Complete Production technology of Tomato College of Horticulture, Bengaluru

1. 1
Name of the Student : ANANDA MURTHY H C
ID No. : UHS17PGM981
Course :Production technology of vegetable crops
VSC503 (2+1)
Degree Programme and Subject : Jr. M.Sc., (Hort.)
Vegetable Science
College : College of Horticulture, Bengaluru.
Name of the Student : ANANDA MURTHY H C
ID No. : UHS17PGM981
Course :Production technology of vegetable crops
VSC503 (2+1)
Degree Programme and Subject : Jr. M.Sc., (Hort.)
Vegetable Science
College : College of Horticulture, Bengaluru.
topic:production technology of tomato

2. TOMATO
Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum
Family: Solanaceae
Chromosomal number: 2n=24
Origin: Peruvian and Mexican regions.
2

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
 Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown
vegetable in world.
 Its many forms are adopted to wide range of soils and
climate.
 It has many other uses tomato seeds contain 24% of oil
is used as salad oil and in the manufacture of
margarine.
 Green tomatoes are also used for pickles and preserves.

4. History:
• In 1828 Britishers introduced tomato to India through Royal Agri-
Horticultural Society, Calcutta and afterwards it spread to other parts of
the country.
• In 14th
-15th
century it is considered as the highly poisonous food.
• In 16th
century Italians and Romans started use of tomatoes.
• Father of tomato : Dr. C. M. Rick
• Linnaeus 1753 placed the tomato under the genus ‘Solanum’ and gave
Solanum Lycopersicon.
• In 2005-2006 the scientific name of tomato was changed to Solanum
Lycopersicon

5. 5
Origin and distribution:
• Evidences first tomato cultivation was compiled and
evaluated by Jenkins(1948).
• First known record of tomato is in the year 1554 in
south America.
• Cultivated tomato originated from Peru, Ecuador, and
Bolivia. Domesticated place of tomato lies in Mexico.
• The ancestor of cultivated tomato is cherry type
(Lycopersicon esculenta var cerasiformae - cherry
tomato).
• From Mexico is distributed to Spain, Europe, Britain,
France etc.

6. Common Names
• Tomate (Spain, France)
• Tomat (Indonesia)
• Faan ke’e (China)
• Tomati (West Africa)
• Jitomate (Mexico)
• Pomodoro (Italy)

7. Nutrients in tomatoes
• Tomatoes contribute to a healthy ,well balanced diet.
• In tomato total sugar content is 2.5% in ripe fruit and ascorbic
acid varies from 16-65mg/100g of fruit weight, total amino
acid is 100-350mg/100g of fruit weight.
• They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids,
sugars and dietary fibres.
• Tomato contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus.
• Composition of tomato fruit per 100g of edible part
• Minerals - 0.6g Nicotinic acid - 0.4g
• Vitamin A - 320I.U oxalic acid - 2mg
• Vitamin C - 31mg phosphorus - 36mg
• Thiamine - 0.07mg Iron - 1.8mg
• Riboflavin - 0.01g Calcium - 20mg
• TK Bose.

8. Importance and uses
• Tomato is one of the versatile crop in the world because of its
fast and wide climatic adaption and it is universally treated as
“protective food”.
• The pulp and juice are digestible ,mild apparent,a promoter of
gastric secretion and blood purifier.
• Also reported to have a antiseptic properties against intestinal
infections and aslo fought against the cancer of mouth ,etc.
• It stimulates torpid liver and is good in chronic dyspepsia.
• According to kyzlink etal(1981),tomatine content in small hard
tomato is 300mg/100g of edible part and 150 mg/100g in larger
green fruits .
• The solanine content of the pulp made from unripe tomato is
much lower ,similar to peeled potato (5mg/100g of edible part )

9. • Its ripe fruits are utilized on a large scale in the preparation
of a variety of processed products, such as puree, paste,
ketchup, sauce, soup, syrup, juice, drinks, and canned whole
peeled fruits.

10. 10
Health Benefits Of Tomatoes
•Tomato is one of the versatile crop in the world because of its
fast and wide climatic adaption and it is universally treated as
“protective food”.

