Indepth report on organic farming done by NGO jagori grameen

1. 1
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
FARMING AND LAND

2. 2
REPORT
ON
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LAND AND FARMING
HOST ORGANIZATION
JAGORI RURAL CHARITABLE TRUST
SUBMITTED BY
Deepak Kumar Mahanta
Sanjeeb Kumar Panda
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
In
RURAL MANAGEMENT
GUIDED BY
NAVNEET GUPTA PROF.L.K.VASWANI
(Project Coordinator, Jagori Trust) DIRECTOR
(KSRM,KIIT UNIVERSITY)

3. 3
DECLARATION
We Sanjeeb Kumar Panda & Deepak Kumar Mahanta Student of KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar; declare that the project work untitled “Sustainable Agriculture of Farming and
Land” in academic year 2016-2018 is our own work conducted under the supervision of L.K
Vaswani and Navneet Gupta as a partial fulfillment of summer internship Program for the
course of Master of Business Administration in Rural Management (MBA-RM) submitted to
KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. The Information incorporated in this project is true and
original to the best of our knowledge.
Place: Bhubaneswar Student Signature
Date:

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue of
names but an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us in
completing the Action Research Segment. We express our sincere thanks to our
reporting officer Mr. Navneet Gupta (Project coordinator, Jagori Charitable Trust)
for lending us an opportunity to have such a valuable experience. We would like
to thank the staff of our host organization Jagori Charitable Trust who selflessly
gave all the support that we asked for. We are thankful to field staff who helped
us during our action component and guided us in successfully completing our
fieldwork. We would also like to thank the other staff members who helped us in
obtaining the required data and any other kind of assistance during the entire stay.
We are deeply indebted to our Faculty Guide Prof. L.K
Vaswani and also our A.R.S. Coordinator Prof. Madhumita Ray and Prof. Avijeet
Majumdar whose stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us in all the
time of the study and writing of this report. We would also like to acknowledge
the warmth and hospitality of the natives of the villagers who never allowed us
to feel like strangers in a seemingly unfamiliar terrain.
Thank you all for being the pillar of strength and for tirelessly standing by us in
this learning platform of ours. It’s a vow that these 60 learning filled days will
stay with us in the years to come.
Deepak Kumar Mahanta (16201008)
Sanjeeb Kumar Panda(16201029)

5. 5
Certificate
This is to certify that this project report has been prepared by
Sanjeeb Kumar Panda & Deepak Kumar Mahanta
In partial fulfillment of
Master of Business Administration in Rural Management
Offered by KIIT School of Rural Management, KIIT University.
They have undergone the Action Research Segment & have completed the
Project work successfully under my guidance.
Date: 29.11.2016
Signature of ARS Co-ordinator Signature of ARS Guide
Avijit Majumdar Prof L.K Vaswani

6. 6
Report at a Glance
1Executive Summary………………………9
1.1 About ARS……………………………11
1.2 Objectives of ARS…………………… 11
2 Organization work…………………… ..11
3 Sustainable agriculture………………... 12
4 Research methodology………………… 12
5 Participatory planning…………………13
6 Village we lived in………………………13-20
6.1 Population
6.2 Cast dynamics
6.3 Land holding patterns
6.4 Women participation
6.5 Village economy
6.6 Occupation
6.7 Natural resources
6.8 Crop grown
6.9 Credit sources
6.10 Physical infrastructure
6.11 Water and sanitation status
6.12 Government institution
6.13 Cultural practices
6.14 Health centre
6.15 Literacy rate
6.16 Economic data
6.17 Spending patterns
7 Micro level planning…………………..21-22
7.1 Problem Identified
7.2 Root cause of the problem
7.3 Solution
8 Nss Activity…………………………….23-24
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of nss
8.3 Nss activity on gender equity

7. 7
9 Community mobilization………………25
10 Rural Action Component(RAC)……….26-32
10.1 Report on organic farming
10.1.1 Abstract
10.1.2 Introduction
10.1.3 History of organic farming
10.1.4 Time line of organic farming
10.1.5 Importance of organic farming
10.1.6 Panel for state level conclave
10.1.7 State level conclave on farming
10.1.8 Important findings from conclave
10.2 Case stuy on PHC…………………….33
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Summary
10.3 Case study on gram panchayat…… 34-35
11 Annexure………………………….36-41
11.1 Social map
11.2 Resource map
11.3 Activity clock for men
11.4 Activity clock for women
11.5 Vulnerability map
11.6 Venn diagram
11.7 Resource matrices
12 Reference………………………….42

