SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 103
Descargar para leer sin conexión
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE




 Lecture Session– 3
          Dr. Binumol Tom
              Professor,
     Department of Architecture,
 College of Engineering, Trivandrum
Gothic Architecture
                        (12 – 15th century)
       Gothic architecture began mainly in France, where architects
were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the pointed arches of
Spanish Moorish architecture.
It's easy to recognise Gothic buildings because of their
arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, elaborate sculptures (like
gargoyles) and stained glass windows.
         Gothic architecture was originally known as “French Style”.
During the period of Renaissance it fell out of fashion and it was not
respected by many artists. They marked it as “Gothic” to suggest it
was the crude work of German barbarians (Goths).
Examples of Gothic architecture: Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and
St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.
Gothic Architecture
• Meaning of Gothic
  – “Dark Age”
     • Invading barbarians from the north ruined ancient art
       and replaced it with their own culture
  – Goths took Rome in 410
     • little damage but became known as the first tribe of
       barbarians and thus the name “Gothic”
Gothic Architecture
• Characteristics
  – Structural
     • Skeletal stone structure
  – Visual
     • Visual arts were important
       including the role of light in
       structures
  – Symbolic
     • Scholasticism
        – Translations of real events
          into stone and glass
     • Cathedrals served as an
       image of heaven
Structure of a typical Gothic Church
Characteristics of Gothic architecture

• airy and bright
• focus on verticality
• pointed arches
• rib vaults
• flying buttresses
• large stained glass
  windows
• ornaments and
  pinnacles
Pointed Arch
• Gothic architecture is not merely
  about ornamentation.
• The Gothic style brought
  innovative new construction
  techniques that allowed
  churches and other buildings to
  reach great heights.
• One important innovation was
  the use of pointed arches.
• Earlier Romanesque churches
  had pointed arches, but builders
  didn't capitalize on the shape.
• During the Gothic era, builders
  discovered that pointed arches
  would give structures amazing
  strength and stability.
Gothic Architecture: The Pointed Arch
• Builders turned from the
  semicircular, unbroken arch to the pointed
  arch
  – Looked lighter and pointed upward
  – Exert less thrust than semicircular arch of the
    same span
  – Solves geometric difficulty inherent in ribbed
    vaults
     • Impossible to arrange all arches and ribs to a common
       level using exclusively semicircular ribs
     • With a pointed arch, ribs could easily be made level
Gothic Architecture: The Pointed Arch
The Rib Vault
• Rib Vaults
  – Organic metaphor alluding
    to the role of ribs in
    anatomy as the body’s
    skeletal structure
    supporting tissues
  – Arches, usually three pairs
    per rectangular
    bay, running diagonally
     • Cross ribs act together with
       outer frame to create a
       complete armature of arches
       along the edges and main
       folds of the vault
Ribbed Vaulting
• Earlier Romanesque
  churches relied on barrel
  vaulting.
• Gothic builders introduced
  the dramatic technique of
  ribbed vaulting.
• While barrel vaulting
  carried weight on
  continuous solid
  walls, ribbed vaulting used
  columns to support the
  weight.
• The ribs also delineated the
  vaults and gave a sense of
  unity to the structure.
Gothic Architecture: The Rib Vault
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress
• In order to prevent
  the outward
  collapse of the
  arches, Gothic
  architects began
  using a
  revolutionary
  "flying buttress"
  system.
• Freestanding brick
  or stone supports
  were attached to
  the exterior walls
  by an arch or a
  half-arch.
Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress

• Flying Buttress
  – Effected by powerful external
    arches swung above the side
    aisles and the ambulatory
     • Arches rise from colossal
       freestanding piers
         – Absorb and channel disruptive
           forces, such as wind and
           weight, safely to the ground
         – Towering piers could be
           erected without much affecting
           the nave or choir interior
Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress
Stained Glass Window
• Since the walls themselves
  were no longer the primary
  supports, Gothic buildings
  could include large areas of
  glass.
• Huge stained glass
  windows and a profusion
  of smaller windows created
  the effect of lightness and
  space.

  The stained glass window shown here is from Notre
  Dame Cathedral in Paris.
Gargoyles
• Cathedrals in the High Gothic style
  became increasingly elaborate.
• Over several centuries, builders added
  towers, pinnacles, and hundreds of
  sculptures.
• In addition to religious figures, many
  Gothic cathedrals are heavily
  ornamented with strange, leering
  creatures.
• These gargoyles are not merely
  decorative.
• Originally, the sculptures were
  waterspouts to protect the foundation
  from rain.
• Since most people in Medieval days
  could not read, the carvings took on
  the important role of illustrating
  lessons from the from the scriptures.
Gothic architecture
Gothic Floor Plans
Gothic buildings
were based on the
traditional plan
used by basilicas.

However, single
units were
integrated into a
unified spatial
scheme.
• Most Gothic churches, unless they
  are entitled chapels, are of the Latin
  cross (or "cruciform") plan, with a
  long nave making the body of the
  church, a transverse arm called the
  transept and, beyond it, an extension
  which may be called the                   Ameins cathedral
  choir, chancel. There are several
  regional variations on this plan.

• The nave is generally flanked on
  either side by aisles, usually
  singly, but sometimes double.

• The nave is generally considerably
  taller than the aisles, having
  clerestory windows which light the
  central space.

                                           Wells cathedral
• In some churches with double
  aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the
  transept does not project beyond
  the aisles.
• In English cathedrals transepts
  tend to project boldly and there
  may be two of them, as at
  Salisbury Cathedral, though this is
  not the case with lesser churches.
• In France the eastern end is often
  polygonal and surrounded by a
  walkway called an ambulatory
  and sometimes a ring of chapels
  called a "chevet".
• While German churches are often
  similar to those of France, in
  Italy, the eastern projection
  beyond the transept is usually just
  a shallow apsidal chapel
  containing the sanctuary, as at
  Florence Cathedral.
Gothic Engineering
• Medieval man considered
  himself an imperfect reflection
  of the divine light of God, and
  Gothic architecture was the
  ideal expression of this view.
• New techniques of
  construction permitted
  buildings to soar to amazing
  new heights, dwarfing anyone
  who stepped inside.
• Moreover, the concept of
  divine light was suggested by
  the airy quality of Gothic
  buildings, which were much
  lighter than churches in the
  earlier Romanesque style.
Gothic architecture
Gothic
Architecture in
   France
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
• First coherent example of Gothic architecture
  – Appear in Gothic 12th century Paris
  – Ile-de-France
     • Cut stone masonry employed into vaulting, rather than
       rubble masonry of the Normans
     • Arches and ribs designed with independent curvatures
Gothic Architecture in France