11. Pigmentation in Tomato:
• Red color is due to lycopene.
• Yellow color is due to carotenoid antioxidants
• Tangerine is due to pro-lycopene.
• At temperature below 100
C tomato did not develop red or
yellow colour where as at temperature between 10-250
C,red
and yellow pigments developed and finally red colour was
suppresed above 300
C.
• If the temperature lower than 300
C was restored,red colour
again developed and at the temperature above 400
C,lycopene
was destroyed and no red colour development took place.

12. 12
Area and production:
•According to NHB
•The leading states are - AP, KN,MP, Orissa, Gujarat.
Area Production Productivity
World 4.81mha 162mt 33.8t/ha
India 8.80lakh ha 182 lakh t 20.7t/ha
Karnataka 0.57lakh ha 19 lakh t 33.2t/ha

13. 13
Export Demand:
•Pune, Bangalore, Nasik and Amaravati are major exporting
areas.
•The European markets prefers red color, cherry tomato.
•The Gulf markets prefers oval/ round, medium sized fruits.
Importers: Pakistan, UAE, Bangladesh, Nepal, Oman.

14. 14
Taxonomy:
•Tomato belongs to family solanaceae and genus lycopersicon.
The genus include 12 species,all native to south america.
•Muller (1940) divide the genus lycopersicon into sub genus
Eulycopersicon (red fruited) and Eriopersicon(green fruited
type).
•Bailey (1949) classified tomato into two species,L.esculentum
and L.pimpinellifolium.with 5 botanical varieties.

15. 15
Botanical classification of cultivated tomato according to
fruit shape and plant spread by Bailey (1949)
1.L.esculentum. var. commune 2. L.esculentum. var.grandifolium
Potato leaves typecommon round fruited tomato

16. 16
3.L.esculentum. var. cerasiformae 4. L.esculentum. var. validum
small fruited cherry tomato upright tomato
5.L.esculentum. var. pyriformae(pear shaped tomato)

17. 17
Botanical Description
Cultiavted tomato is an annual herb
Roots:Tap root system having depth of
50cm or more.
Stem:Growth habit is erect.Plant height is
2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and
glandular.
Leaf: leaves are compound pinnatifid with
small leaflet. The petiole is long clasping.
The main leaflet is shortly stalked,5 to 7cm
long, ovate to oblong with margin irregularly
toothed.

18. 18
Fruits:
•Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and 2-15 cm in
diameter.
•The immature fruit is green and hairy.
•Ripe fruits range from yellow,orange to red.
•It is usually round, smooth.

19. 19
Flowers:
•flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme.
•They vary in numbers from 5 to 12 each flower is borne on short
pedicel which is constricted at the middle
•flowers are pendent,perfect,hypogynous.
Seeds:Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are hairy, light
brown 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.

20. 20
According to the growth habit,tomato is characterized by
two types Determinate type and Indeterminate
Determinate Indeterminate
• Bushy in nature.
• Self- topping occurs.
• Flower cluster occurs at every node.
• Early maturity can be seen.
• Staking is not required.
• Erect in nature.
• Self- topping does not occurs.
• Flower cluster occurs at every 3rd
node.
• Late maturity can be seen.
• Staking is required.

21. Selection of varieties
21
High yield.
Free from cracking.
Disease resistance.
High percentage of no. of fruits.
Good shelf life & TSS.
VARIETIES:

22. IMPROVED VARIETIES HYBRIDS
ArkaVikas Meghali ArkaAnanya
Pusa Ruby Roma Arka Rakshak
Arka Ahuti Sankranthi Arka Samrat
Arka Sourabh Nandi
Arka Ashish Vybhava
Arka Abha
Arka Alok
Arka vikas
Arka shreshta
22

23. Selection of tomato varieties have been in plenty suitable almost
all parts of the country. Some of the sought after varieties are
given below.
Sioux- Highyielding dwarf, spreading
Pusa red plum- Table variety, determinate (IARI)
Pusa early dwarf- Suitable for kharif and rabi(IARI)
Co-1- Semi spreading dwar, fruits in cluster (TNAU)
Co-2- Mutant of Co-1.
S-12- High yielding, variety from PAU
PKM-1- Round fruits with green shoulder
Pusa Ruby- Indeterminate, flat fruits (IARI)
Pusa Gaurav- Good for processing (IARI)
23

