1. DRUG OVERDOSE POISONING
Dr Ranjita Santra (Dhali)
Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology
School ofTropical Medicine
Kolkata
2. Drug Overdose
When a drug is eaten, inhaled, injected, or
absorbed through the skin in excessive
amounts and injures the body
Overdoses are either intentional or
unintentional
If the person taking or giving a substance did
not mean to cause harm, then it is
unintentional
Drug poisoning is the toxic effect resulting due
to drug overdose
3. The Problem
Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury
death in 2012
Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose
caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic
crashes
The drug overdose death rate has more than
doubled from 1999 through 2013
In 2013, 35,663 (81.1%) of the 43,982 drug
overdose deaths in the United States were
unintentional, 5,432 (12.4%) were of suicidal
intent, and 2,801 (0.06%) were of undetermined
intent
4. The Problem
Among children under age 6,
pharmaceuticals account for about 40% of all
exposures reported to poison centres
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Webbased Injury StatisticsQuery and Reporting System
(WISQARS) [online]. (2014) Available from URL:http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Bailey JEFord M. 2012Annual report of theAmerican
Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th annual report.
ClinTox 2013;51:9491229.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NationalVital Statistics System mortality data. (2015)
Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.html
5. The Problem
The exact incidence of this problem in our
country remains uncertain but it is estimated
that about 10-15 million cases of drug
overdose poisoning are reported every year,
of which, more than 50,000 die
Aggarwal et al.Acute poisoning-Management Guidelines. Journal of IndianAcademy of Medical Sciences. 2013;5:142-7
6.
7.
8. Most Common Drugs Involved in
Overdoses
Of the 22,767 deaths relating to pharmaceutical overdose in
2013, 16,235 (71.3%) involved opioid analgesics (also called
opioid pain relievers or prescription painkillers), and 6,973
(30.6%) involved benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are frequently found among people
treated in EDs for misusing or abusing
Drugs
People who died of drug overdoses often had a
combination of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics in
their bodies
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Highlights of the 2011 Drug Abuse
Warning Network (DAWN) findings on drugrelated emergency department visits. The DAWN
Report. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration; 2013. Available from URL:
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DAWN127/sr127DAWNhighlights.
9. Risk Factors for Drug
Overdose
Men were 59% more likely than women to die
Whites had the highest death rate, followed by
American Indians/Alaska Natives and then
blacks
Highest death rate was among people 45-49
years of age
lowest death rates were among children less
than 15 years old
Source : htttp://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/overdose/facts 2012.html
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13.
14. Toxicokinetics & Toxicodynamics
Toxicokinetics (Determines the no. molecules that
can reach the receptors)
Uptake
Transport
Metabolism & transformation
Sequestration
Excretion
Toxicodynamics (Determines the no. of receptors
that can interact with toxicants)
Binding
Interaction
Induction of toxic effects
17. Uptake of Toxicants
1. Passive diffusion
2. Facilitated transport
3. Active transport
4. Pinocytosis
18. Diffusion governed by
Flicks law
D/dt = KA (Co - Ci) / X
Where:
dD/dt = rate of transport accross the membrane
K= constant
A= Cross sectional area of membrane exposed to the
compound
Co = Concentration of the toxicant outside the membrane
Ci= Concentration of the toxicant inside the membrane
X=Thickness of the membrane
19. Toxicokinetic data is best derived using radio labeled
dose of the drug. This allows for following the fate of
the drug, metabolic products, distribution in the tissue,
storage sites, as well as its elimination
Unfortunately, these methods do not provide
knowledge about proportion of the drug left intact to its
metabolites
20. Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics is the study of toxic actions
of xenobiotic substances on living systems.
Toxicodynamics is concerned with processes
and changes that occur to the drug at the
target tissue, including metabolism and
binding that results in an adverse effect.
Simply,TD is concerned with what the
toxicant do to the body
21.
