Imikhakha emithathu yohlelo lolimi lwesiZulu

1. Imikhakha emithathu yohlelo lolimi
lwesiZulu
1
IsiZulu

2. Mine imikhakha yokucwaningwa
kolimi
• Isifundo semisindo (Phonology= phone+ology)
• Isifundo sezakhi (Morphology = morph+ology)
• Isifundo sezincazelo (Semantics)
• Isifundo semisho (Syntax)
2

3. Isifundo semisindo: Ifonoloji
(phonology)
• Isifundo semisindo simayelana nokuphinyiswa
kwemisindo olimini ngalunye. (a, b, c, d, e, njl)
• Isifundo solimi simayelana nemigomo
okukanye imithetho elawula ukulandelana
kwemisindo okuvumelekile kanye
nokungavumelekile. (vh, tf, hh)
• Siphinde sibe mayelana nokuguquguquka
kwemisindo olimini. (umbombo = embonjeni)
3

4. Isifundo sezincazelo: Isemanthiki
(Semantics)
• Lesi sifundo simayelana nencazelo oyithola
egameni, emagameni, noma emshweni.
• Simayelana namagama amqondofana,
amqondophika, kanye namqondomningi.
• Siphinde sibe mayelana nezincazelo: esobala,
esikiselwayo necashile
• Masisho nokho ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana
phakathi kwemikhakha eyahlukahlukene
yokuhlelwa kolimi.
4

5. Isifundo sezakhi kanye nesemisho
(Morophology and Syntax)
• Isifundo sezakhi siqondene ngqo nezakhi ezakha
amagama, amabinzana noma iqoqo lamagama.
• Isifundo sezakhi sibheka ukuthi izakhi zihlangana
kanjani ukuze zenze igama elithile noma amagama
athile asuke ebhekwa. (Umfana omncane uhleli
ngasemnyango.)
• Isifundo semisho siphathelene nokuthi kunezindlela
ezivumelekile kanye nezingavumelekile zokukhuluma.
Yile mithetho ecashile eyenza sikwazi ukumthola
olimini umuntu uma ekhuluma ukuthi akayena umZulu
kahle.
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6. Imisindo YesiZulu
EsiZulwini njengakwezinye izilimi
imisindo yehlukene kathathu:
Onkamisa, osingankamisa kanye
nongwaqa
6

7. Onkamisa
• Lena yimisindo esithi uma siyiphimisa sikhamise,
yingakho kuthiwa ngonkamisa.
• IsiZulu sinonkamisa abahlanu: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, no-/u/
• Uma sichaza onkamisa sibheka ukuthi lowo nkamisa
uphinyiswa kuphi: Ngabe uphezulu, uphezudlwana,
uphansi, uphambili okukanye usemuva.
• Ake sibheke umfanekiso wolimi.
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8. Sichaza onkamisa
• Onkamisa abaphezulu (high vowels): /i/, /u/
• Onkamisa abaphezudlwana noma abaphakathi
nendawo (mid-low): e, o
• Unkamisa ophansi: /a/
• Onkamisa abaphambili: /i/, /e/
• Onkamisa abasemuva: /o/, /u/
• Onkamisa abadilingene: /o/, /u/
• Onkamisa abangadilingene: /i/, /e/, /a/
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9. Osingankamisa esiZulwini
• Lena yimisindo ezenza onkamisa yingakho
kuthiwa ngosingankamisa. Iphinyiswa
ngokuthi ucishe ukhamise umlomo nayo.
• EsiZulwini sinosingankamisa ababili: /w/, /y/.
• Nokho kukhona abacwaningi abathi imisindo
elandelayo nayo ingosingankamisa ngoba
nakuyo uma siyiphimisa siyakhamisa
njengakubo onkamisa: /h/, /hh/.
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10. Sichaza osingankamisa
• /w/: uphezulu, usemuva futhi udilingene.
Uthini wena?
• /y/: uphezulu, uphambili, futhi akadilingene.
Uthini?
• /h/:
• /hh/:
10

11. Isifundo Sezincazelo/
Semantics
Isifundo sezincazelo simayelana nezincazelo
zamagama, zeqoqo lamagama noma
umusho ophelele. Singafunda ngesemanthiki
yegama, yeqoqo lamagama kanye
neyomusho ophelele
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12. Izincazelo zamagama
• Ngokwencazelo IsiZulu njengezinye izilimi
sinamagama esiwehlukanisa kanjena
ngokwencazelo yawo:
- A) Ophimbohluka (Polysemies)
- B) Omabizwafane (Puns)
- C) Omqondofana (Synonyms)
- D) Omqondophika (Antonyms)
- E) Ofuzamqondo (Words with similar meanings)
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13. Ophimbohluka
• Lana ngamagama abhaleka ngokufana kodwa ahlukanayo
ngokwephimbo lapho uwaphimisa:
Ugogo
Ingoma
Ufunani?
Umfundisi
úḿfúndísì – uthisha
úgógó – umama kamama
úgògò – umuntu omude
úthì – uma umuntu esho
úthí – lokuvungula
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukukhombisa ukuguquka kwephimbo kula
magama. Bese-ke wazi izincazelo zamagama ngokuphimiseka kwawo
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14. Omabizwafane/Puns
• La magama kuthiwa angomabizwafane ngoba lapho
uwabiza ayefana kodwa izincazelo zawo azifani. Ngamanye
amazwi igama elilodwa lingaba nezincazelo ezimbili
ezahlukene. Bheka lapha:
Icala – uhlangothi;
Imbulu – isilwane; umuntu onocenga noma
kungasafanele
Ikhabe – isitshalo esidliwa siluhlaza; umuntu okwazi
ukusebenzisa izandla zombili ngokufanayo
Ilanga – imbulunga esemkhathini phezulu; usuku
Ake sixoxe ngamanye amagama eniwaziyo. Yimaphi lawo
magama?
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15. Omqondofana/Synonyms
• Lawa ngamagama ahlukene amabili noma ngaphezulu
kodwa anencazelo eyodwa efana ncamashi:
ibhuku > incwadi
ifoni > ucingo
isigebengu > inswelaboya
umfana > umkhapheyana
indoda > injeza
inkomo > imanta/imayi
ukudla > ukumaya
ikhanda > ichelezo
Omqondofana bavela ngenxa yokukhula kolimi kanye nesiko
lokuhlonipha.
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16. Omqondophika/Antonyms
• Amagama abhaleka abuye aphimiseke ngokungefani,
amqondo uphikisana nowelinye
uvukuvale –
umfokazana –
isigqala –
igcokama –
isigwili –
izaqheqhe –
impi –
khala –
vala –
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17. Ofuzamqondo
• La magama anomqondo elinye elifuze owelinye:
- umsila –
- ucingo –
- inkatha –
- inqola –
- ingonyama –
- usiba –
- ihlamvu –
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18. Ukulandelana Konkamisa/
Vowel juxtaposition
EsiZulwini onkamisa abalandelani.
Imithetho yesiZulu iyakuphika ukuthi
imisindo ilandelane
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19. Uma onkamisa belandelana nazi
izinguquko ezenzekayo emisindweni:
• Ukulumbana konkamisa (vowel coalescence)
• Ukweqiwa konkamisa (vowel elision/deletion)
• Ukulwangisa (palatalisation)
• Ukunkankazisa (nasalisation)
• Ukungwaqazisa (consonantalisation)
• Ukukhuphuka konkamisa (vowel raising)
• Ukunsininiza (alveolarisation)
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20. Uma onkamisa belandelana
balumbana benze unkamisa omusha
• Unkamisa ophansi + unkamisa ophezulu =
unkamisa ophakathi nendawo, unkamisa
ophansi+ophansi= ophansi:
> a + i = e (na+inja = nenja; nga+impama =
ngempama)
> a + u = o (na+umona = nomona; nga+umusa
= ngomusa
> a + a = a (na+amanga = namanga;
nga+amandla = ngamandla)
• nganga+ijuba = ngangejuba; njenga+umuntu =
njengomuntu; nganga+amanzi = ngangamanzi
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21. Ukulumbana konkamisa kwenzeka
ngaphansi kwalezi zimo:
• Uma kusetshenziswa isakhi sesihlanganiso /na/:
na+abantu = nabantu; na+itshe = netshe;
na+umuntu = nomuntu
• Uma sisebenzisa izakhi zokuqhathanisa: njenga+amasi
= njengamasi; okwa+izwe = okwezwe;
nganga+uThemba = ngangoThemba; kuna+inja =
kunenja
• Uma sakha isivumelwano sesiphawulo kanye
nongumnini: a+umu = omu- (omuhle); a+isi = esi-
(esihle); a+ama = ama- (amakhulu); la+inkukhu =
lenkukhu; la+amasi = lamasi; la+umuntu = lomuntu
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22. Ukweqiwa konkamisa/ Vowel elision
• Uma onkamisa belandelana ngesinye isikhathi
abalumbani kodwa omunye wonkamisa uyeqiwa
noma alahlwe.
• Onkamisa beqewa ngaphansi kwezimo ezintathu:
seqa ngokuthanda, seqa ngempoqo, seqe
ngokohlelo
• Ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda – seqa
ngokuthanda uma sikhuluma ngokushesha:
Ingan’ egulayo iphuthunyiswe esibhedlela
ngemoto. / Umfan’ omubi ulunguza ewindini. –
Qaphela: seqa unkamisa wokuqala!
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23. Ukweqiwa konkamisa
(kuyaqhutshwa)
• Ukweqiwa konkamisa ngempoqo: lokhu
kuvamise ukwenziwa ekuqaleni kwegama:
Lo mfana akezwa. Baba uyafika, baba
uyafika, lutho.
• Siphoqeleka ukweqa unkamisa uma sibabaza:
Mfana wami! Themba, woza lapha!
• Uma isibanjalo sandulela ibizo: Yiyona
nkululeko yenu lena. USipho nguyena mfana
osahlonipha.
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24. Ukweqiwa konkamisa
(kuyaqhutshwa)
• Seqa unkamisa uma ibizo landulelwa yisenzo
esiphikayo: Angifuni kuzwa lutho okushoyo.
Akusiniswa mahleza lapha enyuvesi.
Angikhulumi manga mina. Akwaziwa
mbhantshi kujiya.
• Unkamisa siyameqa uma ibizo landulela inani:
Mfundisi muni lona oweshela esontweni?
Khanda lini leli elingapheli?
24