24. Paiyur 1- Suitable for rainfed cultutre
Arka Saurabh- Semideterminate, round fruits; good keeping
quality (IIHR)
Arka Vikas- High yielding table variety
Arka Ahuti- Oblong fruits, TSS 5.4% (IIHR)
Arka Ashish- Determinate oval fruits; tolerant to DM (IIHR)
Arka Abha- Determinate; bacterial wilt resistant (IIHR)
Arka Meghali- Rainfed' thick flesh.(IIHR)
Sakthi- Resistant to Bacterial wilt (KAU)
HS 101- Determinate; dwarf spreading, good for winter
season(HAU)
24

25. 25
•Hisar Anmol- Tolerant to leaf curl virus, determinate (HAU)
•SL-120- Semideterminate, root-knot nematode tolerant (IARI)
•S-12- Dwarf bushy plants (PAU)
•Pant Bahar- Bushy and much branched (GBPU)
•NDT-1- Indeterminate, large fruits.
•NDT-120- Determinate, good for processing.
•Solan gola- From Himachal (YSPU)
•Pusa Divya- Indeterminate F1 hybrid, profusely branched,
round, yield 35 t/ha.

26. HS 102- Early variety (HAU)
HS 110- Late, table purpose variety, (HAU)
Hisar Arun- Extremely early, large fruits (HAU)
Hisar Lalima- Determinate, early, ;large fruit (HAU)
Hisar Lalit- Semi determinate, root-knot nematode
tolerant(HAU)
26

27. Arka AnanyaArka Meghali
Arka Sourabh Arka Shreshta
Arka Vardan27
Arka Vikas

28. Varieties suitable for rainy season:
Pusa Ruby,. Arka vikas, Arka Meghali, Megha
Varieties suitable for processing:
Arka ahuti, Arka Sourabh, Arka Ashish
Varieties resistant to ToLCV:
Nandi, Sankranti, Vaibhav, Arka Rakshak
 Varieties resistant to bacterial wilt:
Arka alok, Arka Abha, Arka shresta, Arka abhijith
 Variety suitable for nematode resistace:Arka Vardana
28

29. 29
varieties resistant to abiotic stresses:
•Pusa Sheetal-low temperature;
•Pusa hybrid 1- High temperature.
•Pusa Sadabahar- high and low temperature region.

30. • IAHS Bangalore released hybrids
1) Rashmi: Tolerant to fusarium and verticillium wilt.
2) Rupali: For high temperature.
3) IAHS-88.2: Tolerant to fusarium, verticillium and root knot
nematode.
4) Naveen: Fresh market.
5) IAHS-88-3
6) Karnataka
7)Rajani
8) Vaishali
9) Sweet heart
10) Maruraj
11)Gram wonder
• MAHYCO Seeds: MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar.
• Bejo Sheetal pvt.Ltd- Meenakshi, Talstoi

31. 31
varieties suitable for protected cultivation
•All indeterminate varieties are suitable for protected cultivation:
•Pusa Ruby
•Pusa Sel. 120
•Angurlata
•Pant Bahar
•Pant T-3
•Hissar Lalit
•Arka Abha
•Pusa Divya

32. Cultivars in some countries of the world
 Prima – Tomato cultivar from Hungary suitable for High density
planting
 Poncu (1987) from Romania suitable for canning
 Verlioka reported from Moscow
 Red Rose reported from Hongkong : It has excellent taste and
resisitance to bursting and cracking ie : excellent transport qualit.

33. Climate:
33
• Warm season crop.
• Optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 20°C - 24°
C
• Optimum temperature of 15°C -20°C for fruit setting.
• The temperature below 16°C and above 27° C are not
desirable.
• Ideal temperature for development of red and yellow colour is
18°C -25ºC.
Lycopene which is responsible for red colour , is highest at
21°C-24 °C while the production of this pigment drops off
rapidly above 27 °C.

34. Disinfection of soil
•Control of Phytophthora, Pythium, RKN
•Soil solarization
•Methyl Bromide
•Formalin
Soil:- It grows well in all kinds of soil. For early crop, a sandy
loam soil is the best,for higher yield heavy soils rich in organic
matter are preferred.The pH should be 6.0 – 7.0.It is moderately
tolerant to acid soil(pH 5.5)

35. Seed rate:
For nursery Raising
OPV :300-400 g/ha.
Hybrids : 125 – 175g
Time of planting:
Tomato can be grown in any season as it is a day
neutral plant. Three crops are taken in areas which are
not affected by frost.
•Kharif crop transplanted in July,
•Rabi in October- November months.
•Seed treatment:Seed is treated with fungicides like
Captan or Cereson or Thiram 2g/kg of seed.