8. 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Host Organization: Jagori Charitable Trust
Area Of Work: Sustainable Agriculture Farming and Land
Location: Major villages in district Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh
About organization:
Jagori Rural Charitable Trust is a nonprofit organization; it basically works on
gender equality in society. The organization mainly focuses on all forms of
discrimination based on gender, class, caste, religion, disability and all other
forms of social exclusion. They also focuses on making women self sufficient by
teaching them different types of organic fertilizers as well as organic compost.
Subject matter:
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current social and
economic condition of the people of village phera, dist-kangra, himachal Pradesh
and this village is linked to state highway 23. An overview on different
agricultural schemes by government and their distribution among the villagers in
kangra district. Different case studies on dispensary, gram panchayat and
government high school near village phera.
Methodology:
We have selected 40 household out of 100 households in the village phera by
using random sampling method. The process used during the collection of data
to study the livelihood of people was consists of different PRA tools as well as
quantitative and qualitative methodology. Quantitative study helps us to know
regarding the income and expenditure, health, education of the villagers, whereas
qualitative study helps us to know regarding the dependence of villagers on the
natural resources and institutions located near their village.
Regarding mapping:
 Social mapping, Resource mapping, Activity clock for men and women,
Vulnerability Mapping, Venn diagram, Resource use matrix.

9. 9
It gives a basic idea regarding the usage of all the resources in the village by the
villagers and from neighboring villages.
The NSS activity has done in the village to make the villagers aware regarding
the importance of boil or filter of drinking water before drinking. Community
mobilization has done with collaboration with Punjab nattional bank in village
kohala,dist-kangra to improve their farming methods, made them aware about
the Government scheme and training programs. Further are regarding the
detailed case studies on gram panchayat, primary health centre. Case studies on
some of the kissan and kishore of phera and some of the other villages.
Findings:-
 The people of the village are mainly of OBC caste and very few of them
are general caste.
 Women are being highly respected in this village as well as its
surroundings villages, women contributed equally to that of men in any
important decision making in a family.
 The villagers mainly dependent on harvesting of Wheat, Corn, Mustard
and Turmeric.
 The villagers mainly dependents on Bank, SHG, and society funds for any
kind of loans.
 There is a reserved tank outside the village from where drinking water
supplied through taps which were installed in all the houses in the village
and the tank is cleaned twice a year.
 Lack of drainage system, due to which waste water collected at a place
which leads to the increase of mosquitoes.
 As the villagers faced a major problem i.e, Monkey problem as they
rushed into the village at any moment and destroy major of the crops
which leads to heavy loss to the farmers, sometimes they harassed the
small children’s also.
 Villagers don’t boil the drinking water they directly consumed it as well as
they served this water to the new born babies and small children also
which could lead to severe diseases.
Conclusion
This report finds the overall socioeconomic condition of the villagers
comparatively satisfactory. The problems which are identified can be resolve if
the community discuss among themselves and bring their problems forward to
the government, so that further steps should be taken for the improvement or
betterment of the villagers.

10. 10
1.1 About Action Research Segment:
Action Research directly addresses the problem of the division between
theory and practice by integrating the development of practice with the
construction of research knowledge in a cyclical process.
Further, the Participatory Action Research (PAR) is the “systematic
collection and analysis of data for the purpose of taking action and making
change” by generating practical knowledge. Ideally, the purpose of all action
research is to impart social change, with a specific action as the ultimate goal.
PAR is not only research that is followed by action; it is action that is researched,
changed, and re- researched within the research process by the students and
participants.
1.2 Objective of ARS:
1. To experience the rural life and livelihood.
2. To experience the education facility provided by Government in the Rural
Area.
3. Social Demographic of the village.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The process we used to collect data to study the livelihood of people in the
village Phera was Quantitative and Qualitative methodology and PRA tools. The
methodology includes group discussion, interviews and survey. Quantitative
study helps us to know about the sources of income and expenditure, health,
sanitation and education of the villagers. The qualitative study help us to know
how much people are dependent on natural resources and institution which are
located within their village and nearby to their village, relationship between the
different caste lives in the village.
The sampling technique which was used purposive because we have collected
data on the basis of caste and our target group was OBC and the different
activities OBC are involved in.
Activities in which OBC people are involved are cultivation, agrilabour, non-
agrilabour, petty business, Milk Production, Self employed (like: various types
of shop basically they are making various types of sweet), government jobs.
We have surveyed the 40 households in which 143 OBC, 28 General families.