25. Ukweqiwa konkamisa
(kuyaqhutshwa)
• Uma isabizwana soqobo, umuntu okhulumayo
noma okukhulunywa naye, sandulela ibizo:
Nina bafana nicabanga ukuthi kuyadlalwa.
Thina zingane sigqoka kahle.
Wena Sipho uyedelela.
• Uma isabizwana sokukhomba sandulela ibizo:
Lo muntu udlala ngami.
Lesi sinkwa simnandi kabi.
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26. Ukweqiwa konkamisa
(kuyaqhutshwa)
• Uma onkamisa belandelana siyameqa omunye ngenxa
yohlelo olungakuvumi ukulandelana konkamisa.
• Unkamisa wesivumelwano uyeqiwa uma elandelwa
isiqu sokubala /-nke/ noma /-dwa/: ba+a+o+nke>
bonke; si+a+o+nke> sonke; ni+a+o+dwa> nodwa;
ba+a+o+dwa> bodwa
• Uma kwakhiwa isivumelwano sikamenzi esenzweni
esiqala ngonkamisa: isela (li+eba=) leba imfe; Abafana
(ba+osa=) bosa inyama.
• Uma sinciphisa amabizo agcina ngonkamisa /-i/
nanezinhlamvu ezingalwangiseki: umsebenzi+ana>
umsebenzana; isiyezi+ana> isiyezana; insizi+ana>
insizana
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27. Ukukhuphuka konkamisa/
Vowel raising
Uma onkamisa abaphezulu [i, u]
belandela uhlamvu olunonkamisa [e,
o], laba onkamisa abaphansi
bayenyuka babizeke phezulu
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28. Izimo zokukhuphuka konkamisa
• Uma unkamisa /i/ elandela u-/o/ no-/a/ kulezi zindawo:
- Esijobelelweni sikandaweni:
inkonzo > enkonzwéni; emfula > emfuléni
- Empambosini yokwenzisa:
thetha > théthisa, bona > bónisa
- Esiqwini esiphelele esinesijobelelo /-ile/:
bona> bónile; hlala > hlálile
- Kumabizomuntu asuselwe ezenzweni: thenga > umthéngi;
ondla > umóndli
- Unkamisa wokugcina ezabizwaneni zokukhomba eduze: léli;
lési; lólu; lézi; lókhu; lóbu
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29. Ukungwaqazisa / Consonantalisation
• Ukungwaqazisa kwenzeka uma onkamisa
belandelana egameni:
uku+akha > ukwakha;
uku+azi > ukwazi;
i+aphula > ihhabhula;
esango+ini > esangweni,
enkonzo+ini > enkonzweni
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30. Amagama abhalwa ngokufana kodwa
aphinyiswa ngokungafani
• La magama kuthiwa angophimbohluka ngoba
kwehluka iphimbo lapho siwaphimisa.
• Incazelo yala magama iyehlukana ngenxa
yokwehluka kwephimbo
Umfundisi: úḿfúndìsì (umholi wezenkolo)
úḿfúndísì – uthisha
úgógó – umama kamama
úgògò – umuntu omude
úthì – uma umuntu esho
úthí – lokuvungula
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31. Ukusonga – Imisindo
• Sithe ukwehlukana kwephimbo emagameni
kuletha incazelo engafani. Lokhu kusitshela
ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngesifundo sezincazelo
namagama angophimbohluka
singawasebenzisa. Ngamanye amazwi
ophimbohluka basikhombisa ukuxhumana
phakathi kweFonoloji kanye neSemanthiksi.
31

32. Ukulwangisa/
Palatalisation
EsiZulwini kunongwaqa abangonsinini
nabangondebembili abaguqukayo
babe ngolwangeni ezimeni ezithile
32

33. Izimo okwenzeka ukulwangisa
ngaphansi kwazo
• Ukulwangisa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo
ezilandelayo (Palatalisation occurs under these
circumstances):
• - Ukunciphisa amabizo (making diminutives)
• - Ukwenza ondaweni (locativising nouns)
• - Ukwenza impambosi yokwenziwa
(passivation)
33

34. Ukunciphisa amabizo
• Ukulwangisa yinguquko eyenzeka emisindweni lapho imisindo
engondebembili nengonsinini iphenduka iba ngolwangeni.
Ondebembili:
b > tsh [imbobo > imbotshana]
p > tsh [ikopi > ikotshana]
ph > sh [iphaphu > iphashana]
m > ny [insimu > insinyana]
mb > nj [insimbi > insinjana]
bh > j [isobho > isojana]
Onsinini:
t > tsh [ikati > ikatshana; imoto > imotshwana]
nt > ntsh [isonto > isontshwana]
th > sh [isikhathi > isikhashana]
d > j [idada > idajana]
nd > nj [idanda > idanjana]
n > ny [inunu > inunywana]
34

35. Ukwenza ondaweni
• Imbobo > embotsheni
• Isampompo > esampontshini
• Umlomo > emlonyeni
• Izinsipho > ezinsisheni
• Isibubhu > esigujini
• Igumbi > egunjini ; ithambo > ethanjeni
• Masiqaphele ukuthi ayenzeki le nguquko
kwamanye amagama: inkomo > enkomeni;
indoda > endodeni; isonto > esontweni; idada >
edadeni
35

36. Ukwenza impambosi yokwenziwa
• Umfana uhlatshwe yiva. (hlaba > hlatshwa)
• Inja ilunywe yinyoka. (luma > lunywa)
• Isigubhu sibhotshozwe yisipikili. (bhoboza >
botshozwa)
• Ngikhashwe umngani wami. (khapha > khashwa)
• Umgodi ugujwe yizulu. (gubha > gujwa)
• Izimpahla bezitatshwa endalini. (tapa > tatshwa)
• Ukhonjwe indlela izolo. (khomba > khonjwa)
36

37. Ukwenza izinciphiso
• imbobo > imbotshana
• ikopi > ikotshana
• Isampompo > isampontshana
• iphaphu > iphashana
• insimu > insinyana
• Isobho > isojana
• imoto > imotshwana
• isonto > isontshwana
• isikhathi > isikhashana
• idada > idajana
• idanda > idanjana
• inunu > inunywana
37

38. 1ST, 2ND AND 3RD PERSON
• First person Okhulumayo Mina ngi- /
• Thina si-
• Second person Okukhulunywa naye Wena u- /
• Nina ni-
• Third person Okukhulunywa ngaye/ngakho
Izigaba zamabizo
38

39. • Module 1-2 IZIMPAWU ZESIZULU
• IZIMPAWU ZESIZULU/ZESINTU EZISEMQOKA
• 1. Izigaba zamabizo (Amabizo anesiqalo):
• umu- x aba-; umu- x imi-; i(li)- x ama-; isi- x izi-; in(i)- x
izin(i)-
• 2. Kunezakhi eziyisivumelwano:
• Abafundi laba abaxoxayo bafunde le (i)ncwadi
• Izitshudeni lezi ezixoxayo zifunde lezi (i)zincwadi
39

40. 3. IsiZulu sinethoni/iphimbo:
• Úfúnani? ‘What does he/she want?’
• Ùfúnani? ‘What do you want?’
• Ínyangá ‘moon’ x Ínyanga ‘doctor’
4. Sinamalunga avulekile:
• i/zi/nyo/ni; a/ma/the/nde/le; i/zi/nxa/mpu/nxa/mpu; i/sa/la/ku/tshe/lwa
5. Amagama anokudonsa elungeni elandulela elokugcina:
• Amado.da aphu.za utshwa:la.
• Amado.da aphu.za utshwa.la ekuse:ni
• Amado.da aphu.za utshwa.la ekuse.ni nantamba:ma
•

41. 6. IsiZulu sisebenzisa izenzukuthi:
• Kumhlophe qwa; Kuthele kuthe du;
• Induku iqonde thwi; Ibomvu tebhu
• 7. Kubalwa ngakuhlanu:
• Ukubala: 1-10
• 8. IsiZulu asisebenzisi ukugcizelela kwamagama:
• Inja ilume umfana
• Inja ilume umfana
• 9. IsiZulu siwulimi olunokujobelela emagameni, okuvamile:
• bafunda; bafundisa; bafundela;
• bafundisana; basazofundisana
• 10. Sinabonkamisa abahlanu:
• a, e, i, o, u

42. Module 3-1 Noun class prefixes.doc
IZIGABA ZAMABIZO
ISIGABA ISIBONELO ISIQALO
ESIJWA-
YELEKILE
ISIQALO
SENKAMBISO
(esigcwele)
ISIQALO
ESEHLUKENE
1 umuntu umu- umu- um-
2 abantu aba- aba- abe-
1a ugogo u- umu-
2a ogogo o- aba- bo-
3 umuthi umu- umu- um-
4 imithi imi- imi-
3a ushizi u- umu-
2a oshizi o- aba-
5 i(li)hhashi i(li)- ili- i-
6 amahhashi ama- ama- ame-
7 isitulo isi- isi- is-
8 izitulo izi- izi- iz-
9 inja in- in[i]- im-
10 izinja izin- izin[i]- izim-
11 u(lu)nyawo u(lu)- ulu- ulw-
14 ubuso ubu- ubu- ub-/utsh-/
utshw-
15 ukudla uku- uku- uk-/ukw-
16 phandle pha- uku-/pha phe-
17 ukunxele uku- uku- uk-