• Abbey Church of St.
  Denis
   – Definitive turning point
     in early French Gothic
   – Space, light, line, and
     geometry create
     transcendent modernist
     architectural vision
Gothic Architecture
    in France
Gothic
 Architecture:
    Gothic
Architecture in
    France
Gothic architecture
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
• Gothic came to be associated with urban
  settings and the extension of the French King’s
  political influence
• Two important French gothic structures
  preceding Suger
  – Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Laon
  – Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
• Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris
  – Bishop of Paris began construction in 1163
  – A very tall church, reaching some 108 feet from
    the floor to the crown of the vaults
  – The clerestories were enlarged around 1225 to
    bring in additional light
  – Not as well preserved as at Laon
Notre Dame Cathedral
• Names: Notre Dame
  Cathedral; Cathédrale
  Notre-Dame de Paris
  (Cathedral of Our Lady
  of Paris)
• Location: Paris, Ile-de-
  France, France
• Date: 1163-1345
• Features: Medieval
  Stained Glass;
  Romanesque Sculpture
History of the cathedral
• The Notre Dame de Paris stands
  on the site of Paris' first Christian
  church, Saint Etienne
  basilica, which was itself built on
  the site of a Roman temple to
  Jupiter.
• Construction on the current
  cathedral began in 1163
• Construction of the west
  front, with its distinctive two
  towers, began in around 1200
  before the nave had been
  completed.
• Over the construction
  period, numerous architects
  worked on the site, as is
  evidenced by the differing styles
  at different heights of the west
  front and towers.
• Between 1210 and 1220, the
  fourth architect oversaw the
  construction of the level with the
  rose window and the great halls
History of the Cathedral
• The towers were finished around
  1245 and the cathedral was finally
  completed around 1345.
• During the reigns of Louis XIV and
  Louis XV at the end of the 17th
  century the cathedral underwent
  major alterations, during which
  many tombs and stained glass
  windows were destroyed.
• In 1793, the cathedral fell victim to
  the French Revolution.
• Many sculptures and treasures
  were destroyed or plundered
• The cathedral also came to be used
  as a warehouse for the storage of
  food.
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
Double aisles – ambulatories on a bent axial line
Transepts not projected beyond the aisle wall
High vault – sexpartite vaulting covering double aisles (a ribbed vault whose lateral
triangles are bisected by an intermediate transverse rib, producing six triangles
within a bay)
Vault is 100ft (30m) high
Double span flying buttresses (earliest form)
• Interior elevation – 4
  levels
arcade of columnar piers
Tribune (originally covered
  by transverse barrel
  vault, and lit by the round
  windows)
Decorative oculi
Small clerestory
Gothic architecture
North ambulatory looking east
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
The west front of the cathedral is one of its most
notable features, with its two 69-meter (228-feet) tall
towers.

The Galerie des Chimères or Grand Gallery connects
the two west towers, and is where the cathedral's
legendary gargoyles (chimères) can be found. The
gargoyles are full of Gothic character but are not
medieval - they were added during the 19th-century
restoration.

The King's Gallery is a line of statues of the 28 Kings
of Judah and Israel, which was redesigned by Viollet-
le-Duc to replace the statues destroyed during the
French Revolution. The revolutionaries mistakenly
believed the statues to be French kings instead of
biblical kings, so they decapitated them. Some of the
heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby
and are now on display at the Museum of the Middle
Ages.
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
The beautiful West Rose Window dates
from about 1220.
The west rose window at Notre Dame is
10 meters in diameter and exceptionally
beautiful.
Dating from about 1220, it retains most of
its original glass and tracery.
The main theme of the west rose is human
life, featuring symbolic scenes such as the
Zodiacs and Labors of the Months.
On the exterior, it is fronted by a statue of
the Virgin and Child accompanied by
angels.
Unfortunately, the interior view of its
colorful medieval glass is now more than
half blocked by the great organ.
• The south rose
  window installed
  around 1260.
• its general themes are
  the New
  Testament, the
  Triumph of Christ
• The south rose is 12.9
  meters in diameter
  and contains 84 panes
  of glass.
• Radiating out from a
  central medallion of
  Christ, it consists of
  four concentric circles
  of 12 medallions, 24
  medallions, quadrilob     SOUTH ROSE
  es, and 24 trilobes.
Gothic
 Architecture in
     France
• Notre-
  Dame, Paris
  – West front has
    a solid quality
  – Triple portals
  – Gallery of
    Kings
     • Represents
       twenty-eight
       kings of the
       Old Testament
• The three west portals of Notre Dame Cathedral are magnificent
  examples of early Gothic art.
• Sculpted between 1200 and 1240, they depict scenes from the life
  of the Virgin Mary, the Last Judgment, and scenes from the life of
  St. Anne (the Virgin Mary's mother).
Portal of St. Anne
Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in
                  France
Interior of Notre Dame cathedral
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
St. Patrick's Cathedral




Notre Dame de Paris
Chartres is one
of the most
famous
cathedrals in
France, and is
widely praised
for its
sculpture, staine
d-glass
windows, and
high gothic
style.
Nave in four tiers, with
clerestories and triforium
under sexpartite vaulting
St. Chapelle
Flamboyant
 In France the new style evolved
    about 1280 which was a very
    decorative phase called the
    Flamboyant style. The most
    conspicuous feature of the
    Flamboyant Gothic style is the
    dominance in stone window
    tracery of a flame like S-shaped
    curve.
In the Flamboyant style wall space
    was reduced to the minimum of
    supporting vertical shafts to allow
    an almost continuous expanse of
    glass and tracery. Structural logic
    was obscured by the virtual
    covering of the exteriors of
    buildings with tracery,

                                          St. Maclou (Rouen) 15-16th Centuries
St. Severin-St. Nicholas (Paris)




                   15th Century
British Gothic
Architecture
English Gothic architecture
 Historians sometimes refer to the styles
                                                  British
 as "periods"                                     Gothic
 •Early English (c.    −
 •Decorated (c.     −
 •Perpendicular (c.     −