36. Seasons:
Seed sowing in the plains is done thrice during the year.
1) For rainy-autumn crop: The seeds are sown in the month
of June and July.
2) For autumn-winter crop: Seeds are sown in the month of
Sep-Oct.
3) For spring-summer crop: Seeds are sown in the month of
Jan-Feb.
In hills the seeds sowing depend upon the elevation of the
place.
On lower hills, seeds are sown at Feb-March while on the
higher hills in the months of March and April.

37. •FYM @ 25t /ha is applied before
the last ploughing.
•Neem cake @ 100 kg is applied
before last ploughing.
•Raised beds of 120 cm width.
Land preparation and Planting
37

38. 38
Nursery bed Preparation
The land is first ploughed with soil turning plough followed by 4-5
ploughings with country plough or harrow.
Leveling should be done after ploughing and bring the soil into
fine tilth and also provide better drainage facilities
At the time of soil preparation, raising the planting bed above
ground level facilitates drainage during rainy season.

39. Bed preparation
39
50 m
50 cm 100cm 80 m
Total no of beds = 80m / 1.5m
= 53 beds
Total length of mulch required is 53 X 10 m = 530 m
1 k g mulch will cover about 43m² area
total mulch required = 530 m / 43 m² = 12.3 kg

40. Crops
Thickness of mulch film
(micron)
Increase in yield (%)
Tomato 25 45-50
MULCHING:
•It is used to increase the temperature,
•Suppress weed growth and
•Conserve soil moisture.
40

41. 41
Organic mulches like straw can reduce the soil temperature
during summer season however, plastics are used to increase
the soil temperature during winter season for maintaining the
optimum temperature which is required for good growth,
flowering, fruiting and quality of tomato

42. Quality Seedling Production
Protected nursery
Nursery area is covered with 50 per cent shade net
The seedlings are raised in protrays with sterilized cocopeat
100 g of hybrid tomato seeds is required to produce seedlings
for 1 ha
25 - 30 days old are ready for transplanting
42

43. Planting materials
Number of plants = Area / Spacing
= 4000 m² / 0.60m X 0.45 m
= 14814.8 plants

44. PLANTING TIME
44
seedlings are ready for transplanting between 4 – 5weeks after
seeding in nursery beds.seedlings should be hardened before
transplanting. This is done by witholding watering for 4-5 days
so as to reduce available moisture to 20%.
• The transplanting of seedlings are done in January-February
and July-august for taking two crops in a year.
• High hills -March – October.
• During winter production the plantings are done in the month
of September

45. 45
• Spacing : 60×45 cm mostly under drip irrigation system for
efficient use of water and fertilizers for long duration
cultivation of tomato crop.
• Low pressure drip irrigation system can also be used for green
house tomato cultivation.

46. Irrigation
46
Water requirement of crop : 600 -700mm/ha
during initial cop stage (1month) - 8lt/m².
Thus for 1m² area = 3.7 4 plants plants/m².
For 4000 m² area = 14814.8 plants
Thus 2650 x 4= 10600lt/day of water is given/4000 m².
After 4 months , 12 lt/m² is given

47. Drip method of irrigation
Frequent irrigation is essential for plant growth, fruiting and yield.
The crop should be irrigated daily.
However during summer more irrigation is required due to higher
surface evaporation.
Drip system is highly economical and produces quality tomato.
Crops Water saving (%)
Increase in yield
(%)
Tomato 42 60
47

48. 48 Van Kooten, 2008

49. 49
Use of growth regulators and chemicals:
Chemicals Common name Doses(mg/litre) Effective
2,Chloroethyl phosponic
acid
Ethephon 200-500 whole plant spray Flowering induction, better
rooting and setting of plants
2,Chloroethyl cycocel 500-100 Flower bud, stimulate
pigment formation and
increase fruit set
2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic
acid
2,4-D 2-5 seed treatment, whole
plant spray
Increase fruit set, earliness
and parthenocarpy
3 Indole butyric acid IBA 50-100 Increase fruit set
3 Indole acetic acid IAA Foliage spray Increase fruit size and yield
Naphalene acetic acid NAA Spray oil Higher fruit set, yield
Parachlorophenoxy acetic
acid
PCPA 50mg foliar spray Higher fruit set under
adverse climatic condition
6-4Hydroxy methyl 8 methyl
gibberline
GA 50-100 foliar spray Elongate shoot growth and
increase fruit yield