43. Luyini uhlelo lolimi?
• Singathi lena yindlela ehlelekile yokufunda ngemigomo
nezimiso zolimi. Singasho futhi ukuthi yisifundo
semithetho ecashile elawula ukusetshenziswa kolimi.
• Kubalulekle ukwazi ukuthi ulimi olukhulunywayo
lwakheka kanjani. Igama ngalinye lakheka kanjani?
Ibinzana lamagama lakheka liphinde lixhumane noma
lihlobane kanjani? Amagama ahlangana futhi ahlobana
kanjani ukuze ache umusho ophelele oqukethe
umqondo ophelele? Amagama alandelana kanjani
ukuze ache umusho owamukelekile olimini
olukhulumayo?
43

44. Kunemikhakha emine okuhlelwa ulimi
ngaphansi kwayo. Le mikhakha nansi:
• 1. ISemanthiksi
• 2. IFonoloji
• 3. IMofoloji
• 4. ISintheksi
44

45. • ISemanthiksi wumkhakha wokuhlela ulimi ogxile
encazelweni noma engqikithini yemiyalezo
eyedluliswa yigama, idlanzana lamagama noma
umusho ophelele.
• Amagama ahlukahlukene athi uma elandelana
ngandlela thize ehlelekile enze umusho ophelele
onomqondo. Umkhakha wesifundo ogxile ekufundeni
ngokuhlanganisa noma ukuhlela amagama alandelane
ngendlela eyamukelekile ukuze kwakheke umusho
ophelele, sibizwa ngokuthi yiSintheksi.
• Njengoba ulimi lwakhiwa amagama, ibinzana
lamagama kanye nomusho; konke lokhu sizokufunda
sikubhekisise ngaphansi kweminxa emine yokuhlela
ulimi ebalulwe ngenhla. 45

46. Ukuhlonzwa kwamagama
• Kukhona izingqalabutho zosozilimi ekufundweni kwezilimi zaboMdabu base-Afrika. Igama
eligqama kakhulu ezingqondweni zethu uma sicabanga ngendaba yokuhlelwa kwezilimi
zesiNtu, nguSolwazi uClement Doke. Phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile uDoke azishoyo
ekuhlonzeni kwakhe amagama (word identification) wukuthi ubheka ukugcizelela (stress)
elungeni elandulela elokugcina.
• Agxekwa ngakho: Amagama esiZulu awanakho ukugcizelela elungeni elandulela elokugcina
kodwa anokudonsa (length). Kanti kunohlobo lwamagama esiZulwini olubizwa ngokuthi
yizenzukuthi. Lolu hlobo lwamagama alunakho ukudonsa okugqamile.
• Omunye obambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuhlonzweni kwamagama nguVan Wyk. Ngokwakhe izakhi
zegama zinendlela engaguquki ezilandelana ngayo.
• Izibonelo: Basazodlala (Akuvumelekile: Zosabadlala); izitshalo (akuvumelekile: lotshazii)
• Igama liyakwazi ukusuka endaweni ethile emshweni liye kwenye indawo (transposability):
• - Umfana udlala ibhola.
• - Udlala ibhola umfana.
• - Umfana ibhola uyalidlala.
• - Ibhola umfana uyalidlala.
46

47. • Separability: Igama liyehlukaniseka ngokufaka elinye
phakathi kwamagama.
• - USipho uthanda imicimbi./ USipho yena uthanda
imicimbi.
• - UShabalala akasafuni ukudlalela iChiefs./
UShabalala impela akasafuni ukudlalela iChiefs. /
UShabalala akasafuni ngempela ukudlalela iChiefs.
• Replaceability: Ungakwazi ukufaka igama esikhundleni
selinye igama. (Isabizwana ngesinye sezibonelo sale
ndlela yokuhlonza amagama). Ake sibheke nazi ezinye:
• - Uma amakhiwane emahle kakhulu asuke esebolile.
• - Uma amakhiwane eba mahle kakhulu asuke
esebolile.
• Isolatability: Igama liyakwazi ukuzimela gelekeqe
ngaphandle kokuncika kwelinye. Nasi isibonelo:
• - Ubaba ubehlabeni ngempelasonto? Inkukhu. 47

48. Ukugxekwa kwendlela kaDoke yokuqoqela
ndawonye amagama ngokwezigaba
1. UDoke akasho ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo (morphology) okumele
kubhekisiswe uma kuhlonzwa amagama ehlukaniswa ngononina.
2. Akunasizathu esiphathekayo esenza ukuthi umsebenzi wegama kube yiwona
awuqhakambisa ukwedlula igama. NGAMANYE AMAZWI AKANENDABA NESAKHIWO. Kule
misho elandelayo ugcizelela ukuthi la magama adwetshelwe angasebenza njengenhloko, ukuthi
akheke kanjani akakubheki.
(a) Umfana ukhahlela ibhola.
(b) Yena ukhahlela ibhola.
(c) Lona ukhahlela ibhola. (Lona = umfana)
3. UDoke uthi isichasiso yigama elichaza usobizo. Kodwa imisho efana nalena yenza
akushoyo kungabi nasisindo, kube nokuthandabuza:
(a) Ngumfana omncane olimele.
(b) Ngumfundi omubi obanga umsindo uthisha efundisa.
(c) Yinja emhlophe edle amaqanda kagogo.
(d) Yingane yakwabo lena elimele.
4. UDoke uchaza isenzukuthi njengengxenye yesandiso: Isib. Isandiso yigama elichaza
isenzo: e.g Umfana wawa wathi mbo ngobuso. Le ncazelo kaDoke inamabala esingayibeka
wona. Uma sibheka le misho elandelayo siyabonga ukuthi isenzukuthi asichazi isenzo nje
njengokusho kukaDoke:
(a) Gulukudu isigebengu.
(b) Tibi! Ngofo! Yinyoka!
48

49. Ukuhlonza amagama ngokukaVan Wyk
1. UVany Wyk usebenzisa amazinga/imikhakha yokucwaningwa kwezilimi ukuhlonza
amagama: Ifonoloji (umkhakha ogxile emisindweni), Imofoloji (umkhakha ogxile ekwakhiweni
kwamagama), Isemanthiksi (umkhakha ogxile ekulandelaneni kwamagama/kwezakhi
emshweni/egameni) kanye
2. UVan Wyk uwehlukanisa kanjena amagama:
(a) Ibizo (noun): isitha, isitsha, umuntu
(b) Isabizwana (pronoun): sona, zona, yena
(c) Isandiso (adverb): kahle, ekuseni, kude
(d) Isenzo (verb): dlala, thela, thinta
(e) Isibabazo (interjection): halala! Hawu! Habe!
(f) Isenzukuthi (ideophone): ngqi, khilikithi, mimiliti
(g) Isibanjalo sokukhomba (copulative demonstrative): yilezi, ngulowo, yilona
(h) Igama elingakwazi ukuzimela (particle word)
i. Uma izinyawo zinkulu bayaphela osayizi. / Uma izinyawo ziba nkulu bayaphela osayizi
ii. Uma umkhulu kakhulu izifo zisheshe zikungene. / Uma uba mkhulu kakhulu izifo
zisheshe zikungene. [This occurs mainly with the verb be]
Izibonelo zamagama angakwazi ukuzimela: yinja; nginamahloni, njenga-, nganga-, okwa-
ngokukaVan Wyk isibanjalo, isiphawulo, isibaluli, inani kanye nongumnini akuwona amagama
kodwa yiqoqo lamagama.
Okuphawulekayo uVan Wyk ubuye afake isibanjalo sokukhomba kanje namagama angakwazi
ukuzimela (particle words).
49

50. Nawa amagama angakwazi ukuzimela esiZulwini:
(a) U-na oyisakhi sokuhlobanisa/igama elingakwazi ukuzimela elikhomba ukuhlobanisa
i. Nginamahloni.
ii. Kuneqatha elilodwa elisele ebhodweni.
(b) Izakhi zesifaniso/zokuqhathanisa:
i. BangangoZulu eya eMakheni.
ii. Liqine njengetshe ikhanda lakhe.
iii. Bamlahlise okwenyongo yenyathi.
(c) Isakhi esikhombisa ukuthi into yenziwa ngani:
i. Ushaya ingede ngoju.
ii. Inkomo ihlatshwe ngommese.
(d) Isakhi esikhomba ubunikazi/ubumnini
i. Isango lenyuvesi
ii. Usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa.
(e) Isakhi sikandaweni
i. Kwaninalume eDududu
ii. Ngisaya kubaba.
(f) Isakhi/igama elikhomba ukuyalela (hortative)
i. Ake niyeke umsindo
ii. Ake sithi shelele.
(g) Isakhi sesibanjalo
i. Uyinsizwa njalo.
ii. Kuyintonjana nakho bo!
iii. Bangabafana
Nakuba-ke silandela ukuhlonzwa kwamagama ngendlela kaVan Wyk, sizofaka izihlanganiso njengefama elizimele. Nazi izibonelo
zezihlanganiso: kodwa, futhi, ngoba
50

51. Module 2, Section 2
Ibizo
2. NgokweSemanthiksi: Ibizo yigama lento embambekayo
(concrete) noma engabonakali (abstract): itshe, indlebe
(concrete); ububi, ubuthongo (abstract)
3.NgokweSintsheksi: Amabizo angasebenza
njengenhloko/njengomenzi futhi abuye asebenze
njengomenziwa emshweni. Angabuye asebenze ehambisana
namagama angakwazi ukuzimela. Ake sibheke nazi izibonelo
ezilandelayo:
(a) Izingane zidlala ingqathu. (inhloko/umenzi)
(b) Uthisha ushaya izingane. (umenziwa)
(c) Badlala ngezingane labo thisha. (igama elingakwazi
ukuzimela)
51

52. Izinhlobo Zamabizo
1. Ibizo loqobo/Ibizoqho
• umuthi, umuzi, isihlahla, uthi
1. Amabizo angondaweni
• ekhaya, ezulwini, esikoleni
1. Amabizo asesigabeni sikandaweni
• phandle, phezulu, kude, phansi, phakathi
1. Amabizo ayiziphawulo
• Itshe elincane
1. Amabizo ayizibaluli
• Indoda eqotho; Insizwa eqatha
52