 Early English Gothic
The entirety of Salisbury Cathedral
(excluding the tower and spire) is in the Early
English style.
 Lancet windows are used throughout, and a
"pure" image is underlined by the relative
lack of embellishing as was found in
Romanesque buildings, and less detailed
tracery than would be used in later
buildings.
The Early English Period of English Gothic
lasted from the late th century until
midway through the th
Characteristics of the style
• the pointed arch known as the lancet.
• Through the employment of the pointed arch, walls
  could become less massive and window openings could
  be larger and grouped more closely together, so
  architects could achieve a more open, airy and graceful
  building.
• The high walls and vaulted stone roofs were often
  supported by flying buttresses: half arches which
  transmit the outward thrust of the superstructure to
  supports or buttresses, often visible on the exterior of
  the building.
• The barrel vaults and groin vaults characteristic of
  Romanesque building were replaced by rib
  vaults, which made possible a wider range of
  proportions between height, width and length.
• The arched windows are usually narrow by comparison
  to their height and are without tracery.
• For this reason Early English Gothic is sometimes
  known as the "Lancet" style.
• Although arches of equilateral proportion are most
  often employed, lancet arches of very acute
  proportions are frequently found and are a highly
  characteristic of the style.
• A notable example of steeply pointed lancets being
  used structurally is the apsidal arcade of Westminster
  Abbey.
• The Lancet openings of windows and decorative
  arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This
  characteristic is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral
  where there are groups of two lancet windows lining
  the nave and groups of three lining the clerestory.
Characteristics of the style
• Instead of being massive, solid pillars, the columns were
  often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts
  surrounding a central pillar, or pier, to which they are
  attached by circular moulded shaft-rings.
• Characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth
  given to the hollows of the mouldings with alternating
  fillets and rolls, by the decoration of the hollows with the
  dog-tooth ornament and by the circular abaci of the
  capitals.
• The arches of decorative wall arcades and galleries are
  sometimes cusped.
• Circles with trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., are introduced into
  the tracery of galleries and large rose windows in the
  transept or nave
• At its purest the style was simple and austere, emphasising
  the height of the building, as if aspiring heavenward.
Decorated style(c.                      −
• The west front of York Minster is a
  fine example of Decorated
  architecture, in particular the
  elaborate tracery on the main
  window.
• This period saw detailed carving
  reach its peak, with elaborately
  carved windows and
  capitals, often with floral patterns.
• The Decorated Period in
  architecture is also known as the
  Decorated Gothic, or simply
  "Decorated“
• Traditionally, this period is broken
  into two periods: the "Geometric"
  style (1250–90) and the
  "Curvilinear" style (1290–1350).
Elements of the Decorated style
• Decorated architecture is characterized by its window
  tracery.
• Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced
  parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the
  level at which the arched top of the window begins.
• The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill
  the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate
  patterns called tracery, typically including trefoils and
  quatrefoils.
• The style was geometrical at first and flowing in the later
  period, owing to the omission of the circles in the window
  tracery.
• This flowing or flamboyant tracery was introduced in the
  first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty
  years. This evolution of decorated tracery is often used to
  subdivide the period into an earlier "Geometric" and later
  "Curvilinear" period.
Elements of the Decorated style
• Interiors of this period often feature tall columns
  of more slender and elegant form than in
  previous periods.
• Vaulting became more elaborate, with the use of
  increasing number of ribs, initially for structural
  and then aesthetic reasons.
• Arches are generally equilateral, and the
  mouldings bolder than in the Early English
  Period, with less depth in the hollows and with
  the fillet (a narrow flat band) largely used.
• The foliage in the capitals is less conventional
  than in Early English and more flowing.
Perpendicular Gothic
• The interior of Gloucester
  Cathedral conveys an impression
  of a "cage" of stone and
  glass, typical of Perpendicular
  architecture.
• Elaborate Decorated style
  tracery is no longer in
  evidence, and the lines on both
  walls and windows have become
  sharper and less flamboyant.
• is so-called because it is
  characterised by an emphasis on
  vertical lines; it is also known as
  International Gothic, the
  Rectilinear style, or Late Gothic.
Features of the style
• This perpendicular linearity is particularly
  obvious in the design of windows
• Windows became very large, sometimes of
  immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than
  in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for
  stained glass craftsmen.
• The mullions of the windows are carried vertically
  up into the arch moulding of the windows, and
  the upper portion is subdivided by additional
  mullions and transoms, forming rectangular
  compartments, known as panel tracery.
• wall surfaces are likewise divided up into vertical
  panels.
Features of the style
• Doorways are frequently enclosed within a
  square head over the arch mouldings, the
  spandrels being filled with quatrefoils or
  tracery.
• Pointed arches were still used throughout the
  period, but ogee and four-centred Tudor
  arches were also introduced.
• Inside the church the triforium
  disappears, or its place is filled with
  panelling, and greater importance is given to
  the clerestory windows, which are often the
  finest features in the churches of this period.
• The mouldings are flatter than those of the
  earlier periods
• Some of the finest features of this period are
  the magnificent timber roofs
St. Maclou




Added beginning of 16th Century
Perpendicular:
                                          Gloucester
                                          (choir)




The Perpendicular style is a phase of late Gothic unique
  to England. Its characteristic feature is the fanvault
Gloucester




   The Choir   The Tower
Gloucester




  Vaulting in the nave   Vaulting in the cloisters
British
Gothic

Westminster
Abbey in
London is one
of the world's
most famous
examples of
Medieval
Gothic
architecture.
Abbey
• An abbey (from Latin abbatia, abba, "father”) is a
  Christian monastery or convent, under the
  authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves
  as the spiritual father or mother of the
  community.
• The term can also refer to an establishment
  which has long ceased to function as an
  abbey, but continues to carry the name — in
  some cases for centuries (for
  example, Westminster Abbey).
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
North Entrance of
Westminster Abbey
Gothic architecture
Hampton Court palace, London




