believe. Act.”

125. REFERENCES
1. WHO.Global status report on road safety
2013. Supporting a decade of action.
2. WHO.STRENGTHENING ROAD SAFETY
LEGISLATION 2014. A toolkit for road
safety legislation workshops.
3. WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety
2011–2020.2011. Saving millions of lives.
4. WHO.PREVENTING ROAD TRAFFIC
INJURY:2004. A PUBLIC HEALTH
PERSPECTIVE FOR EUROPE.
5. WHO.Make walking safe:2011.A brief
overview of pedestrian safety around the
world.
125

126. 6) Pawan Deshpande, ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION IN INDIA: A REVIEW International Journal of
Advanced Engineering Technology .Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol.
V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64-68.
7) Narinder Mahajan, Ashok Bhardwaj, Anmol Gupta, Sunil
Kumar Raina, BP Gupta. An epidemiological study on the
road traffic accidents from hills of north India. Burns &
Trauma, April 2014, Vol 2, Issue 2.75-79.
8) LEGAL REFORMS TO COMBAT ROAD ACCIDENTS. LAW
COMMISSION OF INDIA.GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.Report
No. 234. August 2009.
9) THE MOTOR VEHICLES (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2014 By
SHRI MULLAPPALLY RAMACHANDRAN, M.P.
10) S. Gopalakrishnan. Public Health Perspective of Road
Traffic Accidents. J Family Med Prim Care. 2012 Jul-
Dec; 1(2): 144–150.
126

127. 11) http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-
first-car-accident.
12) Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta S C, Kumar Y. Pattern, severity and
circumtances of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents: A
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13) Pawan Deshpande, ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION IN INDIA: A REVIEW. Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol.
V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64-68.
14) Accidental deaths and suicides in India - 2012. National Crime
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India,
15) Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J
Orthop Traumatol Rehabil 2013;6:1-6.
16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-
related_death_rate
17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898451/
127

128. 18. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road
Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, Government of India; 2012.
128

129. 129