FHTI Chromallocyte Conference

Future of Health Technology Institute
Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering

Nanofuture 101: Chromallocytes
and Diamond Mechanosynthesis
April 2, 2008, Magog Canada
1st Unither Nanomedical & Telemedical Technology Conference
Renata G. Bushko

© 2008, FHTI.

www.fhti.org

Bushko@fhti.org


Renata G. Bushko, M.S.
Director:

Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA

www.fhti.org


Nanofuture 101: Chromallocyte and DMS
IIntroduction:

FHTI’s Mission
Historic Event
AAct I:

Chromallocyte
Concept
Design
Selected Components
Liver Therapy In vivo
AAct II:

Diamond Mechanosynthesis

GGrand Finale:

Significance
References to learn more…

From: Edwards, FHT2005
© 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved.

Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI)


www.fhti.org


Future of Health Technology Institute since 1996
Brings Together Creative Minds for Annual
Future of Health Technology Summit™ to:






Stop disease before it even begins
Stop suffering before tears occur
Stop symptoms before they hurt
Stop medical errors and aging before they kill
Stop Cyborgs before….they control us….

Future of Health Technology Institute tries to achieve this by:







Beginning to address health crisis as a
national and international emergency
Beginning to think about long-term global
future on an on-going bases
Beginning to manage randomness in
technology creation & adoption process
Beginning to design Intelligent and
Extelligent Health Environment with Caring
Machines


www.fhti.org


Future of Health Technology Award
Third nanotech-made diamond eye by Apollo Diamond Inc. to see the future, wings to be
inspired…

© Apollo Diamond Inc.

Reduce suffering, save lives, extend human potential with technology



www.fhti.org


Future =
Life Science + Computer Science
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering

Molecular Biology

Material Science

End of Aging & New Life Form
Electrical Engineering

Chemistry

Biology

Computer Science
Physics

Genetic Engineering
Nanotechnology
Architecture
(Chromallocytes)


www.fhti.org


How to give ideas with biggest impact a chance?

?
How can we invest a couple of Billions to save hundreds of Billions
and …humanity?



www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Historic Event


Robert Freitas’ paper from June 2007
“The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector: Chromallocytes, Cell
Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome Replacement
Therapy”
in Journal of Evolution & Technology



The first theoretical scaling analysis and design
for a cell repair nanorobot



Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle’s paper to be
published in May 2008, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional
Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” in J. Comput. Theor.
Nanoscience



Dr. Freitas is Senior
Research Fellow at the
Institute for Molecular
Manufacturing (IMM) in
Palo Alto, California

“What is Life” Schrodinger - 1944
Prediction of aperiodic crystals of DNA,
9 years later Watson and Crick discovered aperiodic
solid of DNA




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Chromallocyte – Historic Event


The most essential part of living cell – the chromosome fibre
– may suitably be called aperiodic crystal. In physics we
have dealt only with periodic crystals. […] Compared with
aperiodic crystal they are plain and dull. […] Aperiodic
crystal, in my opinion, is the MATERIAL CARRIER OF LIFE.”



“How can the events in space and time which take place
within spacial boundary of living organism be accounted for
by physics and chemistry?”



“The obvious inability of present-day physics and chemistry
to account for such events is no reason at all for doubting
that they can be accounted for by these sciences.”
“What is Life” Schrodinger p 4-5




www.fhti.org


ACT I: Chromallocyte – Basic Concept





Nanorobot capable of cellular chromosome
replacement
It replaces entire chromatin content of
nucleus of a living cell with prefabricated
defect-free chromosomes
It can travel in vascular surface into the
capillary bed of the targeted organ and
leaves human body after completed mission