11. 11
5.PARTICIPATORY PLANNING:
●The discussion between the local government and interest group representing
the poor can be given more importance to the poor.
●Participatory planning encourages the poor to be more responsible for, involved
in and aware of their role in local governance. It can help reduce conflict and
build local people’s feeling of ownership in the government’s plan.
● Participatory planning can result in programmes that are better and more
efficient. By consulting the poor and giving their concerns and needs importance,
the result are more likely to be relevant and appropriate to the conditions they
face. By consulting people about their daily work can help government provide
services at times when people are likely to make best use of them.
The main tools used in a PRA are social map, resource map, activity clock
vulnerability map, Resource Matrix map.
The importance of tools we used in the PRA is that with the help of social map
we came to know about different institutions available in the village and their
functioning. Through resource map we came to know the natural resources
available around the village and how the local population makes use of it.
Activity clock helps us to know the about work in which men and women are
involved in. Vulnerability helps to determine the economic condition of the
household. Through Resource Matrix map we know that of a particular resource
who involved maximum time
6. VILLAGE WE LIVED IN:
We stay in the Lanj village near the JAGORI Branch office which situated beside
the main road. The social infrastructure in the village is a primary school, higher
secondary school, private school, one primary english medium school, gram
panchayat,2aganwadi centre, primary health centre, dispensary, temple. The
village is well connected through road and 24 hrs electricity supply in the village.
The challenges we faced that the climatic and geographical condition is different
from the plain lands. We have to cross mountains to go other place.

12. 12
6.1 Population: The village in which we stayed consists of 100 household and
its total population is about 638 out of which we hadsurveyed 40 household
whose population is about 191, male= 99 and female= 92. Out of which 48
General and 143 OBC. In General there are 26 male and 22 female and in OBC
there are 73 male 70 female. In age group 0-6 there are 27 people, 6-18 there are
68, 18-60 there are 190 and more than 60 there are 29. There is 1 disable person
in the village.
Table 1: Demographic Profile
Caste Male Female Total
General 26 22 48
OBC 74 70 144
Total 100 92 192

13. 13
Groups
Age Category of the Villager
0 - 6 Yrs 6 - 18 Yrs 18 - 60 Yrs Above 60 Total
Male 5 18 68 10
˘192
Female 5 10 65 11
Total 10 28 133 21

14. 14
6.2 Caste dynamics: The social relationship between the different caste in the
village Phera is that they celebrate festival in the community all caste people
come together and celebrate the festival. Even in village and Panchayat meeting
they follow the same. The different caste involved in the economy activity does
not depend on other caste people every caste has its own perception related to
economy activity. Their is no caste differences in village in phera as all people
stayed together.

15. 15
6.3 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the household has land for cultivation in the
village. The size of the land of the General caste is same than that of OBC. The
ownership of the land belongs to both male and female, in the village Phera.
Mostly female members works as agri labour in their lands. The farmer does not
hire any agri labour either from their own village or other village.
Table 2: Land holding according to caste (Acre)
Sl. No Catagory of Household SC ST GEN OBC TOTAL
1 Landless - - 5 8 13
2 Marginal (<2.5 acre) - - 4 23 27
3 Small (2.5-5 acre) - - - - -
4 Semi Medium (5-10
acre)
- - - - -
5 Medium (10-25 acre) - - - - -
6 Large (25 acre &
above)
- - - - -
All - - 9 31 40

16. 16
6.4 Women Participation: After analyzing the activity clock of women it is
concluded that they work as agricultural labour in their field, engage in wood
cutting, milking the cow and household work which helps the family
economically. Women have equal participation in any kind of important
descision making in family. Women are highly respected in the village they were
given equal oppurtunity in all fields, as in village phera women are more
educated than that of men.
6.5 Village Economy:The people of the village we lived in earns their income
source mainly from government job as 46% of the village people have
government job. As agriculture is also a source of income as it hold 14% of the
total income of village economy.
6.6 Occupation: In the village people are engaged in cultivation, agricultural
labour, non-agricultural labour, government jobs, petty business, livestock
rearing, Milk Production, tailoring etc.

17. 17
6.7 Natural Resources: The main natural resources available in the village are Forest,
Stream, Mountain, Land and Grass Land. The villagers are dependent on forest for the fire
wood, wood for furniture, fodder for the livestock. Stream is utilized by those framer who
has land near the forest. Grass Land is used for the fodder of the livestock.
6.8 Crops Grown: The main crops grown in the area are Mustard, Corn, wheat and Paddy.
The available market or the trading center is situated 2km away from the village at Lanj
both Private and Government. The villagers has the access in the local market and they
also sell their surplus produce in other market which is 30km away from the village is
Kangra. Both male and female play equal role in the market.

18. 18
6.9 Credit Sources: the main sources of credit for the villagers are Government
Bank@8% p.a, SHG@12% p.a. Both the Government Bank and SHG provides loan to
every villagers.
6.10 Physical Infrastructure: The availability of electricity and water in the village is
100% and the village is connected with state highway 23.
6.11 Water and Sanitation status: The village is well connected by the
government supply of water through pipelines as the village has 5 Hand pump
and a water tank and all the houses are connected with taps. According to our
household survey there is no open defecation.