53. Izinhlobo zesabizwana
1. Isabizwana soqobo:
• bona, yena, lona
1. Isabizwana sokukhomba:
• le nto, lesiya sitsha, leyo mbiza
1. Isabizwana sokubala esiqoqayo:
• Sonke sizobhala isivivinyo
1. Isabizwana sokubala esehlukanisayo:
• bodwa, zodwa, nodwa
1. Isabizwana esikhomba ubumnini:
• yami, lakhe, zabo, lakho, yenu
•
53

54. Izinhlobo zezenzo
1. Izenzo ezizimele (main verb)
2. dlala, khahlela, dlula, khala, hleka
3. Insizasenzo (auxiliary verb)
4. Uke ufike kanti nawe ezinkambeni?; Uhlezi ethule nje.
5. Isenzo esiyisibanjalo (copulative verb)
6. Angiyona insangu mina!
7. Umama wami muhle.
8. Isenzo esisabizo
9. ukudla, ukuya
10. Isenzo esiyisibaluli (qualificative verb)
11. Umfundi odakwayo; Imali eshisiwe efunekayo; Abafundi abaphumelele babili.
12. Izenzo eziphundulekile (defective)
13. azi, ithi, isho
14. 54

55. Izinhlobo zesandiso
1. Isandiso sesimo (adverb of manner)
• kahle, kabi, masinyane, kamnandi, kalula, kanzima,
kakhulu, kancane
1. Isandiso senkathi (adverb of time)
• kuthangi, izolo, manje, ngo-5, namuhla, kusasa, njalo,
ngomhlomunye, emandulo
1. Isandiso sendawo (adverb of place)
• esikoleni, esangweni, ehholo, eThekwini, kude, phezulu,
phansi, phandle
•
55

56. Amagama angakwazi ukuzimela
1. Elesichasiso: ezinhle, elimanzi
2. Eliyisibanjalo: USimangele muhle.
3. Isibanjalo esiphikayo: UZodwa akamuhle.
4. Elikhomba ukuhlobana: unamahloni, unozwela
5. Isibanjalo esihlungayo: UMandla uyinsizwa; Laba bafana bangamagwala
6. Igama elingakwazi ukuzimela lokuhlanganisa: Nami ngizobe ngikhona kulowo
mcimbi
7. Elingundaweni: kuVusi, kubaba, kuwe
8. Elikandaweni okhomba ubumnini: Bathunywe kwaSibiya.
9. Elokuqhathanisa: ngangezihlabathi zolwandle, njengamatshe, uhlaba okwameva
10. Elokuphathelana: Bakhuluma ngami laba abezayo
11. Eliyalelayo: Ake ningisikele iqatha nami bo!
12. Elikhomba ukuthi into yenziwa ngani: Bamgwaze ngomkhonto waphelela khona
lapho.
13. Elikhomba ubumnini: lami, yethu 56

57. Izibanjalo zokukhomba
1.Esikhomba eduze: nazi, naba, yilezi
2.Esikhomba buqamama: nazo, nabo, yilezo
3.Esikhomba kude: naziya, nabaya, yileziya
•
57

58. Izinhlobo zezibabazo
• Izibabazo zikhombisa imizwa eyahlukene. Nansi eminye yemizwa
eziyikhombisayo:
1. Ukucasuka: Mameshane! Dadewethu kababa!
2. Ukujabula: Ngcingci! Halala!
3. Ukujabha: Nkosi yami! Wohhe!
4. Ukuqhoshelana: Wushi mame!
5. Ukwethuka: Hawu! Maye babo!
6. Ukudumisa noma ukukhonza: Haleluya! Ameni!
7. Ukulwa: Awungizwe! Awuzwa! Ivume! Maluju! Shwele! Yobe!
•
58

59. UKULANDELANA KWAMAGAMA
OKUVAMILE EMUSHWENI
1. S V O
(Inhloko/Umenzi Isenzo umenziwa
[N S M])
• Lena yindlela ejwayelekile yokulandelana kwamagama emshweni
• Uma kukhona nesandiso kulandelana kanjena:
• Inhloko – isenzo – umenziwa – isandiso
• Uma kunezandiso ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izandiso ziliandelana kanjena ngokujwayelekile: esesimo,
esendawo, kugcine esenkathi. Isibonelo:
• Amaphoyisa abambe isigebengu kalula ehlathini ekuseni.
•
59

60. Ukulandelana kwamagama okwejwayelekile
emshweni kungaguquka phansi kwezimo
ezithile. Ake sithi janti kule misho:
(a)Umfana ubhala incwadi. (SVO/NSM)
(b)Ubhala incwadi umfana. (VOS/SMN)
(c)Umfana incwadi uyayibhala. (OSV/MNS)
(d)Uyayibhala umfana incwadi. (VSO/SNM)
• Okuphawulekayo wukuthi kubonakala kuyisenzo esilawula
ukulandelana kwamagama. Umenziwa indawo yakhe
ejwayelekile ingemuva kwesenzo. Ngaphandle kokuthi
umenziwa avvumelane nesenzo, uhlala elandela isenzo
ngaso sonke isikhathi. 60

61. Isivumelwano sikamenzi kanye nesikamenziwa
nendawo ezitholakala kuyo esenzweni
(a) Isivumelwano sikamenzi/senhloko siba ngesokuqala.
(b) Isivumelwano sikamenziwa sandulela isiqu sesenzo.
(c) Uma kukhona izakhi zenkathi /ya, zo, yo/, lezi zakhi zingena phakathi kwalezi zivumelwano
zombili.
• Nazi izibonelo ezicacisa la maphuzu abalulwe ngenhla:
i. Umfana uphuza utshwala. (isivumelwano sikamenzi)
ii. Umfana uyabuphuza utshwala. (isiv. sikamenziwa)
iii. Angikubizanga, uyaphi pho? (isiv. sikamenzi nesikamenziwa ngokulandelana kwazo)
iv. Asinithatheli phansi njalo.
v. Awungifuni ngempela?
vi. Anisiphakeli kodwa siyizihlobo.
61

62. Isintsheksi Yebizo:
(a) Ibizo lingasebenza njengenhloko emshweni. (Izingane zidlala umacashelana.)
(b) Ibizo lingasebenza njengomenziwa emshweni. (Umfana ucupha izinyoni.)
(c) Ibizo lingasebenza ukusekela igama elingakwazi ukuzimela. (UTshatha mubi njengonina.)
• Kuyenzeka isenzo sibe nomenziwa ababili, oqondile kanye nongaqondile.
• Oqondile yilowo ovamise ukuba kude nesenzo kanti umenziwa
• ongaqondile yilowo oseduze kwesenzo.
• Oqondile uhambisana nesenzo esijwayelekile (noma semvelo) bese
• kuthi ongaqondile ahambisane nesenzo sokuvela (esisuselwe kwesinye):
(a) Umama uhlabela umfundisi inkukhu. (umenziwa oqondile: inkukhu; umenziwa ongaqondile: umfundisi.
Umenziwa oqondile uhambisana nesenzo /-hlaba/ kanti umenziwa ongaqondile uhambisana nesenzo /-
hlabela/.)
(b) Uthisha ubhalisa abafundi isivivinyo. (umenziwa oqondile: isivivinyo; umenziwa ongaqondile: abafundi.
Umenziwa oqondile uhambisana nesenzo /-bhala/ kanti umenziwa ongaqondile uhambisana nesenzo /-
bhalisa/.)
•
62

63. Isintsheksi Yesenzo
(a) Isenzo sisebenza njengesilandiso (predicate)
- Amantombazane adlala ingqathu.
(a) Isenzo singasebenza ukusekela igama elingakwazi ukuzimela
- Ukugqoma imigwaqo akufani nokuhlala ekhaya.
(a) Singasebenza kanye nensizasenzo
- Isela lide lijeqeza amaphoyisa.
- Le nsizwa ihlale igijima njalo ekuseni.
(a) Isenzo singabuye sisebenze njengesichasiso.
- Umfundi okhuthele uhlala efunda izincwadi.
•
• Sike sakuphawula ukuthi isenzo yisona esiphethe umusho. Okokuqala sithi akulungile ukuthi umenzi angabi
nasivumelwano naso. Okwesibili isenzo sithi umenziwa kumele alandele ngemuva kwaso. Okwesithathu, uma umenziw
ezosuka endaweni yakhe kumele kube nesivumelwano phakathi kukamenziwa kanye nesenzo. Okwesine, Isenzo
siyakwazi ukuthi silawule okusilandelayo. Isib. Kunezenzo ezingamdingi umenziwa, ezifana nalezi: hlala, ndiza, lala.
Okulandela la mabizo kufanele kube yisandiso sendawo noma kanjani.
• Kukhona futhi nezenzo ezidinga omenziwa ababili. Lokhu kuvamise ukwenzeka ezenzweni ezisempambosini noma
ezisuselwe kwezinye izenzo:
(a) Uthisha ubhalisa abafundi isivivinyo.
(b) Ubaba uhlabela umndeni imvu.
63

64. Izandiso ziyizinhlobo ezintathu esiZulwini.
Kukhona isandiso sesimo, esendawo
kanye nesenkathi.
• Izandiso
(a)Isandiso sesimo:
• kahle, kabi, kamnandi, masinyane, kalula, kakhulu, kancane,
njll
(a)Isandiso sendawo:
• phakathi, phansi, phezulu, phandle, endlini, ngakwesokudla,
njll
(a)Isandiso senkathi:
• namuhla, kusasa, ngomhlomunye, kudala, emandulo,
manje, njalo, kuthangi, izolo, njll
64

65. Izabizwana Nezivumelwano Zokhulumayo Kanye
Nokukhulunywa Naye
Okhulumayo: mina (ubunye); thina (ubuningi)
Isiv. ngi- (umenzi nomenziwa); si- (umenzi nomenziwa)
Okukhulunywa naye: wena (ubunye); nina (ubuningi)
Isiv. u- (umenzi), ku- (umenziwa) ni- (umenzi nomenziwa)
Bheka idocument enegama elithi: Module 2-4 ukuthola ngezivumelwano endleleni evumayo
kanye nephikayo.
65