Made by Mysid, based on
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=11
(National Library of Medicine).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromos
ome_11.svg
http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html



www.fhti.org

The following 32 diseases related to genes on chromosome 11:
autism (neurexin 1) [1]
aniridia
acute intermittent porphyria
The following 14 genes from chromosome 11:
ataxia-telangiectasia
beta-ketothiolase deficiency
ACAT1: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1
beta thalassemia
bladder cancer
(acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase)
breast cancer
ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes
carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
complementation groups A, C and D)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4
CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver)
Denys-Drash syndrome
familial Mediterranean fever
DHCR7: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
Hereditary angioedema [[2]]
HBB: hemoglobin, beta
Jacobsen syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
HMBS: hydroxymethylbilane VIIA
Meckel syndrome
PAX6
methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
PTS: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
SAA1: serum amyloid A1
Niemann-Pick disease
SBF2: SET binding factor 2
nonsyndromic deafness
nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal dominant
SMPD1: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1,
nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal recessive
acid lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase)
porphyria
Romano-Ward syndrome
TECTA: tectorin alpha (nonsyndromic deafness)
sickle cell anemia
TH: tyrosine hydroxylase
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
USH1C: Usher syndrome 1C (autosomal
Usher syndrome
recessive, severe)
Usher syndrome type I
WAGR syndrome



www.fhti.org


ACT I: Chromallocyte – Design
Goal: Minimize Volume


Chromallocytes are not able
to free float in the bloodstream
so their diameter
can be bigger
than 4 microns (size limit for
free floating robots)
but…
Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12



They are restricted to vascular surfaces so they are smaller in
volume than erythrocytes (95 microns3 red cells) or granulocytes (1000
microns3 white cells)



They are less than 1% of typical tissue cell volume and up to 25% of
nucleus volume to be able to penetrate cells




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Dimensions
4.18 microns x 3.28 microns x 5.05 microns in length

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 - pgs 12




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Dimensions
Displacement volume (mostly diamondoid) = 69.250 micron3
Dry Mass = 80 pg; Mass with wet cargo = 103 pg

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 – pg 16




www.fhti.org


General Structure of the Chromallocyte
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Proboscis Manipulator
Mobility System
Funnel Assembly
Chromatin Storage
Power Supply
Navigation/Communication
Computers
Sensors
Consumables
Structural Support
Bottom view
Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and
Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Terrain Characteristics
Goal: Walking on Vascular and Cell Surfaces
Their cell plasma membranes are covered with a
fuzzy coat of glycoprotein strands (glycocalyx*)

• 10-100 nm thick in human cells:
Top view of grapple with
iris cover mechanism
retracted

6-10 nm for red cells
30-60 nm for bladder cells
40-70 nm for lymphocytes
90 nm for cochlear hair cells
150 nm for intestinal cells

•*A glycocalyx, otherwise known as the "sweet husk of the cell", is a network of
polysaccharides that project from cellular surfaces
Grapple footpad covered by
protective cowling. Images
© 2001 Forrest Bishop, used
with permission.



www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – How does it get places?
Solution: 1027 Telescopic Grapple Manipulators

© Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution
and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007

Fully extended grapple - 250 nm

© Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and
Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007

Grapple work envelope

• Manipulators may be shortened or lengthened during each stroke
• Variable-area end-effectors may be used to enhance the propulsive effect



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Chromallocyte – Getting Places
Goal: Cell and Vascular Penetration
The grapples are adequate for:
• vascular wall penetration
• penetration of cell membrane
• penetration of nuclear membrane

from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964

http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html.



www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Getting Places
In the case of histonatation (“tissue
swimming”) and brachiation through
acellular tissue spaces,

Accelular tissue spaces

“A brachiating nanorobot can pull
itself along individual fibrils,
changing direction at fibril junctions,
indirectly working its way toward its
cellular target crudely analogous to
the path of a sailboat tacking into the
wind.”
Fibrous components are typically
spaced up to 10-100 microns apart.




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Getting Lost
What if it gets lost?
1.

Proboscis can be deployed to search
for new handholds (e.g. fibrils) within
a ~4 micron hemispherical work
envelope.

2.