Hampton Court Palace, with marked reference points referred to on this page. A: West Front
& Main Entrance; B: Base Court; C: Clock Tower; D: Clock Court, E: Fountain Court; F: East
Front; G: South Front; H: Banqueting House; J: Great Hall; K: River Thames; M: East
Gardens; O: Cardinal Wolsey's Rooms; P: Chapel.
• Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the London
  Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, and
  the historic county of Middlesex; it has not been inhabited
  by the British Royal Family since the 18th century. The
  palace is located 11.7 miles (18.8 kilometres) south west
  of Charing Cross and upstream of central London on
  the River Thames. It was originally built for
  Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry
  VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the
  palace was passed to the King, who enlarged it.
• The following century, William III's massive rebuilding and
  expansion project intended to rival Versailles was begun.
  Work halted in 1694, leaving the palace in two distinct
  contrasting architectural styles, domestic Tudor
  and Baroque. While the palace's styles are an accident of
  fate, a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a
  symmetrical, albeit vague, balancing of successive low
  wings.
Italian Gothic
    Architecture
• Milan Cathedral (Italian:
  Duomo di Milano) is
  the cathedral church of
  Milan in
  Lombardy, northern
  Italy.
• The Gothic cathedral
  took five centuries to
  complete.
• It is the largest Gothic
  cathedral and the
  second largest Catholic
  cathedral in the world.
• Length 157 metres (515 ft)
• Width 92 metres (302 ft)
• Width (nave)
  16.75 metres (55 ft)
• Height (max) 45 metres
  (148 ft)
• Dome height (outer)
  65.5 metres (215 ft)
• Spire height 106.5 metres
  (349 ft)
• Materials Brick with
  Candoglia marble
• The plan consists of a nave with four side-
  aisles, crossed by a transept and then
  followed by choir and apse.
• The cathedral's five broad naves, divided by
  40 pillars, are reflected in the hierarchic
  openings of the facade.
• Even the transepts have aisles.
• The nave columns are 24.5 metres (80 ft)
  high, and the apsidal windows are 20.7 x
  8.5 metres (68 x 28 feet).
• The huge building is of brick
  construction, faced with marble
• The height of the nave is about 45
  meters, the highest Gothic vaults of a
  complete church.
• The roof carries spectacular sculpture that
  can be enjoyed only from top. The roof of
  the cathedral is renowned for the forest of
  openwork pinnacles and spires, set upon
  delicate flying buttresses.
The famous "Madonnina" atop the
main spire of the cathedral, a
baroque gilded bronze artwork.
Milan Cathedral (Duomo)




      The biggest and greatest late gothic architecture in Italy.
                 1386-1577, west front 1616-1813
The cathedral as it appeared in 1745.




                                        The Cathedral in 1856.
Milan
Cathedral
Flying
Buttress
Gothic architecture
The Cathedral of
Santa Eulalia (also
called La Seu) in
Barcelona is both
Gothic and
Victorian.
Regional variations - France
• The distinctive characteristic of French
  cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium
  that were strongly influenced by them, is their
  height and their impression of verticality.
• They are compact, with slight or no projection of
  the transepts and subsidiary chapels.
• The west fronts are highly consistent, having three
  portals surmounted by a rose window, and two
  large towers.
• Sometimes there are additional towers on the
  transept ends.
• The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and
  sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels.
• In the south of France, many of the major
  churches are without transepts and some are
  without aisles.
Regional differences - Building materials
• France - limestone. It was good for building because it was soft to
  cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was
  usually a pale grey colour. France also had beautiful white
  limestone from Caen which was perfect for making very fine
  carvings.
• England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green
  Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural decorations
  like thin columns.
• In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was
  used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble
  in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades"
  decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick
  facades because the marble was never put on. Florence
  Cathedral, for example, did not get its marble facade until the
  1800s.
• In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that
  were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the
  1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees
  were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new
  way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how
  they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the
  beautiful features seen in many old English churches.
• Hammer-beam roof: consists of a series of
  trusses, repeated at intervals,
• and its object is to transmit the weight and thrust of
  the roof as low as possible in the supporting wall
Gothic architecture
Regional variations -British
• The thing that makes English cathedrals different from
  the others is that they are long, and look horizontal
• English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to
  build, and every part is in a style that is quite different
  to the next part. (Only Salisbury Cathedral was not built in lots of styles.)
• The West window is very large and is never a rose
  window.
• The west front may have two towers like a French
  Cathedral, or none.
• There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the
  building, which may have a big spire.
• The distinctive English east end is square, but it may
  take a completely different form. Both internally and
  externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with
  carvings, particularly the capitals.
Regional variations -Italy
• The plan is usually regular and symmetrical.
• With the exception of Milan Cathedral which is
  Germanic in style, Italian cathedrals have few and
  widely spaced columns.
• The proportions are generally mathematically
  simple, based on the square, and except in Venice
  where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are
  almost always equilateral.
• Colours and moldings define the architectural units
  rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades
  are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the
  lunettes over the doors.
Italy
• Italian Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and
  inside.
• On the outside, the facade is often decorated with marble.
• On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster.
• The columns and arches are often decorated with bright
  coloured paint.
• There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully
  tiled floors is geometric patterns.
• The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows
  above it.
• There is often a dome at the centre of the building.
• The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because
  Italy has quite a few earthquakes.
• The windows are not as large as in northern Europe
  and, although stained glass windows are often found, the
  favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wall
  painting).
Regional variations -Italy
• The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel
  windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower.
• The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a
  free-standing tower and baptistry.
• The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low
  projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe
  and, although stained glass windows are often found, the
  favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.
• The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of
  polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the
  brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made
  of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns
  may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the
  apse with mosaic.
Revision - Examples to study
•   Notre Dame, Paris
•   Westminster Abbey
•   Hampton Court Palace, London
•   Doges Palace, Venice
•   Milan Cathedral.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Baroque Architecture
Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture
Baroque ArchitectureRohit Bhatt
 
Neo classical architecture
Neo classical architectureNeo classical architecture
Neo classical architectureRajat Nainwal
 
Byzantine architecture ppt
Byzantine architecture pptByzantine architecture ppt
Byzantine architecture pptDespoina Potnia
 
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architectureRomanesque architecture
Romanesque architectureBinumol Tom
 
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)Ansh Agarwal
 
Early christian architecture
Early christian architectureEarly christian architecture
Early christian architectureGoby Cracked
 
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architectureCarla Faner
 
Baroque & Rococo architecture
Baroque & Rococo architectureBaroque & Rococo architecture
Baroque & Rococo architectureRahul Pallipamula
 
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architectureRenaissance architecture
Renaissance architecturemfresnillo
 
Introduction to islamic architecture
Introduction to islamic architecture Introduction to islamic architecture
Introduction to islamic architecture RUSHALI SRIVASTAVA
 
Introduction to Gothic Architecture
Introduction to Gothic ArchitectureIntroduction to Gothic Architecture
Introduction to Gothic ArchitectureAmal Shah
 
Greek Architecture
Greek ArchitectureGreek Architecture
Greek Architecturemfresnillo
 
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architectureNeoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architectureavinash dixit
 
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Gothic ARCHITECTURE
Gothic ARCHITECTUREGothic ARCHITECTURE
Gothic ARCHITECTURE
 
Baroque Architecture
Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture
Baroque Architecture
 
Neo classical architecture
Neo classical architectureNeo classical architecture
Neo classical architecture
 
Byzantine architecture ppt
Byzantine architecture pptByzantine architecture ppt
Byzantine architecture ppt
 
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architectureRomanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture
 
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)
Romanasque architecture (Features & Structures)
 
St peter basilica
St peter basilica St peter basilica
St peter basilica
 
Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine ArchitectureByzantine Architecture
Byzantine Architecture
 