19. 19
6.12 Government Institution: Panchayat Samiti collects all the prospective
plans prepared at Gram Panchayat level and processes them for funding and
implementation by evaluating them from the angles of financial constraints,
social welfare and area development. It also identifies and prioritize the issues
which needs to be addressed at block level. The Panchayat playsimportant role in
the poverty alleviation and the panchayat members tried their best to make the
villagers aware regarding different Government Scheme.

20. 20
6.13 Cultural Practice : The villagers mainly celebrate diwali as it is celebrated
for 3 days. On last day all the villagers gathered in the community hall and they
greet each other and exchanged different types of sweets with each other.
6.14 Health Center: In the village a Primary health Centre has placed which is
located 2km away from the village at Lanj. The facility available in the Primary
Health Centre is delivery of pregnant women, a small operation theater and two
physician are available 24*7 in the phc. For other medical facility villagers has
to go Kangra Hospital for the medical treatment which is located 35km away
from the village.

21. 21
Immunization Of Children
Age List Of Vaccines Given By
During Birth BCG Nurse
After 1.5 Month DPT 1, Polio Nurse
After 1 Month (2.5 M) DPT 2 Nurse
After 1 Month (3.5 M) DPT 3 Nurse
During 10 Month Measles Nurse
During 1.5 Yrs Booster, Jaundice, Hepatitice, Penta Nurse
After 6 Months (2 Yrs) Vitamin - A Nurse
Immunization Of Mother
During Pregnancy (3 M) Tetanus Tacside Nurse, Asha Didi
After 1 Month Tetanus Tacside Nurse, Asha Didi

22. 22
6.15 Literacy Rate
There are about 90% literacy in the village and from that 70% of the female are
highly educated than that of male.

23. 23
6.16 Income Pattern:
After analyzing the income chart of the villagers it is found that the maximum
source of income by Government Jobs 46% of total income. If we will see other
source of income then they income by Collection of Non timber 3%, by Agri
Labour 1%, by Non Agri labour, 6%, by Non Agrilabour with Govt. Schemes,
4%, by Petty Business10%, by Milk Production 9% and 2% by livestock Rearing.

24. 24
6.17 Spending Pattern:
After analyzing the expenditure of the villagers it is found that the maximum
expense on the food which is 49% of total expenditure. If we will see other
expenditure heading than they spent 18% in Education, in Health 12%, 7% on
clothing, 6% on electricity, 4% on Transport and 2% on Ceremonials and Repay
of Loan each from total expenditure.

25. 25
Sl. No. TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DISTANCE REMARKS
1 Primary School 1 Km Within Village
2 Upper Primary School 1 km Within Village
3 High School 1 km Within Village
4 College(+2 or +3 or Both) 1 km Within Village
5 Other Educational Institution - -
6 Health Sub center - -
7 Nearest Dispensary 1 km Within Village
8 Livestock center - -
9 Veterinary Surgeon office 0.5 km Within Village
10 Gram Panchayat 0.3 km Within Village
11 Block 25 km Kangra
12 Tahasil 25 km Kangra
13 District Head Quarters 25 km Kangra
14 Post Office 0.5 km Within Village
15 Nearest Commercial Bank 18 km Ranital
16 Nearest Co-operative Bank 0.5 km Within Village
17 Co-operative 25 km Kangra
18 SHG 100 mt Within Village
19 Youth Club - -
20 Mahila Samiti 100 mt Within Village
21 Anganwadi Center 50 mt Within Village

26. 26
22 Anganwadi Sub Center - -
23 PDS Center / Ration shop 0.5 km Within Village
24 Local Market / Hat 0.5 km Within Village
25 Nearest Bus Stop 0.5 km Within Village
26 Nearest Railway Station 15 km Ranital
27 Nearest National Highway 13 km Ranital
28 Forest Right committee - -
29 Panipanchayat - -
30 Nearest Trading Center - -
31 Liquor Shop 0.1 km Within Village
32 Public Work Dept. 0.8 Km Within Village
33 Irrigation & Public Health 0.9 Km Within Village

27. 27
7. MICRO LEVEL PLAN:
Before making the Micro Level Plan we have organised a meeting with the
villagers along with the help of Mrs. Annu Kumari (Work at Jagori), the key
person who helped us initiate the discussion. On interacting with the villagers
and gathering knowledge about the problems faced by them, we noted their
suggestion with respect to available resources in the targeted area.
7.1 Problems Identified:-
1. Lack of drainage system, due to which waste water collected at a place which
leads to the increase of mosquitoes.
2. As the villagers faced a major problem i.e., Monkey problem as they rushed
into the village at any moment and destroy major of the crops which leads to
heavy loss to the farmers, sometimes they harassed the small children’s also.
3. Villagers don’t boil the drinking water they directly consumed it as well as
they served this water to the new born babies and small children also which
could lead to severe diseases.
4. Sometimes teacher are not regular in the upper primary and high school as
well as in the degree college, due to which students faced a major problems.
7.2 Root Cause of the Problem:
1. Drainage problem occurred due to the construction of new road in the village
due to which the waste water didn’t properly evacuate so all the water stores at a
particular place.
2. The habitats of the monkeys are being used as farming land due to which
monkeys frequently destroyed the crops.
3. As the villagers were not acquainted with the filtering of drinking water so
they didn’t take it seriously.
4. Government didn’t take any necessary steps regarding the problem, so the
classes are taken either by contractual lectures or they remain vacant.