The grapples may be operated as
cilia, producing slow swimming
motility in the fluid.

3.

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology
- Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

Grapples can be extended or
retracted in 0.25 millisec, easily
allowing execution of a 2 KHz beating
motion similar to that of natural cilia .




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte’s Working Unit - Proboscis


Proboscis (4 microns)



Collects old chromatin from the
nucleus



Has chromosome binding part



Transfers new chromatin to the cell’s
nucleus



Needs 950 pW energy
Side view




www.fhti.org


Chromallocytes Onboard Computers
Chromallocytes operate semiautonomously during most of the
mission but can receive various
parameters from the physician via
acoustic signaling
10 acoustic message receivers
10 CPU and memory units:
50 megabits - memory
0.01 micron3 - total computer volume

Front view
Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution
and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June
2007 p12




www.fhti.org


Power Supply of the Chromallocyte
Non-chemical power:
10 acoustic power receivers
Each power receiver has a piston
throw and can receive 200 pW
Patient is well-coupled to a medicallysafe 1000 W/m2 0.5 MHz ultrasound
transverse-plane-wave transmitter
throughout the procedure.
Higher power levels may be needed in
bone, bowel and lungs to overcome
shadowing effects.
Buffered power supply: 10 diamondoid
flywheels that can store 5 sec of maximum
normal power draw of 200 pW

Front view


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Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Stages
7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)

1.

Organ Survey

2.

Chromallocyte Preparation

3.

Patient Preparation

4.

Chromosome Replacement

5.

Patient Post-operative
Process





www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Description
7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)

1.

CRT of all 250 billion hepatic tissue
cells

2.

It might require the infusion of 1
terabot (trillion device)
chromallocyte dose

3.

It is 63 cm3 Chromallocytes in 1-liter
7% saline suspension

4.

Liver cells often have multiple
nuclei (typically 1-3) so probably
multiple visits to many cells would
be needed.




www.fhti.org


Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Description
Patient Preparation – 30 min
1.

Patient is placed on the ultrasonic
vibrating table with comfortable
encapsulated gel interface.
Goal: maximize acoustic power
transmission into the body – energy for
in vivo Chromallocyte activities.

2.

Then patient is sedated and
respirocytes injection follows
Goal: Reduce pulse rate and slow
blood velocity.

3.

Self-guiding flexible nanocannula is
installed directly into blood vessel
nearest to the liver
Goal: Robots inserted into body and
extra fluid extracted.





www.fhti.org


ACT II: Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis
A Minimal 9-Tooltip Toolset for PDM by R. Freitas and R. Merkle
Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” J. Comput.
Theor. Nanosci. 5(May 2008). In press.

H Abst Tool

Dimer Tool

H Don Tool

Ge Rad Tool

H Trans Tool

Adam Rad Handle


www.fhti.org


ACT III: Significance of Chromallocytes and DMS
“I don't think we're all that close to the operational chromallocyte,
no - but we should be able to create such things eventually, and
they will certainly give us radically new alternative approaches to
combating aging and other medical problems, and the chances are
high that some of those alternatives will outperform the more
traditional ones.”
Aubrey de Grey, 3/2008




www.fhti.org


ACT III: Chromallocytes and DMS Resources –
Learn More
Robert A. Freitas Jr., The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector:
Chromallocytes, Cell Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome
Replacement Therapy, J. Evol. Technol. 16(June 2007):1-97.
http://jetpress.org/v16/freitas.pdf
http://www.rfreitas.com
and http://www.nanomedicine.com (where the books are)
The Nanofactory Collaboration website, which explains how
nanorobots might be built:
http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/Nanofactory




www.fhti.org


13th Annual Future of Health
Technology Summit™
United States & European
Community Future of Health
Technology Strategy will be
discussed
September 22-23, 2008
MIT Faculty Club,
Cambridge US

Bushko@fhti.org
Register at:
www.fhti.org or call 508-497-2577



FHTI Chromallocyte Conference

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