Early christian architecture
Early christian architectureEarly christian architecture
Early christian architecture
 
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture
(History of Architecture 2) October 2012 renaissance architecture
 
Baroque & Rococo architecture
Baroque & Rococo architectureBaroque & Rococo architecture
Baroque & Rococo architecture
 
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architectureRenaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture
 
Introduction to islamic architecture
Introduction to islamic architecture Introduction to islamic architecture
Introduction to islamic architecture
 
Introduction to Gothic Architecture
Introduction to Gothic ArchitectureIntroduction to Gothic Architecture
Introduction to Gothic Architecture
 
Baroque architecture
Baroque architectureBaroque architecture
Baroque architecture
 
Renaissance
RenaissanceRenaissance
Renaissance
 
Greek Architecture
Greek ArchitectureGreek Architecture
Greek Architecture
 
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architectureNeoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture
 
Early christian architecture
Early christian architectureEarly christian architecture
Early christian architecture
 
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
 

Destacado

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREKymie Perez
 
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architectureMudra Vyas
 
introduction to the gothic genre
introduction to the gothic genreintroduction to the gothic genre
introduction to the gothic genreMrsorneville
 
Gothic art
Gothic artGothic art
Gothic arttamaramf
 
Gothic Art and Architecture
Gothic Art and ArchitectureGothic Art and Architecture
Gothic Art and ArchitectureApril Gerbasi
 
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecturemfresnillo
 
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappach
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappachGothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappach
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappachLoren Schwappach
 
Medieval architecture
Medieval architectureMedieval architecture
Medieval architecturerh10283
 
Renaissance Period
Renaissance PeriodRenaissance Period
Renaissance PeriodGe Kho
 
The Rise Of Christianity
The Rise Of ChristianityThe Rise Of Christianity
The Rise Of ChristianityLHSprincipal
 

Destacado (20)

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architecture
 
3.gothic period
3.gothic period3.gothic period
3.gothic period
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic  architectureGothic  architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Gothic horror
Gothic horrorGothic horror
Gothic horror
 
Gothic Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture
 
introduction to the gothic genre
introduction to the gothic genreintroduction to the gothic genre
introduction to the gothic genre
 
Gothic art
Gothic artGothic art
Gothic art
 
Gothic Art and Architecture
Gothic Art and ArchitectureGothic Art and Architecture
Gothic Art and Architecture
 
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
 
Christopher Wren
Christopher WrenChristopher Wren
Christopher Wren
 
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappach
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappachGothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappach
Gothic church -assn_3_-_db_topic_2_-_schwappach
 
Medieval architecture
Medieval architectureMedieval architecture
Medieval architecture
 
Renaissance Period
Renaissance PeriodRenaissance Period
Renaissance Period
 
Christopher Wren
Christopher WrenChristopher Wren
Christopher Wren
 
Christ church Patna
Christ church PatnaChrist church Patna
Christ church Patna
 
Gothic interior
Gothic interiorGothic interior
Gothic interior
 
The Rise Of Christianity
The Rise Of ChristianityThe Rise Of Christianity
The Rise Of Christianity
 

Similar a Gothic architecture

Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
 Characteristics of Gothic Architecture Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
Characteristics of Gothic ArchitectureVISHAKA BOTHRA
 
History of Gothic Architecture & style, art
History of Gothic Architecture & style, artHistory of Gothic Architecture & style, art
History of Gothic Architecture & style, artssuser02a68c
 
gothic 2.pdf
gothic 2.pdfgothic 2.pdf
gothic 2.pdfanan fmk
 
Pre independence architecture in india
Pre independence architecture in indiaPre independence architecture in india
Pre independence architecture in indiaSruthivandana Kumar
 
008 1000 CE.pptx
008 1000 CE.pptx008 1000 CE.pptx
008 1000 CE.pptxHOTbaby1
 
Gothic Architecture.pptx
Gothic Architecture.pptxGothic Architecture.pptx
Gothic Architecture.pptxBhawna Walia
 
11. gothic art and architecture
11. gothic art and architecture11. gothic art and architecture
11. gothic art and architectureJustin Morris
 
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
 
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureComparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architectureLokesh Gupta
 
Gothic 2.pdf
Gothic 2.pdfGothic 2.pdf
Gothic 2.pdfbesty16
 

Similar a Gothic architecture (20)

Gothic Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture
 
Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
 Characteristics of Gothic Architecture Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
Characteristics of Gothic Architecture
 
History of Gothic Architecture & style, art
History of Gothic Architecture & style, artHistory of Gothic Architecture & style, art
History of Gothic Architecture & style, art
 
gothic 2.pdf
gothic 2.pdfgothic 2.pdf
gothic 2.pdf
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Gothic Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture
 
Pre independence architecture in india
Pre independence architecture in indiaPre independence architecture in india
Pre independence architecture in india
 
008 1000 CE.pptx
008 1000 CE.pptx008 1000 CE.pptx
008 1000 CE.pptx
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Romanesque arch mins
Romanesque arch minsRomanesque arch mins
Romanesque arch mins
 
Gothic Architecture.pptx
Gothic Architecture.pptxGothic Architecture.pptx
Gothic Architecture.pptx
 
Gothic
GothicGothic
Gothic
 
11. gothic art and architecture
11. gothic art and architecture11. gothic art and architecture
11. gothic art and architecture
 
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureComparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
 
Gothic architecture (1)
Gothic architecture (1)Gothic architecture (1)
Gothic architecture (1)
 
Gothic architecture
Gothic architectureGothic architecture
Gothic architecture
 
Gothic 2.pdf
Gothic 2.pdfGothic 2.pdf
Gothic 2.pdf
 

Más de Binumol Tom

TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAM
TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAMTWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAM
TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAMBinumol Tom
 
Indian conservation Jeernodharana
Indian conservation   JeernodharanaIndian conservation   Jeernodharana
Indian conservation JeernodharanaBinumol Tom
 
Architectural education starting from zero
Architectural education    starting from zeroArchitectural education    starting from zero
Architectural education starting from zeroBinumol Tom
 
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, Kerala
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, KeralaUnprotected Heritage of Travancore, Kerala
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, KeralaBinumol Tom
 
Module 2 indian temple architecture
Module 2 indian temple architectureModule 2 indian temple architecture
Module 2 indian temple architectureBinumol Tom
 
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial rule
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleModule 3 islamic architecture under imperial rule
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
 
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha town
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha townA blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha town
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha townBinumol Tom
 

Más de Binumol Tom (8)

TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAM
TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAMTWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAM
TWIN CHURCHES OF RAMAPURAM
 