28. 28
7.3 Solutions:
1. A small drainage system is made with the help of the villagers as a part of
NSS activity.
2. After consulting with the agriculture department of kangra, organized an
meeting in the village in which they informed the villagers that they supplied
electric fencing at a subsidized rate which helps in preventing of the monkeys.
3. We had tried our best by visiting most of the houses in the village mainly
the house where children below age 15 were there and we shared with them
regarding all the demerits of unfiltered drinking water and also we had
requested jagori to positively do a workshop on filtering of drinking water.
4. Regarding vacancy in the school and college we had tried in our level best
but didn’t got the desired result.

29. 29
8. NSS Activity:
8.1 Introduction:
The National Service Scheme (NSS) is an Indian Government sponsored
public service program conducted by the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports
of the Government of India. Popularly known as NSS, the scheme was launched
in Gandhiji’s Centenary year, 1969.
8.2 Objective of NSS:
 To work with people.
 To engage in creative and constructive social action.
 To enhance their knowledge of themselves and the community.
 To gain skill in program development to enable them for self –
employment.
 To Practice national integration.
 To develop capacity to meet emergencies and national disasters.
 To develop competence required for group living and sharing
responsibilities.
8.3 NSS Activity on Gender Equity:
The main purpose of this activity was to generate information regarding
state of gender equity or generate information regarding PHERA village
gender equity.
Gender equality remains a major barrier to human development. Today also
women and girls facing a major source of inequality. Women and girls are
discriminated against in health, education, political representation, labour market,
etc. with negative repercussions for development of their capabilities and their
freedom of choice. Gender based discrimination in education is both a cause and
a consequence of deep – rooted disparities in society. Poverty, geographical
isolation, disabilities, traditional attitudes about their status and role all
undermine the ability of women and girls to exercise their rights. Gender must
therefore be integrated at all levels of education, from early childhood to higher
education, in formal and non- formal settings and from planning infrastructure to
training teachers.

30. 30

31. 31
9. COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION:
We have defined community mobilization as a process whereby a group of
people have transcended their differences to meet on equal terms in order to
facilitate a participatory decision-making process. In other words it can be
viewed as a process which begins a dialogue among members of the community
to determine who, what, and how issues are decided, and also to provide an
avenue for everyone to participate in decisions that affect their lives.
We visited Phera village on 23rd
of October 2016 to participate
in a community meeting with women organised by Jagori Charitable Trust,
facilitated by Mrs. Neelam Kumari. During the Process we discussed certain
problems included the drainage problem of that village. There are no proper
drainage system in that village due to the construction of new road in the village
that’s why waste water didn’t properly evaluate so all the water stores at a
particular place.

32. 32
RURAL ACTION
COMPONENT

33. 33
10. Rural Action Component (RAC):
ABOUT SAFAL:
The SAFAL programs aims to revitalize organic agricultural production and traditional
knowledge that promotes environmental health, long-term economic sustainability, and gender
equality in the Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh. By working closely with female farmers, we
help women claim their identity as farmers and recognize their invaluable contributions to the
local economy and their family’s self-sufficiency.
Green Revolution technology in Himachal Pradesh is largely characterized by hybrid seeds,
and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Initially, the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers
saw an exciting increase in production levels. With 70% of Himachal Pradesh relying on
agriculture as their primary livelihood, the potential to increase incomes and promote food
security seemed vast. However, in recent years, farmers have begun reporting concerns over
poor soil quality, changes in vegetables resistance to disease, and most recently, the lack of
adaptability in the face of increasingly erratic weather patterns.
We at SAFAL strive to help farmers understand the importance of their work and produce to
the local market, their ability to act autonomously using natural growing methods, and to
develop a local agriculture system based on organic growing methods with an eye on long
term ecological sustainability. We believe that by working with farmers to increase their
agricultural skillset and knowledge, we are building a more adaptable and sustainable local
food system allowing families to meet their nutritional needs while living in harmony with
their surrounding ecology.