22. Blood and lymph
Liver
Intravenous Intraperitoneal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Dermal
extracellular
fluid
fat
Secretory
Structures
Bile
Kidney Lung
Bladder Alveoli
Urine Expired Air Secretions
body
organs
soft
tissue bone
Gastrointestinal
tract
Lung
feces
InhalationIngestion
distribution
23. Important principles of
toxicokinetics
The effect which a drug produces is
dependent on:
1. The dose
2. The concentration in the target organ
The kinetics of a drug may differ from
therapeutic dose to its toxic dose
Toxicokinetics is important in predicting the
plasma concentration of a drug
24. Toxicokinetics and toxicity
Toxicity depends on:
Duration and concentration of drug at the portal of entry
The rate and amount (extent) of drug absorbed; toxicity will
be low at slow absorption rates.
A highly toxic drug that is poorly absorbed may have same
hazard as another with low toxicity but is highly absorbed.
The distribution of drug within the body; where most drugs
are distributed in highly perfused organs like brain, liver and
kidneys
In some cases, the organ in which the drug is concentrated
may not necessarily suffer the damage
An example is organochlorine compounds concentrated in
adipose tissue while the target organ is the brain.
25. The efficiency of biotransformation and nature of
metabolites; where, in some cases, a drug may be
transformed to a more toxic metabolite or a more
lipid soluble or water soluble metabolite, which
affects absorption and distribution e.g.
paracetamol, INH, dapsone, hydralazine
The ability of the drug to pass through cell
membranes and interact with cell constituents.
Example, some organochlorines affect the DNA
The amount and storage duration of the drug or
its metabolites in the tissue e.g. Lead in bones is
an example
The rate and site of excretion; where the more
rapid the excretion, the less toxicity it will produce
26. Cumulative toxicity
The state at which repeated administration of a drug may
produce effects that are more pronounced than those
produced by the first dose is known as cumulative effect
Results into cumulative toxicity
Anticancer drugs -induced cardiotoxicity
Non-cardiac pulmonary edema – Mtx, Cocaine, tocolytics,
hydrochlorothiazide, iodinated contrast agents, opiates
(hydrocodone, morphine etc.)
Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia – Acebutolol
Amiodarone, Amphotericin B, Bleomycin, Carbamazepine
Bronchospasm – Amp B, Aspirin, Amiodarone, ACEIs, inhaled
pentamidine, beta-blockers
Iron, lead, mercury, aluminium, arsenic – developmental
disorders, degenerative disorders, haematological disorders
29. Toxidromes
Toxidromes are constellations of symptoms
commonly encountered with certain drug
classes, including anticholinergics,
cholinergics, opioids, and sympathomimetics
Evaluation of possible medication poisonings
should include basic laboratory studies, such
as a complete metabolic profile, to determine
electrolyte imbalances and liver and renal
function
40. Investigations
12-lead electrocardiogram.
Blood glucose, anion gap ± lactate and osmolal gap.
LFTs and coagulation profile
Arterial blood gases analysis
Comprehensive toxicology screens not normally indicated in the
emergency treatment unless in suspected cases
Carboxyhaemoglobin levels if carbon monoxide poisoning is
suspected.
Urinalysis - query rhabdomyolysis; save sample for possible
toxicological analysis.
CXR if pulmonary oedema/aspiration suspected.
CT scan of the brain may be needed to exclude other causes of
alterations in conscious level.
41. Differential diagnosis
Head trauma (especially, in the ethanol-
intoxicated patient).
Stroke/subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).
Meningitis.
Metabolic abnormalities (such as
hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia, or
hypoxaemia).
Liver disease.
Post-ictal state
42. Poisoning reporting centres
UK National Poisons Information Centres
Toxbase®: NHS intranet and internet-based
information from the National Poisons
Information Centre (registration free to NHS GPs
and hospitals)
Mims Colour index orTICTAC (a computer-aided
tablet and capsule identification system
available to authorised users, including Regional
Drug Information Centres and Poisons
Information Centres.: to aid pill identification.
British National Formulary (BNF)/Data Sheet
Compendium