Indian conservation Jeernodharana
Indian conservation   JeernodharanaIndian conservation   Jeernodharana
Indian conservation Jeernodharana
 
Architectural education starting from zero
Architectural education    starting from zeroArchitectural education    starting from zero
Architectural education starting from zero
 
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, Kerala
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, KeralaUnprotected Heritage of Travancore, Kerala
Unprotected Heritage of Travancore, Kerala
 
Module 2 indian temple architecture
Module 2 indian temple architectureModule 2 indian temple architecture
Module 2 indian temple architecture
 
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial rule
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleModule 3 islamic architecture under imperial rule
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial rule
 
Early cultures
Early culturesEarly cultures
Early cultures
 
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha town
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha townA blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha town
A blueprint for conserving the historic canal precinct of alappuzha town
 

Último

What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Último (20)

What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 

Gothic architecture

  • 1. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Lecture Session– 3 Dr. Binumol Tom Professor, Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Trivandrum
  • 2. Gothic Architecture (12 – 15th century) Gothic architecture began mainly in France, where architects were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the pointed arches of Spanish Moorish architecture. It's easy to recognise Gothic buildings because of their arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, elaborate sculptures (like gargoyles) and stained glass windows. Gothic architecture was originally known as “French Style”. During the period of Renaissance it fell out of fashion and it was not respected by many artists. They marked it as “Gothic” to suggest it was the crude work of German barbarians (Goths). Examples of Gothic architecture: Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.
  • 3. Gothic Architecture • Meaning of Gothic – “Dark Age” • Invading barbarians from the north ruined ancient art and replaced it with their own culture – Goths took Rome in 410 • little damage but became known as the first tribe of barbarians and thus the name “Gothic”
  • 4. Gothic Architecture • Characteristics – Structural • Skeletal stone structure – Visual • Visual arts were important including the role of light in structures – Symbolic • Scholasticism – Translations of real events into stone and glass • Cathedrals served as an image of heaven
  • 5. Structure of a typical Gothic Church
  • 6. Characteristics of Gothic architecture • airy and bright • focus on verticality • pointed arches • rib vaults • flying buttresses • large stained glass windows • ornaments and pinnacles
  • 7. Pointed Arch • Gothic architecture is not merely about ornamentation. • The Gothic style brought innovative new construction techniques that allowed churches and other buildings to reach great heights. • One important innovation was the use of pointed arches. • Earlier Romanesque churches had pointed arches, but builders didn't capitalize on the shape. • During the Gothic era, builders discovered that pointed arches would give structures amazing strength and stability.
  • 8. Gothic Architecture: The Pointed Arch • Builders turned from the semicircular, unbroken arch to the pointed arch – Looked lighter and pointed upward – Exert less thrust than semicircular arch of the same span – Solves geometric difficulty inherent in ribbed vaults • Impossible to arrange all arches and ribs to a common level using exclusively semicircular ribs • With a pointed arch, ribs could easily be made level
  • 10. The Rib Vault • Rib Vaults – Organic metaphor alluding to the role of ribs in anatomy as the body’s skeletal structure supporting tissues – Arches, usually three pairs per rectangular bay, running diagonally • Cross ribs act together with outer frame to create a complete armature of arches along the edges and main folds of the vault
  • 11. Ribbed Vaulting • Earlier Romanesque churches relied on barrel vaulting. • Gothic builders introduced the dramatic technique of ribbed vaulting. • While barrel vaulting carried weight on continuous solid walls, ribbed vaulting used columns to support the weight. • The ribs also delineated the vaults and gave a sense of unity to the structure.
  • 15. Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress • In order to prevent the outward collapse of the arches, Gothic architects began using a revolutionary "flying buttress" system. • Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or a half-arch.
  • 16. Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress • Flying Buttress – Effected by powerful external arches swung above the side aisles and the ambulatory • Arches rise from colossal freestanding piers – Absorb and channel disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground – Towering piers could be erected without much affecting the nave or choir interior
  • 17. Gothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress
  • 18. Stained Glass Window • Since the walls themselves were no longer the primary supports, Gothic buildings could include large areas of glass. • Huge stained glass windows and a profusion of smaller windows created the effect of lightness and space. The stained glass window shown here is from Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
  • 19. Gargoyles • Cathedrals in the High Gothic style became increasingly elaborate. • Over several centuries, builders added towers, pinnacles, and hundreds of sculptures. • In addition to religious figures, many Gothic cathedrals are heavily ornamented with strange, leering creatures. • These gargoyles are not merely decorative. • Originally, the sculptures were waterspouts to protect the foundation from rain. • Since most people in Medieval days could not read, the carvings took on the important role of illustrating lessons from the from the scriptures.
  • 21. Gothic Floor Plans Gothic buildings were based on the traditional plan used by basilicas. However, single units were integrated into a unified spatial scheme.
  • 22. • Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross (or "cruciform") plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the Ameins cathedral choir, chancel. There are several regional variations on this plan. • The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double. • The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space. Wells cathedral
  • 23. • In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not project beyond the aisles. • In English cathedrals transepts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the case with lesser churches. • In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a "chevet". • While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.
  • 24. Gothic Engineering • Medieval man considered himself an imperfect reflection of the divine light of God, and Gothic architecture was the ideal expression of this view. • New techniques of construction permitted buildings to soar to amazing new heights, dwarfing anyone who stepped inside. • Moreover, the concept of divine light was suggested by the airy quality of Gothic buildings, which were much lighter than churches in the earlier Romanesque style.
  • 27. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France • First coherent example of Gothic architecture – Appear in Gothic 12th century Paris – Ile-de-France • Cut stone masonry employed into vaulting, rather than rubble masonry of the Normans • Arches and ribs designed with independent curvatures
  • 28. Gothic Architecture in France • Abbey Church of St. Denis – Definitive turning point in early French Gothic – Space, light, line, and geometry create transcendent modernist architectural vision
  • 29. Gothic Architecture in France
  • 30. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
  • 32. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France • Gothic came to be associated with urban settings and the extension of the French King’s political influence • Two important French gothic structures preceding Suger – Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Laon – Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris
  • 33. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
  • 34. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
  • 35. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France • Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris – Bishop of Paris began construction in 1163 – A very tall church, reaching some 108 feet from the floor to the crown of the vaults – The clerestories were enlarged around 1225 to bring in additional light – Not as well preserved as at Laon