34. 34
10.1Report on Organic Farming
10.1.1 Abstract:
It is not uncommon that commercial compost derived from organic wastes is
being used for organic farming due to the insufficient organic materials
generated on-site for composting. Thermophilic aerobic composting is one of the
most commonly used in destroying the pathogens in the waste into stabilized
organic fertilizer. It is effective in utilized as fertilizers and soil conditioners.
Organic waste materials including livestock waste, food waste, garden waste,
waste paper and mixed municipal solid waste, representing a major fraction of
our waste stream, are the common raw materials used for compost production.
Field composting trials were performed to determine the optimum
composting conditions to achieve compost maturity. Composting provides an
effective means for reutilizing organic wastes such as livestock waste, food
waste and green waste by converting them into compost for organic farming.
However, without a good understanding of compost quality and a good master of
the application strategy, it may also exert an adverse effect on crop quality and
represent a major source of environmental contamination same as that of mineral
fertilizer.

35. 35
10.1.2 Introduction:
Organic farming is an alternative agriculture system which
originated early in the 20th
century in reaction to rapidly changing farming
practices. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, green
manure and bone meal places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and
companion planting. `Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering
of insect predators are encouraged. Organic Farming is a method of crop and
livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.
Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within the agro – ecosystem, including soil
organisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production
is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the
environment. Organic agriculture methods are internationally regulated and
legally enforced by many nations, based in large part on the standards set by the
International Federation ofOrganic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an
international umbrella organization for organic farming organizations established
in 1972.
10.1.3History of Organic Farming:
Traditional Farming was the original type of agriculture, and has
been practiced for thousands of years. All traditional farming is now considered
to be “organic farming” although at the time there were no known inorganic
methods. For example, forest gardening, a fully organic food production system
which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world’s oldest and most
resilient agro ecosystem. After the industrial revolution had introduced inorganic
methods, most of which were not well developed and had serious side effects, an
organic movement began in the 1940s as a reaction to agriculture’s growing
reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The history of this modern revival
of organic farming dates back to the first half of the 20th
century at a time when
there was a growing reliance on these new synthetic, inorganic methods.

36. 36
10.1.4 Time Line of Organic Farming:
The following table shows the time line of ORGANIC FARMING whereby the scheme got
its modifications during the years of its running.
Year 1991 Year 2002 Year 2008, March
Europeon Union Provides a legal
framework for Organic
Agriculture designation.
US adopt the National Organic Program
(NOP).
International Federation of Organic
Agriculture movements (IFOAM) create
the definition of Organic farming
Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant
developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Agricultural practices such as
irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have
made great strides in the past century.
In the Past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced
productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective
breeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent Years ther has
been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture,
resulting in the organic movement.
Year 1840 Year 1910 Year 1905
to 1924
Year 1939 Year 1940 Year 1950 Year 1972 Year 1980 Year 1990
Jastus von
Liebig
develops a
theory on
Mineral
Plant
Distribution
Chemists
develop an
ammonia
synthesis
process
Organic
agriculture
begins in
central
Europe &
India
First use
of the term
“organic
farming”
First book
to include
“organic”
agriculture
or farming
in its title
Popularize
s term and
methods
of organic
growing.
Creation
of IFOAM
(Internatio
nal
Federation
of Organic
Agricultur
e
Movement
s)
Farming &
consumer
groups
pressure on
Governmen
t for
regulation
of organic
production
Retail
Market for
organic
farming is
growing.

37. 37
10.1.5 Importance of Organic Farming :
There are several established approachable to eco friendly farming
system. The most widely recognized alternative farming system. Modern organic
evolved as an alternative to chemical agriculture in the 1940s, largely in
resdponse to the publication of J.I Rodale in U.S. So following are the main
importance of Organic Farming.
(1) Organic agriculture is involved with the natural methods like crop rotation,
biological pest control, compost etc. In the process of organic farming, the
farmers use fertilizers as well as pesticides by following the dosage limitations
strictly.
(2) There are a number of techniques that are well suited for organic cropping. In
organic farming farmers are required to use traditional farming techniques along
with some latest technology.
(3) In the Current scenario, organic agriculture can be said to be practiced by
more than 100 countries in the world. The policy makers are also promoting
organic farming for reasons like – sustaining rural economy, improving soil
health, creating good for decades.
(4) The food items that are grown by the methods of organic farming are tastier
and healthier. The most important nutrients that humans get from fruits,
vegetable and other food items are – calcium, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins
etc.
(5) In India, organic farming has been in practice for decades. Organic farming is
of great importance and there are a number of benefits of organic farming.
(6) In organic farming, the usage of pesticides is very limited and hence, people
who consume the food items produced from organic farming are at low risk.
(7) Organic farming relies on the breakdown of soil management. Different
techniques are used to preserve the nutrients that are taken by the previous crops.
Hence, the food produced from organic farming results in healthy people,
which lead to the healthy country.