66. ISIGABA 1 NO-1
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esigcwele: /umu-/
• Isiqalo esigcwele sivame ukuhambisana namabizo aneziqu ezilungalinye, isib. umuntu, umufo, umufi.
• Uma isiqu sebizo sinamalunga amabili nangaphezulu, u-/u-/ wokugcina wesiqalo esigcwele /umu-/
uyalahleka kusale /um-/, isib. umfana, umfowethu, umzali, umngani.
• Uma isiqu sebizo siqala ngonkamisa, lowo nkamisa ungena esikhundleni sika-/u/ olahliwe: um-
umakhi, umenzi
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esigcwele: /aba-/
• Isiqalo esejwayelekile /aba-/ sisebenza emabizweni amaningi. Isiqalo esehlukile ngu-/abe-/. Isiqalo
esehlukile sisebenza emabizweni athile kuphela: abeSuluthu, abeNguni, abeLungu. Uma isiqu sebizo
siqala ngonkamisa unkamisa wokugcina wesiqalo esiphelele /aba/ uyalahleka bese sisala nesinye
isiqalo esiwumehluko /ab-/. Emabizweni anesiqu esiqala ngonkamisa afana nalawa: /abakhi/, /abenzi/,
/aboni/, /abelusi/ kusebenza isiqalo esiwumehluko /ab-/. Wonke la magama asuselwe ezenzweni
eziqala ngonkamisa okuyilezi: /-akha/, /-enza/, /-ona/.
• NgokweSemanthiksi (umkhakha ogxile kuncazelo): Izigaba 1 no-2 zinamabizo aphathelene nabantu.
• Izigaba 1a no-2a zinamabizo abantu abahlobene ngandlela thize noma abaluhlobo oluthile, isibonelo:
• Ubuhlobo bokuzalana: ugogo – ogogo; ubaba – obaba; udade – odade; umalume – omalume
• Amagama abantu: uNtuli – oNtuli; uSamkelo – oSamkelo; uShaka – oShaka
• Amagama abolekiwe akhomba imisebenzi ethile: udokotela – odokotela; uthisha – othisha
• Amanye amagizo asesigabeni 2a awubuningi bamabizo esigaba 3a. Nazi izibonelo: otamatisi, oshizi,
onogwaja.
•
66

67. ISIGABA 3
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esiphelele: /umu-/
• Isiqalo /umu-/ sisebenza emagameni anesiqu esilungalinye, isibonelo: umunwe,
umuthi, umuzi, umusa
• Amagama anesiqu esinelunga elingaphezu kwelilodwa asebenzisa isiqalo
esiwumehluko /um-/. Njengasesigabeni sokuqala unkamisa /u/ wokugcina wesiqalo
uyalahleka. Nawa amabizo ayizibonelo: umfula, umsila, umsindo.
• Amabizo anesiqu esiqala ngonkamisa asebenzisa isiqalo esiwumehluko u-/um-/:
umendo, umona, umeqo
• NgokweSemanthiksi: amabizo akulesi sigaba avamise ukukhomba iziinto eziyimvelo
(umfula, umhlaba, umuthi, umvuthwamini, umtholo); angakhomba izitho zomzimba
kumuntu nasezilwaneni (umzimba, umlomo, umunwe, umsila, umlenze, umkhono);
angabuye akhombe izinto ezingabonakali (umoya, umusa, umona, umkhokha)
•
67

68. • ISIGABA4
1. Isiqalo esijwayelekile/ senkambiso esiphelele: /imi-/
2. Amabizo akulesi sigaba awubuningi bamabizo akusigaba 3.
3. U-/imi-/ uba ngu-/im-/ emabizweni anesiqu esiqala ngonkamisa: imendo, imeno.
4. Ngokwencazelo (Semantics) – Ngaphandle kwalokhu okubalulwe ngenhla amabizo akulezi zigaba
angabuye akhombise lokhu: indawo, isib. umgodi, umbhede, umnyango, umthunzi, umgwaqo; okunye:
umshini, umthetho
•
• Isigaba 3a
• Iziqalo zala mabizo ziyafana nezamabizo esigaba 1a. Iziqalo zala mabizo: /u-/
• Kodwa okubalulekile wukuthi izivumelwano zala magama zihambelana nezamabizo esigaba 3,
yingakho sithi ayisigaba 3a.
• Nanka amanye amabizo akulesi sigaba: ushizi, utamatisi, unogwaja, ufezela
• Ubuningi bala mabizo bungena ngaphansi kwesigaba 2a
• NgokweSemathiksi – Lapha kulesi sigaba sithola amabizo ezinto eziphilayo kodwa ezingebona
abantu: ubhejane, unogwaja, ufezela. Kungabuye kube ngamabizo ayimifakela ikakhulukazi
amabizo ezinto ezisetshenziswa endlini njengokudla: utamatisi, ushizi, ujamu, ushukela,
umentshisi, usikilidi
•
68

69. ISIGABA 5 + 6
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esigcwele/esiphelele: /ili-/ (5) no-/ama-. (6)
• Akujwayelekile ukuthi lesi siqalo sisebenze sigcwele emabizweni. Isiqalo esifinyeziwe u-/i-/ yisona esisebenzayo
isikhathi esiningi.
• Ubuningi bala mabizo busesigabeni 6
• Nazi izibonelo zamagama akulesi sigaba: i(li)gama > amagama; i(li)zwe > amazwe; i(li)khaya > amakhaya.
• Kunamabizo athile ambalwa angasebenzisi u-/ama-/ kodwa asebenzinsa isiqalo esehlukile u-/ame-/ isib. ameva,
amehlo
• Ngokwencazelo (Semantics):
i. Iningi lamabizo akulezi zigaba akhomba izinto eziwuketshezi. Ake sibheke isigaba sesithupha esinala mabizo: amazolo,
amafutha, amanzi, amasi, amathe, amahewu.
ii. Izinto eziyimvelo: ilanga, ifu, izulu
iii. Izitho zomzimba: ikhanda, ithambo, ihlombe, ikhala, idolo, iqupha
iv. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo uma kusetshenzwa: ipiki, ifosholo, igeja, ihhala
v. Izizwe ezahlukene: amaBhunu, amaZulu, amaXhosa, amaNgisi, amaNdebele
vi. Abantu abaseminyakeni ethile yobudala kanye nabanezici ezithile: ikhehla, ixhegu, ibhungu, amabhungu, ivila
vii. Amagama ezinto ezingabonakali: amandla, amakhaza, amanga, amahloni
viii. Amagama ayimifakela: itiye/amatiye, itafula/amatafula, ibhola/amabhola, ibhulukwe/amabhulukwe.
ix. Akhona-ke namanye amabizo okungelula ukuwaqoqela ngaphansi kwesihloko esithile: ikhaya/amakhaya;
iqanda/amaqanda, izwi/amazwi
69

70. ISIGABA 7 + 8
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso sesigaba 7. Isiqalo esehlukile u-/is-/ sisebenza kuphela namabizo
aneziqu eziqala ngonkamisa.
• Isiqalo esiphelele sesigaba 8 u-/izi-/. Isiqalo esehlukile u-/iz-/ sisebenza namabizo aneziqu eziqala
ngonkamisa.
• Izibonelo zamabizo esigaba 7 asebenzisa u-/isi-/: isicathulo, isinkwa, isifo, isikhathi; asebenzisa isiqalo
esehlukile /is-/: isando, isenzo, isono, isangoma, isandla; awesigaba 8 asebenzisa isiqalo esiphelele /izi
/: izinkwa, izicathulo, izifo, izikhathi; kanti asebenzisa isiqalo esehlukile /iz-/ nanka: izando, izenzo,
izono, izangoma, izandla
• Ngokwencanzelo:
i. Izilimi kanye namasiko: isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSuthu, isiNgisi
ii. Izinto zokusebenza: isando/izando, isibhamu/izibhamu, isihluthulelo/izihluthulelo, isipeletu/izipeletu
iii. Amabizo ayimifakela: isikole/izikole, isitofu/izitofu, isitolo/izitolo
iv. Abantu abanezici ezithile: isigebengu, isidawudawu, isidlakudla, isigelekeqe, isilima, isidlova
v. Izinto eziqoqelwe ndawonye, ikakhulukazi ukudla/izitshalo/izinto ezingaphili: isiqhoqho, isivivane,
isibhanana, isimoba, isikhiwane
vi. Okunye: isilwane/izilwane, isicathulo/izicathulo, isibuko/izibuko
•
70

71. IZIGABA 9 NO-10
1. Iziqalo zenkambiso zala mabizo: isigaba 9 = in(i), isigaba 10 = izin(i)
2. Kawasekho amabizo esiZulwini esikhulunywa namuhla anesiqalo esiphelele u-/in(i)/, yingakho u-/i/ efakwa kubakaki.
3. Isiqalo /in-/ sisebenza nazo zonke iziqu zamabizo ngaphandle kwalezo ziqu eziqala ngodebembili noma ondebezinyo.
4. Izibonelo zamabizo alezi zigaba nazi:
• Inja > izinja
• Indlovu > izindlovu
• Intombi > izintombi
1. Iningi lamabizo asesigabeni 9 anobuningi obungena esigabeni 10. Bheka izibonelo eziku-4 ngenhla. Nokho kukhona amabizo asesigabeni 9
kodwa ubuningi bawo obungekho esigabeni 10, kodwa obusesigabeni 6. Izibonelo: indoda > amadoda; intombazane > amantombazane.
2. Uma isiqalo /in-/ sandulela isiqu esingundebembili noma undebezinyo, umankankane ongunsinini /-n-/ uyaguquka abe ngumankankane
ongundebembili u-/-m-/. Nazi izibonelo:
• in + buzi = imbuzi > izimbuzi
• in + phuzi = impunzi > izimpunzi
• in + vula = imvula > izimvula
• in + fene = imfene > izimfene
1. NgokweSemanthiksi:
• Iningi lamagama akulezi zigaba ngamagama ezilwane: inkomo/izinkomo; ingwe/izingwe; inja/izinja; inkukhu/izinkukhu;
inyoka/izinyoka; imfene/izimfene; imbuzi/izimbuzi; impunzi/izimpunzi
• Izitho zomzimba: inhloko/izinhloko; intamo/izintamo; ingalo/izingalo; indololwane/izindololwane; inhliziyo/inhliziyo
• Amagumbi amane omhlaba: iMpumalanga; iNingizimu; iNyakatho; iNtshonalanga
• Abantu: intombi/izintombi; induna/izinduna; ingane/izingane
• Imifakela: ingadi/izingadi; imfaduko/izimfaduko; imayini/izimayini; imoto/izimoto
• Amanye amabizo: indaba/izindaba; indlu/izindlu; intaba/izintaba; indlela/izindlela
• 71