  • 36. Notre Dame Cathedral • Names: Notre Dame Cathedral; Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris) • Location: Paris, Ile-de- France, France • Date: 1163-1345 • Features: Medieval Stained Glass; Romanesque Sculpture
  • 37. History of the cathedral • The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint Etienne basilica, which was itself built on the site of a Roman temple to Jupiter. • Construction on the current cathedral began in 1163 • Construction of the west front, with its distinctive two towers, began in around 1200 before the nave had been completed. • Over the construction period, numerous architects worked on the site, as is evidenced by the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers. • Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls
  • 38. History of the Cathedral • The towers were finished around 1245 and the cathedral was finally completed around 1345. • During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV at the end of the 17th century the cathedral underwent major alterations, during which many tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. • In 1793, the cathedral fell victim to the French Revolution. • Many sculptures and treasures were destroyed or plundered • The cathedral also came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.
  • 39. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
  • 40. Double aisles – ambulatories on a bent axial line Transepts not projected beyond the aisle wall High vault – sexpartite vaulting covering double aisles (a ribbed vault whose lateral triangles are bisected by an intermediate transverse rib, producing six triangles within a bay) Vault is 100ft (30m) high Double span flying buttresses (earliest form)
  • 41. • Interior elevation – 4 levels arcade of columnar piers Tribune (originally covered by transverse barrel vault, and lit by the round windows) Decorative oculi Small clerestory
  • 44. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France The west front of the cathedral is one of its most notable features, with its two 69-meter (228-feet) tall towers. The Galerie des Chimères or Grand Gallery connects the two west towers, and is where the cathedral's legendary gargoyles (chimères) can be found. The gargoyles are full of Gothic character but are not medieval - they were added during the 19th-century restoration. The King's Gallery is a line of statues of the 28 Kings of Judah and Israel, which was redesigned by Viollet- le-Duc to replace the statues destroyed during the French Revolution. The revolutionaries mistakenly believed the statues to be French kings instead of biblical kings, so they decapitated them. Some of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are now on display at the Museum of the Middle Ages.
  • 45. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France The beautiful West Rose Window dates from about 1220. The west rose window at Notre Dame is 10 meters in diameter and exceptionally beautiful. Dating from about 1220, it retains most of its original glass and tracery. The main theme of the west rose is human life, featuring symbolic scenes such as the Zodiacs and Labors of the Months. On the exterior, it is fronted by a statue of the Virgin and Child accompanied by angels. Unfortunately, the interior view of its colorful medieval glass is now more than half blocked by the great organ.
  • 46. • The south rose window installed around 1260. • its general themes are the New Testament, the Triumph of Christ • The south rose is 12.9 meters in diameter and contains 84 panes of glass. • Radiating out from a central medallion of Christ, it consists of four concentric circles of 12 medallions, 24 medallions, quadrilob SOUTH ROSE es, and 24 trilobes.
  • 47. Gothic Architecture in France • Notre- Dame, Paris – West front has a solid quality – Triple portals – Gallery of Kings • Represents twenty-eight kings of the Old Testament
  • 48. • The three west portals of Notre Dame Cathedral are magnificent examples of early Gothic art. • Sculpted between 1200 and 1240, they depict scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, the Last Judgment, and scenes from the life of St. Anne (the Virgin Mary's mother).
  • 50. Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France
  • 51. Interior of Notre Dame cathedral
  • 56. Chartres is one of the most famous cathedrals in France, and is widely praised for its sculpture, staine d-glass windows, and high gothic style.
  • 57. Nave in four tiers, with clerestories and triforium under sexpartite vaulting
  • 59. Flamboyant In France the new style evolved about 1280 which was a very decorative phase called the Flamboyant style. The most conspicuous feature of the Flamboyant Gothic style is the dominance in stone window tracery of a flame like S-shaped curve. In the Flamboyant style wall space was reduced to the minimum of supporting vertical shafts to allow an almost continuous expanse of glass and tracery. Structural logic was obscured by the virtual covering of the exteriors of buildings with tracery, St. Maclou (Rouen) 15-16th Centuries
  • 60. St. Severin-St. Nicholas (Paris) 15th Century
  • 62. English Gothic architecture Historians sometimes refer to the styles British as "periods" Gothic •Early English (c. − •Decorated (c. − •Perpendicular (c. − Early English Gothic The entirety of Salisbury Cathedral (excluding the tower and spire) is in the Early English style. Lancet windows are used throughout, and a "pure" image is underlined by the relative lack of embellishing as was found in Romanesque buildings, and less detailed tracery than would be used in later buildings. The Early English Period of English Gothic lasted from the late th century until midway through the th
  • 63. Characteristics of the style • the pointed arch known as the lancet. • Through the employment of the pointed arch, walls could become less massive and window openings could be larger and grouped more closely together, so architects could achieve a more open, airy and graceful building. • The high walls and vaulted stone roofs were often supported by flying buttresses: half arches which transmit the outward thrust of the superstructure to supports or buttresses, often visible on the exterior of the building. • The barrel vaults and groin vaults characteristic of Romanesque building were replaced by rib vaults, which made possible a wider range of proportions between height, width and length.
  • 64. • The arched windows are usually narrow by comparison to their height and are without tracery. • For this reason Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the "Lancet" style. • Although arches of equilateral proportion are most often employed, lancet arches of very acute proportions are frequently found and are a highly characteristic of the style. • A notable example of steeply pointed lancets being used structurally is the apsidal arcade of Westminster Abbey. • The Lancet openings of windows and decorative arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This characteristic is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral where there are groups of two lancet windows lining the nave and groups of three lining the clerestory.
  • 65. Characteristics of the style • Instead of being massive, solid pillars, the columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts surrounding a central pillar, or pier, to which they are attached by circular moulded shaft-rings. • Characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth given to the hollows of the mouldings with alternating fillets and rolls, by the decoration of the hollows with the dog-tooth ornament and by the circular abaci of the capitals. • The arches of decorative wall arcades and galleries are sometimes cusped. • Circles with trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., are introduced into the tracery of galleries and large rose windows in the transept or nave • At its purest the style was simple and austere, emphasising the height of the building, as if aspiring heavenward.
  • 66. Decorated style(c. − • The west front of York Minster is a fine example of Decorated architecture, in particular the elaborate tracery on the main window. • This period saw detailed carving reach its peak, with elaborately carved windows and capitals, often with floral patterns. • The Decorated Period in architecture is also known as the Decorated Gothic, or simply "Decorated“ • Traditionally, this period is broken into two periods: the "Geometric" style (1250–90) and the "Curvilinear" style (1290–1350).
  • 67. Elements of the Decorated style • Decorated architecture is characterized by its window tracery. • Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. • The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called tracery, typically including trefoils and quatrefoils. • The style was geometrical at first and flowing in the later period, owing to the omission of the circles in the window tracery. • This flowing or flamboyant tracery was introduced in the first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty years. This evolution of decorated tracery is often used to subdivide the period into an earlier "Geometric" and later "Curvilinear" period.