38. 38
10.1.6 Panel members for State Level Conclave on Organic
Farming at JAGORI, Dharmasala:
1. KAMAL PRAKASH ( DIRECTOR, DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY,DHARAMSALA)
2. ANIL NAROTAM, (SUBJECT MATTER SEPACIALIST, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, HIMACHAL PRADESH)
3. Dr.JAGDISH CHAND ( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, KANGRA)
4. NAVNEET GUPTA (MEMBER ,JAGORI ORGANIZATION,
DHARAMSHALA).

39. 39
10.1.7 State Level Conclave on Organic Farming at JAGORI,
Dharmasala:
SL.NO TIME SUBJECT REPRESENTATIVES
1 09:00am to 09:15am Introduce the Chief Guest NAVNEET JI
2 09:15 am to10:00am WELCOME NAVNEET JI
3 10:00am to10:20am OBJECTIVES/CONDITION OF
ORGANIC FARMING IN
HIMACHAL PRADESH AND
INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PROGRAMME
CHANDRAKANTA JI
4 10:20am to11:10am DISCUSSED ABOUT PROBLEM
FACED BY FARMER ON
ORAGANIC FARMING.
CHANDRAKANTA JI
TEA SESSION (11:10am TO 11:30am)
5 11:30am to12:10pm DISCUSSED ABOUT
DISADVANTAGES OF
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS USE
BY FARMERS IN LARGE
QUANTITY.
MANJU JI
6 12:10pm to1:30pm SOLUTION FOR ORGANIC
FARMING FARMER ABOUT
HIS/HER PROBLEM.
ANUP JI AND MANU
JI
7 1:30pm to 1:50pm CONCLUSION PRIYANSH
LUNCH(1:50pm TO 2:50pm)
8 2:50pm to3:10pm INTRODUCTIONABOUT
WORKSHOP AND START THE
WORKSHOP.
CHANDRAKANTA JI
9 3:10pm to4:30pm WORKSHOP PRIYANSH
10 4:30pm to4:50pm COCLUSION OF WORKSHOP &
THANK YOU COMMENT
NAVNEET JI

40. 40
10.1.8 Major topics found after the ORGANIC FARMING State Conclave:
 Environmental pollution is a significant problem, as it leads to
 Strip soil of nutrients.
 Destroy critical soil microbes.
 Depletes the quality of the Soil is due to increase demand of fertilizers by
land.
1. The major problems related to use of chemical fertilizers is groundwater
contamination.
2. There is a limit of everything so as the farmlands, so the more usage of
chemical fertilizers leads to severe problems.
3. When you use too much of fertilizers in the soil, it leads to eutrophication.
4. Usage of chemical fertilizers sometimes leads to different health problems
like pain in joints and different skin diseases.
 So to overcome all these organic farming is necessary nowadays, as it
doesn't have any side effects on crops.
i. By using organic fertilizers the farmlands can regain their lost fertility
ii. Quality of production will better and income will also increase.
iii. Organic fertilizers are renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and
environmentally friendly.
iv. Mostly each and everyone can easily prepare organic fertilizers by its own.

41. 41
10.2 Report on Government Primary Health Centre Lanj (PHC):
10.2.1 Introduction:
Human Resource plays an important role in the economic
development of a country. The quality of the same depends on the health
condition of the human resource. The quality of the output in nation is primarily
depending on the human resource. India is nation of large population. Indeed we
have more than 50% of our population belongs to working age group and thus
we have demographic dividend. Governments are searching for ways to improve
equity, efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of their health system. At
present, there is no agreement on optimum structure, contents, and ways to
deliver cost effective services to achieve health gains for the population. Primary
Health Centre is helping to achieve these aims; providing cost- effective health
care to the general population. Primary health care is essential healthcare based
on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology.
Although poverty and low levels of education are the root causes, poor
stewardship over the health system bears some responsibility. India’s primary
healthcare system is based on the Primary Health Centre (PHC), which is the
cornerstone of rural health services – a first port of call to a qualified doctor.
10.2.2 Summary:
The government Primary Health centre in Lanj Village is available
for the all category of people of that village. As per our Case study there are total
of 900 patients come in a month and 30-35 patients come in a day.

42. 42
10.3 Report on UPER LANJ Grampanchayat:
Case studies on 3tier panchayat raj system:-
A gram panchayat is the cornerstone of a local self-government organization
in India of the panchayati raj system at the village or small town level and has
a sarpanch as its elected head.The failed attempts to deal with local matters at the
national level caused, in 1992, the reintroduction of panchayats for their
previously used purpose as an organization for local self-governance. There are
about 250,000 gram panchayats in India.The gram panchayat is divided into
wards and each ward is represented by a Ward Member, also referred to as a
Panch, who is directly elected by the villagers. The panchayat is chaired by the
president of the village, known as a Sarpanch. The term of the elected
representatives is five years. The Secretary of the panchayat is a non-elected
representative, appointed by the state government, to oversee panchayat
activities.
About the gram panchayat upper lanj:-
 It is mandatory that 1/4th
people will attend the gram sabha otherwise the
gram sabha will be not taken into consideration.
 The gram sabha is held once in a 3 month, so 4 times a month sometimes it
held 2 to 3 times extra in a year.
 Mainly female members attends the gram sabha, as it come into
consideration that within last 2 years every time the gram sabha held the
strength of female members is about 70% to 80%.
 The total capital of upper lanj village for the year 2015 is Rs 5,90,000/- and
the expenditure for the year 2015 is Rs 5,72,000/-,
 Government will not responsible if the panchayat spent more or less than the
fixed money alloted to the panchayat in financial year.