50. •Weeding
•Staking (30 days after planting.)
•Training
•Desuckering
•De-leafing
•Fruit Pruning
Cultural Practices of Tomatoes
50

51. 51
Weed control
The normal method of weed control is to give two hand hoeing in the
first and third fortnight after transplanting and an earthing up operation
during the seasonal fortnight.
The application of pre emergence herbicides like metribuzin at
0.35kg/ha, fluchloraline 1.25kg/ha controls the weed population and
increases the yield of tomato.
Recently the use of pendimethalin @1.0kg/ha as pre emergence
application at three days after transplanting was found very effective in
suppressing the weeds.

52. 52
Staking
In case of indeterminate varieties, the yield and quality of fruit is
improved by staking the plants with wooden sticks/polythene
threads. Staking not only increases the yield and improve its quality
but also reduces the infection by fungal diseases.

53. 53
Training systems:Training systems:
• Single stemSingle stem
• Two stemTwo stem
• Three stemThree stem
• Spacing: 60 x 45 cmSpacing: 60 x 45 cm

54. Single stem system Two stem system54
Two stemTwo stem
Training
Three stemThree stem

55. 55
Desuckering
Truss hooks

56. Pruning:
Start pruning 30DAT
Prune the plants to two stems by removing the lateral
suckers
Helps maintain balance between vegetative growth and
fruit production
Perform every 8-10 days

57. 57

58. •Harvesting of tomato fruits is carried out either at breaker stage or at
half red depending upon the market preference.
•First harvest starts at 60 days after planting.
Harvesting and Post harvest management
58

59. 59
In indeterminate cultivars ,fruits can normally be harvested 70 – 100 days
after planting. While determinate cultivars may begin fruit at 70 days
depending upon the environmental conditions
1.Immature green stage: Fruits are green but have attained the normal size.
The seeds are not fully developed and not covered with jelly like substances.
The fruits are harvested at this stage when they are to be transported over a
long-long distance.
2.2. Mature green stage: the fully grown fruits with a brownish ring at stem
scar, removal of calyx, light green colour at blossom end changes to
yellowish green and seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the
seed cavity. Harvested for long distance transportation and ripen after
reaching the market
3. Turning stage (breaker stage): 1/4th of the fruit especially at blossom
end shows pink colour. These fruits are harvested for local market.
4. Pink stage: 3/4th of the surface shows pink colour .
5. Hard ripe stage: Nearly all red or pink with firm flesh
6. Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft. Suitable for processing and ensure
desired quality and red colour in product.

60. Maturity indices of tomato
classified by USDA
60

61. 61
Grading
Tomato fruits are graded based on
1. Colour
2. Size
3. Degree of ripening/stage of maturity
•Pack the fruits separately according to grade before sending them to market.
• The Bureau of Indian standards has specified four grades, viz. super A, super,
fancy and commercial.

62. 62
•The tomato can be stored in low temperature and evaporative cool
storage.
•The best storage temperature is from 12° C to 15° C. When stored
at freezing point, the fruits show low temperature injury.
•Mature green fruits can be kept for as long as 30 days at 10° C to
15° C. ripe tomatoes can be kept for 10 days at 4.5 ° C.
•The recommended relative humidity is 85-90 %per cent.
•Tomato can be stored under normal conditions for 7-10 days.
Storage

63. Yield
Generally most of the varieties are ready for first picking in 75-
85 DAT.
Crop Yield
(Tonnes/Ha)
Open field Green House
Tomato 50 150
(Source: Singh et al.2013)

64. Physiological disorders of tomato:
Blossom end rot:
Brown water soaked discoloration appears at the blossom end of
the fruit where the senescent petals are attached while the fruit
is still green. The spots enlarge and darken rapidly and the
affected portion of the fruit becomes sunken, leathery and dark
coloured. This disorder may occur due to
i)Sudden change in the rate of transpiration specially in moisture
stress condition
ii) Continuously high evapotranspiration regime and a large leaf
area
iii) Increasing level of nitrogen content in the fruits

65. Control
 1) This disorder is decreased by increasing the frequency of
irrigation
2) Judicial fertilizer application. Increase in the level of
phosphate fertilization application decline the incidence of this
disorder.
3) Liming decreases the incidence
 4) Single foliar spray of 0.5% calcium chloride (CaCl2) at the
time of fruit development.