72. IZIGABA 11 NO-10
1. Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esigcwele sesigaba 11: /ulu-/
2. Kulesi sigaba imvamisa asisebenzisi isiqalo esiphelele, sisebenzisa esifinyeziwe /u/: uluthi/uthi; ulusinga/usinga;
uludonga/udonga; uluphondo/uphondo
3. Kuyenzeka kwamanye amabizo asebenzise isiqalo esehlukile: /ulw-/ > ulwanga; ulwandle; ulwembu; ulwazi
4. Amabizo esigaba 11 ubuningi bawo bungena ngaphansi kwesigaba 10:
i. uthi > izinti; uthuli > izintuli
1. Njengoba besike sasho ukuthi u-/in-/ no-/izin-/ uma andulela isiqu sebizo esiqala ngondebembili noma undebezinyo,
u-/n-/ uguquka abe ngumankankane ongundebembili u-/-m-/: u(lu)fudu > izimfudu; u(lu)bambo > izimbambo;
uphondo > izimpondo. Exceptions: uhambo > izinkambo
i. Uma ngabe isiqu siqala ngohlamvu olungumpheshethwa, lolo hlamvu alube lusaba ngumpheshethwa. Nazi izibonelo
zalokhu: u(lu)khuni > izinkuni; u(lu)thuli > izintuli; u(lu)khamba > izinkamba; u(lu)phondo > izimpondo
1. NgokweSemanthiksi lezi zigaba zinamabizo aqukethe lo mqondo:
• Izinto ezinde nezelulekile: u(lu)cingo, u(lu)donga, u(lu)hla, u(lu)nwele, u(lu)khalo
• Izinto ezingabonakali noma ongeke uzithinte: u(lu)kholo, u(lu)lozolo; u(lu)laka, u(lu)singa, u(lu)gqozi, u(lu)sizi,
u(lu)thando, u(lu)lwazi
• Izilwane, izinambuzane nezitho zomzimba: u(lu)fudu, u(lu)nwabu, u(lu)khozi, u(lu)vemvane, u(lu)phondo,
u(lu)phaphe
• Izimila: u(lu)khula, u(lu)thathe
• Abantu abanezici ezithile: u(lu)hlanya, u(lu)shikishi, u(lu)ququva
• Amanye nje-ke amabizo: u(lu)cezu > izingcezu; u(lu)qweqwe > izingqweqwe; u(lu)hlamvu > izinhlamvu;
u(lu)hlanga > izinhlanga 72

73. ISIGABA 14
1. Isiqalo esejwayelekile/senkambiso esiphelele ssesigaba 14: /ubu-/
2. Amabizo akulesi sigaba awakhombisi ubunye noma ubuningi. Bheka lezi zibonelo: ubuso, ububende, ubusuku,
ubuntu
3. Iningi lamabizo akulesi sigaba ngamabizo aletha umqondo wezinto ongeke uzithinte: ubukhulu, ubuhlungu, ububi,
ubuntu
4. Iningi lamabizo akulesi sigaba lisebenzisa isiqalo senkambiso esigcwele /ubu-/ ngaphandle kwamabizo aneziqo
eziqala ngonkamisa, asebenzisa isiqalo esehlukile /ub-/
• ubuthongo
• ubutha
• ubusuku
• uboya
• ubomi
1. Esinye isiqalo esehlukile u-/utsh-/ no-/utshw-/, ziyatholakala emabizweni ambalwa esiZulwini:
• utshani ( < ubu + ani > ubwani > utshani)
• utshwala ( < ubu + ala > ubwala > utshwala)
1. NgokweSemanthiksi (Incazelo):
• Amabizo ezinto ongeke uzithinte: ubuhle, ububi, ubukhulu, ubuncane, ubutha, ubuvila, ubuvaka
• Amabizo ezinto ezingabo ubuningi: bheka izibonelo ezingenhla
• Amanye amabizo: ubuso, uboya, ubulongwe, utshani, utshwala
• 73

74. ISIGABA 15
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esiphelele: /uku/
• Lesi sigaba saziwa njengesamabizo asazenzo.
• Amabizo akulesi sigaba awanabunye nabuningi: ukudla, ukufunda
• Uma isiqu sebizo siqala ngonkamisa /e/ noma /a/ isiqalo esisebenzayo ngesehlukile
/ukw-/: ukwenza; ukwakha. Uma ngabe isiqu sebizo siqala ngonkamisa /o-/, kusebenza
isiqalo /uk-/: ukosa; ukoma, ukonda, ukondla
• Ngokwencazelo:
• Wonke amabizo esigaba se-15 angasebenza njengamabizo noma njengesenzo:
• Ngifuna ukuhamba manje
• UNdlovu uthanda ukudla amasi.
• Ngizama ukufunda isiZulu.
• Ukuhamba kuzala induna.
• Ukungazi kufana nokungaboni.
74

75. ISIGABA SE-16
•
• Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esiphelele: /pha/
• Lesi yisigaba esaziwa ngokuthi ngesamabizo angondaweni. Isib: phandle, phakathi
• Amabizo akulesi sigaba awanabunye nabuningi: phandle, phakathi, phansi
• Lesi sigaba sinamabizo ambalwa anesiqalo esehlukile: /phe/; /phesheya/; /phezulu/.
• La mabizo awavamisile ukusetshenziswa njengomenzi noma umenziwa emshweni. Avame ukusebenza
njengesandiso sendawo. Uma kwenzekile asebenza njengenhloko yomusho athatha isivumelwano sesigaba se-17
emshweni oqondile, okungu-/ku-/:
• Phandle kuyabanda.
• Phansi kungcolile.
• Phezulu kuhlala izicukuthwane.
• NgokweSemanthiksi:
(a) Amabizo akulesi sigaba akhomba indawo
• Izingane zidlala phandle.
• Abafundi abafuna ukuqondisisa isifundo bahlala phambili.
• Umalume uhlezi phansi.
(a) Amabizo akulesi sigaba avamise ukusebenza njengezandiso, hhayi njengenhloko noma umenziwa emshweni.
•
75

76. ISIGABA 17
1. Isiqalo esijwayelekile/senkambiso esigcwele: /uku-/
2. Njengesigaba se-16, isigaba se-17 saziwa njengesigaba sikandaweni.
3. Amabizo akulesi sigaba awanabuningi nabunye. Nazi izibonelo: ukunxele, ukunene (womabili la mabizo akhombisa
indawo futhi awanabunye nabuningi)
4. Kulesi sigaba kubuye kube namabizo athatha isiqalo esehlukile: /ukw-/ = ukwindla
5. Amanye amabizo akulesi sigaba asebenzisa esinye isiqalo esehlukile u-/ku-/: kude, kudala, kusasa, kuthangi
6. NgokweSemanthiksi/Ngokwencazelo:
• Amabizo akulesi sigaba akhomba indawo: ukunxele, ukunene
• Amanye amabizo akulesi sigaba akhomba isikhathi: kusasa, kuthangi, kudala
• La mabizo avamise ukusebenza njengesandiso senkathi emshweni:
• Ubaba uhambe kuthangi.
• Thina sivela kude.
• UShaka wayebusa isizwe samaZulu kudala.
•
• QAPHELA: Thina asinazo lezi zigaba: 12 kanye no-13. Izilimi ezifana neShona nesiKikuyu zinazo lezi zigaba. IsiSuthu
asinaso isigaba se-11 kodwa isiZulu sinaso. Okwenza ukuthi lezi zigaba zingabibikho esiZulwini wukuthi ngenkathi
kwenziwa uhlelo lwezigaba zamabizo kwakungabhekwa isiZulu kuphela kodwa kwakuqhathaniswa izilimi zesintu
eziningi zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.
76

77. Module 3, Section 2
•
• Ukusebenza kwebizo njengomenzi:
• Uyini umenzi/inhloko emshweni?
• Yinto noma umuntu owenza okubalulwa noma okushiwo yisenzo.
• Inhloko yomusho iba nesivumelwano nesenzo emshweni. Lesi sivumelwano siyimpoqo. Lesi
sivumelwano sibizwa ngokuthi yisivumelwano senhloko noma sikamenzi.
• Imvamisa inhloko iba sekuqaleni komusho. Umusho ojwayelekile noma oyisisekelo unamagama
alandelana kanjena: inhloko/umenzi – isenzo – umenziwa (NSM).
• Umfana ugeza ubuso. (SVO/NSM)
• Ugeza ubuso umfana. (VOS/SMN)
• Umfana ubuso uyabugeza. (SOV/NMS)
• Umfana ubuso uyabugeza. (OSV/MNS)
• Ubuso uyabugeza umfana. (OVS/MSN)
• Uyabugeza umfana ubuso. (VSO/SNM)
•
77