43. 43

44. 44
ANNEXURE
1. Social Map: We gathered some of the villagers at a common place with the
help of them we dram the social map on the terrace of the house of Mrs. Annu
Kumari. We asked the villager about the house, path, Primary Health Centre and
other social institute which is in the village. The social map is a PRA tools used
in participatory planning process to assist in helping the community to
understand their own settlement patterns, types of houses, village infrastructure
and physical presence of other village institutions. It reflects the social aspect of
the village. By the participation of villagers the information becomes more
variable.
Finding of Social Map are:
1. Kacha or Slate House – 80 11. Collage (B.Com & B.A) - 1
2. Pakka House - 20 12. Small Dispensary - 1
3. ATM – 1 13. Vertnary Surgeon office - 1
4. Grameen Bank – 1 14. PDS Centre - 1
5. Aganwadi – 3 15. Water Tank - 1
6. Rain Shed – 1 16. High School - 1
7. Post Office – 1 17. Primary School - 1
8. Mobile Tower – 1 18. Gram Panchayat - 2
9. Temples – 5 19.Primary Health Centre - 1
10. Electric Office -1

45. 45
2. Resource Map: With the help of villagers we draw the resource map of the
village. It reflects the availability of resources in the villages. This map provides
information about land, water resources, forest etc.
Findings of the Resource Map are:
 Cultivated Land
 Forest
 Uncultivated Land
 Fallow Land
 Streams
 River Bed
 Mountains
 Barren Mountains

46. 46
3. Activity Clock of Men: We gathered few men and asked them about daily
activity in which they are engage in and we came know about the following
activity.
Table 4: Daily Routine
TIME ACTIVITY
5:00am to 7:00am Wake up, Get fresh, Wood & Grass cutting
7:00am to 8:00am Breakfast
8:00am to1:00pm Farming, Daily labour, Petty Business
1:00pm to 2:00pm Lunch
2:00pm to 7:00pm Cattle Rearing, Daily wage & Petty Business
7:00pm to 8:00pm Dinner
8:00pm to 9:00pm Leisure Time
9:00pm to 4:00pm Sleeping

47. 47
4. Activity Clock of Women: We gathered few women and asked them about
daily activity in which they are engage in and we came know about the following
activity.
Table 5: Daily Routine
TIME ACTIVITY
4:00am to 7:00am Wake up, Get fresh, Household Work & Grass
cutting
7:00am to 8:00am Preparation of Breakfast, Milking the cow
&Breakfast
8:00am to11:00am Grass Cutting, Feeding Animals
11:00am to 12:00pm Preparation of Lunch
12:00pm to 1:00pm Household Work
1:00pm to 2:00pm Launch & Rest
2:00pm to 6:00pm Field Work & Household Work
6:00pm to 7:00pm Dinner Preparation
7:00pm to 8:00am Having Dinner
8:00pm to 9:00pm Leisure
9:00pm to 4:00am Sleeping Time

48. 48
5. Vulnerability Map: The Vulnerability Map analysis help to find the
socioeconomic condition of the villagers. We have set criteria with the help of
villagers to recognize the people who is considered to be most vulnerable, vulnerable
and less vulnerable according to their perspective.
CATEGORY CRITERIA
MOST VULERABLE Land Holding Capacity From ½ acre to 1 acre.
No Secondary Source of Income
VULNERABLE Land Holding Capacity Having 1 acre to 2 acre.
Having Secondary Income Source Such as Petty
Business, Non Agri Labour etc.
LESS VULNERABLE Land Holding Capacity of More than 2 acre.
Have Secondary Source of Income Such as :-
Government Jobs, Pension, Private Job etc.

49. 49
6.Venn Diagram:
It Gives a Basic idea Regarding The Government Institutions, Schools, Colleges and Other
Institutional Bodies in the Village as well as Near About the Village.
7. Matrices Use of Resource:
It Gives a Detailed Idea Regarding the Usage of Different natural resources
by the villagers as well as from the neighborhood village.

50. 50
REFERENCES
1. www.google.com
2. www.jagorigrameen.org
3. Questionnaire source of information