66. Fruit cracking:
Two types of fruit cracking are seen. Radial cracking, where surface
of the mostly full ripe fruits cracks radially from the stem end of the
fruit and concentric cracking, where surface of mostly mature green
fruits cracks concentrically around the shoulder of the fruit. Radial
cracking is more common and causes greater loss than concentric
cracking. Cracking may occur due to
•Irrigation or rainfall after long dry spell
• Exposure of fruits to sun due to pruning and staking
• Boron deficiency
•Genetic factor which is reported to be inherited polygenically

67. Control
1) Irrigation at regular intervals
2) Pruning and staking during summer season should be
avoided
3) Spraying seedlings before transplanting with 0.3-0.4%
borax solution.
5) Growing resistant varieties like Sioux, Roma, Punjab
chuhara, Pusa ruby, Arka Saurabh, Pant T1 etc.

68. Control
1) Irrigation at regular intervals
2) Pruning and staking during summer season should be
avoided
3) Spraying seedlings before transplanting with 0.3-0.4%
borax solution.
5) Growing resistant varieties like Sioux, Roma, Punjab
chuhara, Pusa ruby, Arka Saurabh, Pant T1 etc.

69. Sun scald:
Exposed portion of either green or nearly ripe fruits get blistered and
water soaked due to extreme heat of scorching sunshine. This problem
is common in plants that have lost considerable foliage. For this
reason, training and pruning in tomato aggravate this disorder.
Control:
1) Protection of plants from defoliation by diseases and insect pests
2) Training and pruning in summer months should be avoided

70. Puffiness:
Outer wall of the grown up fruits (two-third normal size) continues
to develop normally but growth of the remaining internal tissues
(Placenta, mesocarp) is retarded resulting in partially filled fruit which
is light in weight and lacks in firmness.
•Non fertilization of ovules
•Embryo abortion after normal fertilization
•High temperature and high soil moisture are the primary factors
responsible for this disorder.

71. Control
1) Over irrigation should be avoided
2) Less nitrogen should be applied
3) Boron should be applied by spraying 0.3-0.4% borax
solution.

72. Cat face:
Distortion of the blossom end of the fruit gives rise to various
ridges, furrows and indentation in a localized area of the fruit.
Cat face is named due to these ridges and indentations.

73. Unfruitfulness:
 Temperature particularly a night temperature has profound
effect on fruit setting in tomato. High day temperature (above
32C) and high night temperature (above 20C) is not congenial to
fruit set. On the other hand fruits normally fail to set at or below
13 C. Both high and low temperature adversely affects fruit set
mainly by reducing pollen viability and pollen germination on
stigma.

74. Control
1) Growing high temperature tolerant varieties like HS-102,
Punjab Kesar, Punjab Chuhara, and Hot set etc.
2) Growing low temperature tolerant varieties like Pusa Sheetal,
Cold set.
3) Application of growth substances like parachlorophenoxy
acetic acid (PCPA) 50 ppm at full bloom stage or 2,4 D, 1-2
ppm prior to anthesis.

75. Gold fleck:
In the fruit surface around the calyx and fruit shoulder, tiny
yellow spots often appear which are called gold flecks. These
gold flecks appear due to deposition of calcium oxalate.
•With high incidence, fruits become non attractive and their
shelf life also get reduced.
•Increased magnesium concentration in the fruits

76. Silvering:
This disorder affect stems, leaves and flowers. In the stem
silvering, grey-green stripes of varying number and width
appears. This disorder may be caused due to exposure of plants
to low temperature (<21 C) for some times.
Pithy stem:
Large air spaces are formed in the pith accompanied by the
increase in abscisic acid levels in the leaves.