  • 68. Elements of the Decorated style • Interiors of this period often feature tall columns of more slender and elegant form than in previous periods. • Vaulting became more elaborate, with the use of increasing number of ribs, initially for structural and then aesthetic reasons. • Arches are generally equilateral, and the mouldings bolder than in the Early English Period, with less depth in the hollows and with the fillet (a narrow flat band) largely used. • The foliage in the capitals is less conventional than in Early English and more flowing.
  • 69. Perpendicular Gothic • The interior of Gloucester Cathedral conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass, typical of Perpendicular architecture. • Elaborate Decorated style tracery is no longer in evidence, and the lines on both walls and windows have become sharper and less flamboyant. • is so-called because it is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines; it is also known as International Gothic, the Rectilinear style, or Late Gothic.
  • 70. Features of the style • This perpendicular linearity is particularly obvious in the design of windows • Windows became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for stained glass craftsmen. • The mullions of the windows are carried vertically up into the arch moulding of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions and transoms, forming rectangular compartments, known as panel tracery. • wall surfaces are likewise divided up into vertical panels.
  • 71. Features of the style • Doorways are frequently enclosed within a square head over the arch mouldings, the spandrels being filled with quatrefoils or tracery. • Pointed arches were still used throughout the period, but ogee and four-centred Tudor arches were also introduced. • Inside the church the triforium disappears, or its place is filled with panelling, and greater importance is given to the clerestory windows, which are often the finest features in the churches of this period. • The mouldings are flatter than those of the earlier periods • Some of the finest features of this period are the magnificent timber roofs
  • 72. St. Maclou Added beginning of 16th Century
  • 73. Perpendicular: Gloucester (choir) The Perpendicular style is a phase of late Gothic unique to England. Its characteristic feature is the fanvault
  • 74. Gloucester The Choir The Tower
  • 75. Gloucester Vaulting in the nave Vaulting in the cloisters
  • 76. British Gothic Westminster Abbey in London is one of the world's most famous examples of Medieval Gothic architecture.
  • 77. Abbey • An abbey (from Latin abbatia, abba, "father”) is a Christian monastery or convent, under the authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves as the spiritual father or mother of the community. • The term can also refer to an establishment which has long ceased to function as an abbey, but continues to carry the name — in some cases for centuries (for example, Westminster Abbey).
  • 84. Hampton Court palace, London Hampton Court Palace, with marked reference points referred to on this page. A: West Front & Main Entrance; B: Base Court; C: Clock Tower; D: Clock Court, E: Fountain Court; F: East Front; G: South Front; H: Banqueting House; J: Great Hall; K: River Thames; M: East Gardens; O: Cardinal Wolsey's Rooms; P: Chapel.
  • 85. • Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, and the historic county of Middlesex; it has not been inhabited by the British Royal Family since the 18th century. The palace is located 11.7 miles (18.8 kilometres) south west of Charing Cross and upstream of central London on the River Thames. It was originally built for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the King, who enlarged it. • The following century, William III's massive rebuilding and expansion project intended to rival Versailles was begun. Work halted in 1694, leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles, domestic Tudor and Baroque. While the palace's styles are an accident of fate, a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a symmetrical, albeit vague, balancing of successive low wings.
  • 86. Italian Gothic Architecture • Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano) is the cathedral church of Milan in Lombardy, northern Italy. • The Gothic cathedral took five centuries to complete. • It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the second largest Catholic cathedral in the world.
  • 87. • Length 157 metres (515 ft) • Width 92 metres (302 ft) • Width (nave) 16.75 metres (55 ft) • Height (max) 45 metres (148 ft) • Dome height (outer) 65.5 metres (215 ft) • Spire height 106.5 metres (349 ft) • Materials Brick with Candoglia marble
  • 88. • The plan consists of a nave with four side- aisles, crossed by a transept and then followed by choir and apse. • The cathedral's five broad naves, divided by 40 pillars, are reflected in the hierarchic openings of the facade. • Even the transepts have aisles. • The nave columns are 24.5 metres (80 ft) high, and the apsidal windows are 20.7 x 8.5 metres (68 x 28 feet). • The huge building is of brick construction, faced with marble • The height of the nave is about 45 meters, the highest Gothic vaults of a complete church. • The roof carries spectacular sculpture that can be enjoyed only from top. The roof of the cathedral is renowned for the forest of openwork pinnacles and spires, set upon delicate flying buttresses.
  • 89. The famous "Madonnina" atop the main spire of the cathedral, a baroque gilded bronze artwork.
  • 90. Milan Cathedral (Duomo) The biggest and greatest late gothic architecture in Italy. 1386-1577, west front 1616-1813
  • 91. The cathedral as it appeared in 1745. The Cathedral in 1856.
  • 94. The Cathedral of Santa Eulalia (also called La Seu) in Barcelona is both Gothic and Victorian.
  • 95. Regional variations - France • The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. • They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. • The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. • Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. • The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. • In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.
  • 96. Regional differences - Building materials • France - limestone. It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was usually a pale grey colour. France also had beautiful white limestone from Caen which was perfect for making very fine carvings. • England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural decorations like thin columns. • In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick facades because the marble was never put on. Florence Cathedral, for example, did not get its marble facade until the 1800s. • In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the 1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.
  • 97. • Hammer-beam roof: consists of a series of trusses, repeated at intervals, • and its object is to transmit the weight and thrust of the roof as low as possible in the supporting wall
  • 99. Regional variations -British • The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and look horizontal • English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (Only Salisbury Cathedral was not built in lots of styles.) • The West window is very large and is never a rose window. • The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. • There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the building, which may have a big spire. • The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.
  • 100. Regional variations -Italy • The plan is usually regular and symmetrical. • With the exception of Milan Cathedral which is Germanic in style, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. • The proportions are generally mathematically simple, based on the square, and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. • Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors.
  • 101. Italy • Italian Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and inside. • On the outside, the facade is often decorated with marble. • On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster. • The columns and arches are often decorated with bright coloured paint. • There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully tiled floors is geometric patterns. • The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows above it. • There is often a dome at the centre of the building. • The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because Italy has quite a few earthquakes. • The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wall painting).
  • 102. Regional variations -Italy • The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. • The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. • The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco. • The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic.
  • 103. Revision - Examples to study • Notre Dame, Paris • Westminster Abbey • Hampton Court Palace, London • Doges Palace, Venice • Milan Cathedral.