78. Isivumelwano senhloko/sikamenzi –
ukuvuma
1. Isivumelwano sikamenzi/senhloko sisuselwa kusiqalo-ngqo sesigaba sesigaba ibizo elingaphansi kwaso. Isitsha sifile; I(li)kati lilele eziko; Abafana badla
iphaphu.
2. Kuphoqelekile ukuthi emshweni oyisitatimende noma umbuzo isenzo siqukathe isivumelwano senhloko/sikamenzi.
(a) Izinja zixosha inyamazane. (Izinja xosha inyamazane.* – Awamukelekile umusho onjena esiZulwini ngoba awunasivumelwano.)
(b) Ngabe ikati lidla amagundane na? (Ngabe ikati dla amagundane na?* – Awamukelekile lo musho esiZulwini.)
1. Izibonelo zemisho ezilandelayo zikhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sinezivumelwano zaso. Ukuthi inhloko/umenzi yibizo lesigaba esithile
kwenza ukuthi izivumelwano ezikulowo musho zihambelane nenhloko/nomenzi:
(a) Izinja lezi yizona ezisivusa ebusuku ngomsindo wazo.
(b) Ikati leli yilona elisivusa ebusuku ngomsindo walo.
•
• Ake sithi ukubheka kabanzana ukuthi isivumelwano senhloko sakheka kanjani. Sakheka kanjani-ke?
• Isivumelwano senhloko sakhiwa ngokuthatha isiqalo-ngqo sebizo bese ususa umankankane (uma ekhona). isibonelo: Inkomo i-; Isitsha si-; Abafundi
ba-; Amatshe a-;
• Isigaba 1a, 2a no-3a zisusela izivumelwano zikamenzi eziqalweni-ngqo zezigaba ezinkulu ezingaphansi kwazo.
• Izibonelo: Ogogo bahola impesheni.
• Utamatisi ubolile.
• Umalume uhlala eMthwalume.
• Ngisho namabizo anesiqalo esehlukile asusela izivumelwano zawo kusiqalo-ngqo sesiqalo senkambiso saleso sigaba. Sithi: AbeLungu bahlala
edolobheni. Asithi: AbeLungu behlala edolobheni.* Sithi: Abenzi bokubi baboshiwe. Asisho ukuthi: Abenzi bokubi beboshiwe.*
78

79. Ake sithi ukubheka kabanzana ukuthi isivumelwano senhloko
sakheka kanjani. Sakheka kanjani-ke?
• Isivumelwano senhloko sakhiwa ngokuthatha isiqalo-ngqo sebizo bese ususa
umankankane (uma ekhona). isibonelo: Inkomo i-; Isitsha si-; Abafundi ba-;
Amatshe a-;
• Isigaba 1a, 2a no-3a zisusela izivumelwano zikamenzi eziqalweni-ngqo zezigaba
ezinkulu ezingaphansi kwazo.
• Izibonelo: Ogogo bahola impesheni.
• Utamatisi ubolile.
• Umalume uhlala eMthwalume.
• Ngisho namabizo anesiqalo esehlukile asusela izivumelwano zawo kusiqalo-ngqo
sesiqalo senkambiso saleso sigaba. Sithi: AbeLungu bahlala edolobheni. Asithi:
AbeLungu behlala edolobheni.* Sithi: Abenzi bokubi baboshiwe. Asisho ukuthi:
Abenzi bokubi beboshiwe.*
79

80. ISINTHEKSI YESENZO
• Izenzo zakheke kanjani? Izenzo ngokujwayelekile
zakheke kanjena (inkathi yamanje – ukuvuma):
isivumelwano sikamenzi + umsuka wesenzo +
unkamisa ogcinile (ukuvuma)
(a)Umama ushaya ingane. (u- + -shay- + -a): /u-/ =
isivumelwano sikamenzi; /-shay-/ = umsuka wenzo; /-
a/ = unkamisa ogcinile wesenzo (ukuvuma).
(b)Inja ibamba inyamazane. (i- + -bamb- + -a)
•
80

81. Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo (ukuvuma):
Isenzo Isivumelwano
senhloko
Isakhi senkathi
yamanje
Umsuka
wesenzo
Unkamisa
ogcinile
bayadla ba- -ya- -dl- -a
ziyahleba zi- -ya- -hleb- -a
iyakhala i- -ya- -khal- -a
Inkathi yamanje (ukuphika):
Isenzo Isakhi
sokuphika
Isivumelwano
senhloko
Umsuka
wesenzo
Unkamisa ogcinile
(ukuphika)
abadli a- ba- -dl- -i
azihlebi a- zi- -hleb- -i
ayikhali a- i- -khal- -i
81

82. • Izivumelwano zikamenzi ezikhomba ukuphika
eziqabeni ezineziqalo ezinomankankane (m, n),
ziyehluka kulezo ezivumayo ngoba kuzona kusuka
kulandelane onkamisa (ngenxa yokuthi siyamlahla
umankankane uma sakha izivumelwano):
(a)Umhlaba uyathuthuka. (ukuvuma) Umhlaba
awuthuthuki. (a- + -u- + -thuthuk- + -i) (ukuphika)
(b)Inkomo iphuza amanzi. (ukuvuma) Inkomo ayiphuzi
amanzi. (a- + -i- + -phuz- + -i) (ukuphika)
(c)Amadoda ayaxoxa. (ukuvuma) Amadoda awaxoxi. (a-
+ -a- + -xox- + -i)
82

83. Okwenzekayo lapha yilokhu:
1. Sifaka usingankamisa /w/ phakathi kwesakhi sokuphika /a/ kanye
nesivumelwano senhloko esigabeni 3 kanye nasesigabeni 3a u-/u-/.
Umphumela walokhok yisivumelwano esikhomba ukuphika u-/wu/.
2. Sifaka usingankamisa /y/ phakathi kwesakhi sokphika /a/ kanye
nesivumelwano senhloko ezigabeni /4/ no-/9/. Kwakheka isivumelwano
sehloko esiphikayo /yi/. Izib. Imithi ayimili ekhaya. (Isigaba 4, ukuphika);
Inkomazi kayise ayilukhiphi ubisi. (Isigaba 9, ukuphika)
3. Amabizweni esigaba 1 kanye no-1a: isivumelwano sikamenzi esivumayo
/u/, siguquka sibe ngu-/ka/ ngaso sonke ukuze sikhombe ukuphika.
4. Sifaka usingankamisa /w/ noma ungwaqa /k/ phakathi kwesakhi sokuphika
/a/ kanye nesivumelwano senhloko /i-/ ezigabeni 6 ukuze sithole
isivumelwano esikhombisa ukuphika /awa-/; /aka-/: Amahlathi makhulu
<> awamakhulu.
83

84. Isivumelwano senhloko ecashile (impersonal subject morpheme):
Kuyabanda; Kuyaziwa lokho; Kuyafiwa.
• Kuyenzeka izinhlokok zibe ngaphezu kwebizo elilodwa emshweni. Lokhu sithi yinhloko embaxa. Zihamba kanjani-
ke izivumelwano kulesi simo?
(a) Okhulumayo + nabanye = isiv. esalowo okhulumayo ubuningi [Mina, uThemba noSiphiwe sizocula ngosuku
lomcimbi.]
(b) Okukhulunywa naye nabanye = isiv esalowo okukhulunywa naye ubuningi [Wena, uZodwa, uSihle noThembi nizodla
amasi ngoba inyama isiphelile.]
(c) Umuntu kanye nokunye = isiv esomuntu. [UPhindile, uZakhele noPhumzile badle inyama bayiqeda.]
(d) Izilwane kanye nezinye izilwane: kusebenza isivumelwano sezigaba sezilwane /zi/. Izibonelo: Izinkomo, amahhashi
nezimbuzi ziphuza amanzi emfuleni.
(e) Izinhloko eziyizinto ezihambisanayo kodwa ezingaphili: lapha kunokusebenza isivumelwano sebizo eliseduze
nesenzo. Isib. Itafula nesitulo siphukile. NgesiZulu esejwayelekile, kulesi simo kusebenza isivumelwano senhloko
ecashile noma sento engaphili (impersonal): /ku/.
• Isib. Itafula nesitulo kuphukile. Imfologo nommese kudliwa ngakho etafuleni.
(a) Umuntu + isilwane/into engaphili: Imvamisa lapha umuntu nguyena osebenza njengenhloko bese kuthi okunye
okumele kube yingxenye yenhloko kulandele ngemuva kwesenzo:
i. Umfana nenja yakhe uyazingela.
ii. Umfana uzingela nenja yakhe.
iii. UThulani nemali ubalekile.* [Lokhu akunambitheki kahle] Bheka lokhu: UThulani ubaleke nemali.
iv. UVusi uhambe nemali.
84

85. UKUSEBENZA KWEZIVUMELWANO
ZENHLOKO NEZIQU EZIQALA
NGONKAMISA
• EsiZulwini kukhona iziqu zezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa: e.g. akha, ehla, osa, otha, njll.
• EsiZulwini onkamisa abalandelani. Uma kwenzekile balandelane kwenzeka okukodwa kulokhu
okulandelayo:
1. Oyedwa unkamisa siyamhlahla.
2. Onkamisa bayalumbana, kuvele unkamisa omusha.
3. Unkamisa wokuqala uphenduka ungwaqa ongusingankamisa (semi-vowel): /w/ noma /y/
• Izibonelo:
• Umakhi wakha izindlu. (< u + akha)
• ba- -akha/ehla/osa > bakha/behla/bosa
• a akha/ehla/osa > akha/ehla/osa
• si- akha/ehla/osa > sakha/sehla/sosa
i. akha/ehla/osa > yakha/yehla/yosa
• lu- akha/ehla > lwakha/lwehla
• lu- osa > losa
• bu- akha/ehla/osa > bakha/behla/bosa
• u- akha/ehla/osa > wakha/wehla/wosa
85

86. • Iziqu zezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa /i/ kuthiwa zinonkamisa
ocashile. Lokhu kushiwo ngoba inguquko eyenzekayo kulezi ziqu
yenzeka kuphela uma lezi ziqu zandulelwa unkamisa /a/. uma
iziqu ezinonkamisa /i/ ocashile zandulelwa unkamisa omunye,
uyalahlwa lo nkamisa ocashile:
• Izibonelo: Abafundi bezwa umsindo wemoto. (< ba- + -izwa)
• Umfana uzwa umsindo wemoto. (< u- + -izwa)
86