77. Pest and diseases
77

78. 78
PESTS :
Aphids
Thrips
Whitefly
Leaf miner
Pin worm
Fruit borer
DISEASES:
•Damping off
•Early blight
•Late blight
•Fusarium wilt
•Bacterial wilt
•Mosaic

79. Thrips: Thrips tabaci
79
Management
•Mechanically uproot the diseased
plants and destroy them
•Use yellow sticky traps @ 15/ha
•Release larvae of Chrysoperla
cornea @10,000/ha
•Spray methyl demeton 25 EC
@1lit/ha or dimethoate 30 EC
@1lit/ha

80. Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii
80
Leaf miner damage Dried leavesMining in the leaf
Management
•Collect and destroy mined leaves
•Spray NSKE 5%

81. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci
81
Fruit damage Silvery damage
Tomato leaf curling
Management
•Uproot and destroy the diseased leaf curl plants
•Use nitrogen and irrigation judiciously.
•Use yellow sticky traps at 12/ha to attract and kill insects.
•Apply carbofuran 3% G @ 40 kg /ha
•Spray of dimethoate 30% E C @1ml/lt or malathion 1.5ml/lt.

82. Pinworm: Tuta absoluta
82
Pinhole in fruitSymptoms
Management
•Collect and destroy the pinworm affected plants and fruits
•Avoid solanaceous crops after tomato
•Use healthy seedlings for transplanting
•Keep pheromone traps @ 16 nos./ac to attract and kill the adult moths
•Spray of Flubendiamide 20% WG @ 60 ml or Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 100ml or
Neem formulation (Azadirachtin 1% or 5%) @ 400 – 600 ml/ac.

83. Fruit Borer: Helicoverpa armigera
83
Management
• Growing of trap crop -40 days old American tall marigold and 25 days old
tomato seedling at 1:16 rows
•Set up pheromone trap with Helilure at 12/ha
•Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars
•Release Trichogramma @ 1 lakh nos. /ha release at an interval of 7 days
starting from flower initiation.
•Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 2g/lit.

84. Damping off : Pythium aphanidermatum
84
Management
•Use raised seed bed
•Drench with Copper oxychloride 0.2% or Bordeaux mixture 1%.
•Seed treatment with fungal culture Trichoderma viride (4 g/kg of seed) or
Thiram (3 g/kg of seed) is the only preventive measure to control the pre-
emergence damping off.

85. Early Blight: Alternaria solani
85
Management
•Removal and destruction of crop debris.
• Practicing crop rotation helps to minimize the disease incidence.
•Spray the crop with Mancozeb 0.2 % for effective disease control.
Early symptom Affected plant at advanced
stage
Concentric ring on infected part

86. 86
Late blight - Phytophthora infestans
Management
•The affected plants should be removed and destroyed.
•Practicing crop rotation helps to minimize the disease
incidence.
•Drench with Copper oxychloride 0.2% or Bordeaux
mixture 1%.

87. 87
Fusarium Wilt : Fusarium oxysporum fsp.
lycopersici
Affected
plants
Management
•The affected plants should be removed and destroyed.
•Spot drench with Carbendazim (0.1%)
•Crop rotation with a non-host crop such as cereals.

88. Bacterial Wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum
88
infected plant
Management
•Crop rotations, viz., cowpea-maize-cabbage, okra-cowpea-maize, maize-
cowpea-maize and finger millet-egg plant are reported effective in reducing
bacterial wilt of tomato.
•Use of disease resistane varieties like Arka Abha, Arka Alok, Arka
Rakshak

89. Mosaic: Tomato mosaic virus (TMV)
89
Affected leaves
Management
•Use of disease-free seed and seedlings.
•Crop rotation with non-host crops.
•Soaking of the seeds in a solution of Trisodium Phosphate (90 g/litre of
water) a day before sowing.
•Spray Imidachloprid 0.05 % or Dimethoate 0.05% to control vector

90. Leaf curl: Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)
90
Foliar symptom Yellowing between veins and
an upward curling of their
margins
Leaf curl symptom
Management
•Keep yellow sticky traps @ 12/ha to control white fly.
•Raise barrier crops-cereals around the field.
•Spray Imidachloprid 0.5 % or Dimethoate 0.5% @ 15, 25, 45 DAT to
control vector.

91. • Text book of vegetables ,tubercrops and spices – S Thamburaj and
Narendra singh.
• VEGETABLE CROPS Vol – 1 by – Tk Bose , j.Kabir , T.K Maity.
• www.krishisewa.com
• agritech.tnau.ac.in
91

92. 92