87. • Izivumelwano zikamenzi ezandulela iziqu zezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa:
• Isigaba Isivumelwano
1. w-
2. b-
• 1a w-
• 2a- b-
1. w-
2. y-
• 3a w-
1. l-
2. –
3. s-
4. z-
5. y-
6. z-
7. l-/lw-
• 14 b-
• 15 k/kw-
• 16 k/kw-
• 17 k/kw
87

88. Ukusebenza kwamabizo njengomenziwa
emshweni:
(a)Indawo ejwayelekile kamenziwa emshweni: ulandela isenzo eduze
(b)Umenziwa usuka ngemuva kwesenzo uma ngabe kunesivumelwano
sikamenziwa esenzweni. Ngale kwalokho uhlala esemuva kwesenzo
njalo. Ezigabeni 3, 4, 6 & 9 lapho isiqalo-ngqo sinomankankane,
isivumelwano sikamenziwa sisuselwa kusiqalo-ngqo bese kususwa
umankankane. Kunkamisa osalayo uma sekusuke umankankane kugaxwa
u-/w-/ noma u-/y-/ . Kugaxwa u-/-w-/ ngaphambi kwesiqalo-ngqo
esingasenamankankane esino-/u-/ noma u-/a-/ kanti kugaxwa u-/-y-/
ngaphambi kuka/i-/.
(c) Isivumelwano sikamenziwa izigaba 4 & 9: > /yi/ kanti isigaba 3 ngu-/wu/
bese kuthi isigaba 6 kube ngu-/wa/. Isigaba sokuqala sona asimlahli
umankankane: -m-/-mu-.
•
88

89. Isivumelwano sikamenziwa:
(a)Isivumelwano sikamenziwa sandulela isiqu sesenzo.
(b)Izakhi zilandelana kanjena esenzweni: isivumelwano
sikamenzi + isakhi senkathi + isivumelwano sikamenziwa +
umsuka wesenzo + unkamisa ogcinile
(c)Uma sisebenza kanye nomenziwa emshweni siyagcizelela.
(d)Uma sisebenza ngaphandle kukamenziwa sisebenza
njengesabizwana soqobo.
(e)Isivumelwano sikamenziwa siyafana nesiqalo-ngqo ezigabeni
ezilandelayo: 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 & 14
•
89

90. ISIVUMELWANO SIKAMENZIWA UMA UMENZIWA
EBUYE ABE NGUMENZI
(a) Kuyenzeka umenzi nomenziwa kube yibizo elilodwa emshweni:
• UThemba ugeza uThemba. (Asikusho lokhu.) > (Sithi:) UThemba uyazigeza.
• Uhlanya ludabulela uhlanya izimpahla. (Asikusho lokhu.) > (Sithi:) Uhlanya luzidabulela izimpahla.
• Wena ushaya wena ngendlebe etsheni. (Asikusho lokhu.) > (Sithi:) Wena uzishaya ngendlebe etsheni.
• Isakhi u-/-zi-/ sisebenza njengesivumelwano sikamenziwa esingaguquki uma umenziwa abuye abe ngumenzi
emshweni munye. Njengaso isivumelwano sikamenziwa, lesi sakhi siba seduze nesiqu sesenzo. Akwenzeki ukuthi
sisebenze kanye nesivumelwano sikamenziwa esisuselwe esiqalweni-ngqo sebizo.
• Ake sibheke nazi izibonelo:
i. Ngiyazigeza.
ii. Sizibona emanzini.
iii. Izingane zizingcolisa ngenhlabathi.
•
• Isakhi u-/-zi-/ singaphinde sisebenze nezenzo ezisempambosini yokwenzela; lapho singakhomba into ezenzakalelayo
noma eyenzeka kalula. Izib:
(a) Abafundi bayaziculela.
(b) Thina siyazihambela nje.
(c) Ubaba uyazizingelela.
90

91. ISAKHIWO/IMOFOLOJI YESENZO
• Isenzo esisabizo yisona esithathwa njengesenzo esinesakhiwo
esiyisisekelo. Zonke izenzo zisuselwa kusenzo esisabizo. Isenzo esisabizo
sibonakala ngesiqalo u-/uku-/. Isenzo kuthiwa ngesisabizo ngoba sisebenza
njengesenzo sibuye sisebenze njengebizo: ukudla, ukubona, dukudlala. /u-/
= isiqalo-ngqa; /-ku-/ = isiqalo-ngqo; /-dl-/ = umsuka wesenzo; -a =
unkamisa ogcinile wesenzo (ukuvuma)
• Ukudla = u- + -ku- + -dl- + -a
• Ukubona = u- + -ku- + -bon- + -a
91

92. Izinguquko Ezakhiweni Zesenzo
(Morphological processes)
• Kukhona izinguquko ezenzekayo esenzweni, kwengezwe
nezakhi ezithile. Lezi zakhi ziphathelene nomkhakha
wokwakhiwa kwamagama: imofoloji.
1. Ukuphongoza: Sifaka isakhi ngaphambi komsuka: Ngiyadlala >
Angidlali
2. Ukugaxa – Sifaka isakhi phakathi kwezinye izakhi: Ngidlala >
Ngiyadlala/Ngisadlala
3. Ukujobelela – Umama udlalisa ingane./ Isigebengu sibalekela
amaphoyisa/ Abantu abahlanyayo banamandla kabi.
•
92

93. Compounding – Ukuhlanganisa amagama
ahlukene ayizingcezu zenkulumo ezahlukene
ukwakha ibizo elithile (imvamisa kuba yisenzo
nebizo):
(a)Ingqibamasondo < in(i) + ukugqiba + amasondo
(b)Isifikanamthwalo < isi + ukufika + na + umthwalo
(c)Inswelaboya < in(i) + ukuswela + uboya
93

94. 1. Ukuguquka okwenzeka kusiqu: ukuhlala > uhlala (isenzo esiyisekelo uma kufakwa isivumelwano sikamenzi, kususwa
isiqalo kufakwe isivumelwano sikamenzi = substitution). Ukuhlala > uhlezi phansi. Akuchazeki ukuthi u-/l-/ uguquka
kanjani abe ngu-/-z-/ = morphological modification.
2. Morphological substitution – lena yinguquko lapho isakhiwo sifakwa endaweni yesinye. Isibonelo: amabizo asuselwa
ezenzweni. Umsebenzi < umu + ukusebenza + i. Lapha sifaka u-/umu-/ esikhundleni sika-/uku-/, siphinde sifake u-/i-/
esikhundleni sika-/a-/.
3. Morphological reduction – Lokhu singathi wukususa isakhi esithile egameni elejwayelekile noma eliphelele:
(a) Ukugijima >> gijima! (ezenzweni)
(b) Umfana >> Mfana, thula umsindo!
(c) Umzimba >> Guga mzimba, sala nhliziyo.
1. Morphological reduplication – Ukuphindaphinda ingxenye yesiqu sesenzo:
(a) Ukuhlala >> ukuhlalahlala: Wathi ukuhlalahlala, wayeseyahamba.
(b) Ukufunda >> Ufundafunda bese elala kanye nezinkukhu.
(c) Ukulala >> Abafundi abazimisele balalalala isikhashana bavuke bahlale ezincwadini zabo.
• Isenzo endleleni eqondile nejwayelekile (evumayo):
• Isivumelwano sikamenzi + umsuka wesenzo + unkamisa ogcinile (ukuvuma)
• u- + -sebenz- + -a > usebenza
• u- + -hlal- + -a > uhlala
• Isenzo endleleni eqondile nejwayelekile (ukuphika):
• Isakhi sokuphika + isivumelwano sikamenzi + umsuka wesenzo + unkamisa ogcinile (ukuphika)
a. + -ka- + -sebenz- + -i > akasebenzi
b. + -ka- + -hlal- + -i > akahlali
• 94

95. UBUDLELWANE BAMAGAMA ESIZULU EMSHWENI
UMENZI
│
↓
ISENZO
│
↓
UMENZIWA
│
↓
ISANDISO
│
sesimo
↓
ISANDISO
│
sendawo
↓
ISANDISO
│
sesikhathi
↓
1
'(We)
Siyabona
see.'
2 Thina
'We
siyabona.
see.'
3 Thina
'We
sibona
see
imoto.
the car.'
4a Thina
'We
sibona
see
imoto
the car
kahle.
clearly.'
4b Thina
'We
sibona
see
imoto
the car
ekhaya.
at hm.'
4c Thina
'We
sibona
see
imoto
the car
kahle
clearly
ekhaya
at home
ekuseni.
in the morning.'
95

96. 3.1.1 THE POSITION OF THE SUBJECT IN THE SENTENCE
The basic word order, as indicated above, may change. Even though the default
position of the subject noun is thus in sentence initial position, the subject noun may
appear in other positions in the sentence. If the subject is moved from sentence
initial position this brings about a change in focus in the sentence. Let us illustrate
the moving of the subject noun from its default position by referring to a simple
sentence consisting of a subject, verb and object only. The basic word order
(illustrated in example 1a) can be changed as is evident in examples 1b - 1f below.
(S stands for subject; V stands for verb (predicate) and O stands for object.)
1.
a. S V O
↓ ↓ ↓
Intombazane ifunda incwadi.
'The girl reads the letter.'
96

97. a. V O S
↓ ↓ ↓
Ifunda incwadi intombazane
‘She reads the letter the girl.’
b.
S O V
↓ ↓ ↓
Intombazane incwadi iyayifunda.
‘The girl, the letter she reads it.’
c.
O S V
↓ ↓ ↓
Incwadi intombazane iyayifunda.
‘The letter, the girl, she reads it.’
d.
O V S
↓ ↓ ↓
Incwadi iyayifunda intombazane.
‘The letter, she reads it, the girl.’
e. V S O
↓ ↓ ↓
Iyayifunda intombazane incwadi.
She reads it, the girl, the letter.’
97