Book Review the Machining and Forming of Engineering Materials .

3. / 
‫ﺑﺒﻐﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﯾﺪاع‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬)95(‫ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬2010
671.3
‫ج‬232
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬/‫ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ‬‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳـﻮي‬ ، ‫اﻟﺠﺒﻮري‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎس‬
‫ﺑﻐﺪاد‬:، ‫واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫دار‬2010
202‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.24‫ﺳﻢ‬
1.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬-‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻐﺎل‬
‫أ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬‫ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬

4. 2010

5. ‫ﺍﻹﻫﺪﺍء‬
‫ﺇﱃ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬

6. ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫إن‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﮭﺪه‬‫إ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫وﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﺟﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺸﺎف‬‫ﻛﺘ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدا‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ً‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺰة‬‫ﻣﻤﯿ‬ ‫ﻮاص‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺰاء‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺞ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬.‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎت‬‫واﻟﺪراﺳ‬ ‫ﻮد‬‫اﻟﺠﮭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬ُ.‫ﺮت‬‫ظﮭ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫واﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ُ
‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫إ‬‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ُ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨ‬‫ﺰ‬‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫وﻏﯿﺮھ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺨﺮاط‬
‫ﺔ‬‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻼزﻣ‬ ‫ﺪرة‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﺘﻄ‬ ‫ﺎل‬‫ﻣﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺖ‬
‫إ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻮاء‬ُ‫ﻐﻼت‬‫أ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫واﻟﯿﻮم‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺸﺎھﺪ‬ً‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮا‬ً
‫ﺗ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ُ‫ﺸ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆول‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﻞ‬‫ﺪھﺎ‬‫وﺗﺰوﯾ‬ ‫ﻐﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫وإﻓﺮاﻏﮭ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨ‬،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﮭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭ‬ ‫ﺴﯿﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬‫إ‬‫ﺼﺎرا‬ ‫ﺧﺘ‬ً
(CNC).‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﻣﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ً‫ﻹ‬‫ﻞ‬‫وﺗﺤﻤﯿ‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮى‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﯿﮭ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.
‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﯾﺨﻔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻛ‬‫أ‬‫دور‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺣ‬‫أداءه‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺮ‬‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬
‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫وﻣﮭﺎراﺗﮫ‬‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺒﯿ‬ ‫ﺎح‬‫ﻧﻔﺘ‬.‫ﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺎب‬‫اﻟﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟ‬ُ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠﻘ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫وﻛﯿﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ورش‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﮭﻤ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺾ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺮات‬‫واﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﮭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻛﯿﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﺗﻄ‬‫ﺎت‬‫ﺣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺾ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﯾﻠﺒ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫وﻧﺄﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﺤﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرﺋﯿﻦ‬.
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮن‬-2010

7. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
i
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳـــــــــــــــــــــــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬‫ﺍﳌ‬‫ــــــــــــ‬‫ﻮﺿ‬‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ‬‫ﻮﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
1‫ﻧﻈ‬‫ـــــ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄــ‬ ‫ﺮﻳــــﺔ‬‫ــ‬‫ـــــــﻊ‬
1.1‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬1
2.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ُ3
3.1‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬4
4.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬6
1.4.1‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬6
2.4.1‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬10
5.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ُ ُ11
6.1‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬15
7.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬16
8.1‫اﻧﮭﯿﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ر‬17
9.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬19
1.9.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬19
2.9.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬20
3.9.1‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬20
10.1‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬22
1.10.1‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬22
2.10.1‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫طﺮق‬ُ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬25
11.1‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺎت‬27
1.11.1‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت‬27
2.11.1‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ‬31
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻷول‬
2‫ﺍﳋــــــﺮﺍﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــــﺎﺕ‬
1.2‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬35

8. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
ii
2.2‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮطﺔ‬35
3.2‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮطﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬38
4.2‫اﻟﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫اطﺔ‬40
5.2‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬ُ42
6.2‫اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬42
7.2‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ھﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‬ُ45
8.2‫اﻟﺨﺮاطﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ُ47
9.2‫اﻟﺨﺮاطﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬49
10.2‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬51
1.10.2‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬51
2.10.2‫ﻋ‬‫ﻤ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻖ‬52
3.10.2‫ا‬‫ﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬53
4.10.2‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬53
11.2‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬54
12.2‫ﻗﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫رة‬57
13.2‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬59
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
3‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــــﺎﺕ‬‫ﻘــــﺸ‬‫ﻂ‬
1.3‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬61
2.3‫اﻟﻘﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬61
3.3‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬62
1.3.3‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬62
2.3.3‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬64
3.3.3‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬64
1.3.3.3‫اﻟﺘﺪوﯾﺮ‬ ‫ذراع‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺔ‬65
2.3.3.3‫اﻵﻟﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿ‬‫ﻜﯿﺔ‬65
4.3.3.3‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬66
4.3‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺷﻂ‬68
5.3‫اﻟﻤﻘﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎت‬69
6.3‫اﻟﻘﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ُ71
7.3‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬72
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
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9. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
iii
4‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴــــ‬‫ـــ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ــــﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘﻔﺮﻳــــﺰ‬
1.4‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬75
2.4‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ‬76
1.2.4‫واﻟﺮاﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬76
2.2.4‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬َ‫ﺮش‬80
3.2.4‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎت‬80
3.4‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬81
4.4‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫وﻣﺤﺎور‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاطﻊ‬84
1.4.4‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاطﻊ‬84
1.1.4.4‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاطﻊ‬84
2.1.4.4‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاطﻊ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻔﯿﺔ‬86
2.4.4‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎور‬88
5.4‫إ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎه‬90
6.4‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎت‬91
7.4‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬92
8.4‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬93
9.4‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬93
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
5‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــﺎﺕ‬‫ﺜﻘــــــﺐ‬
1.5‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬97
2.5‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬97
1.2.5‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ‬98
2.2.5‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ‬‫ﻄﺮي‬99
3.2.5‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬‫ة‬‫اﻟﺪورا‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬‫ن‬100
4.2.5‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬100
3.5‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬100
1.3.5‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻗﺐ‬‫اﻹﻟﺘﻮاﺋ‬‫ﯿﺔ‬101
2.3.5‫اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬‫وأداة‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺲ‬103
4.5‫اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬104
5.5‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬105
6.5‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬105
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬
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10. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
iv
6‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘﺠﻠﻴـــــــﺦ‬
1.6‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬109
2.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫أﺣﺠﺎر‬109
1.2.6‫اﻟﻤ‬‫ﻮاد‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﺔ‬109
2.2.6‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬110
3.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫أﺣﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ‬112
4.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫أﺣﺠﺎر‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬115
5.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫أﺣﺠﺎر‬ ‫وﺷﺤﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻢ‬117
6.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫أﺣﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ‬117
7.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬118
1.7.6‫اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬118
2.7.6‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬119
3.7.6‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬‫اﻟﻶﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬120
4.7.6‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬122
8.6‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ظﺮوف‬122
1.8.6‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬122
2.8.6‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬‫ــــــ‬‫ﺔ‬123
3.8.6‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬123
4.8.6‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬124
‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫ﺼﻞ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬
7‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒــــــﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــﺎﺕ‬
1.7‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬127
2.7‫ط‬ُ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺮق‬127
3.7‫اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬128
1.3.7‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫رﻣﺎل‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬130
2.3.7‫ر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎل‬131
3.3.7‫إﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫رﻣﺎل‬ ‫ات‬131
4.7‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬133
5.7‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬134
6.7‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ‬135
7.7‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫ﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬135
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11. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
v
8.7‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ‬136
9.7‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‬137
10.7‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬137
11.7‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬137
12.7‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬138
13.7‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬‫اﻹﻧﺰﻻﻗﯿﺔ‬138
14.7‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬139
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬
8‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤـــــــﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــﺎﺕ‬
1.8‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬141
2.8‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬141
3.8‫اﻟﻐﺎزي‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬142
4.8‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬145
5.8‫اﻟﺜﺮﻣﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬149
6.8‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬150
7.8‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬156
8.8‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬156
9.8‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮس‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬157
1.9.8‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮس‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬‫اﻷﻗﻄﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬157
2.9.8‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮس‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم‬‫اﻷﻗﻄﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬160
10.8‫اﻟ‬‫ﻠﺤﺎم‬‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬164
11.8‫اﻟ‬‫ﻠﺤﺎم‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬165
12.8‫اﻟ‬‫ﻠﺤﺎم‬‫واﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻜﺮة‬165
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬
9‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــــــﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴـــــــﻞ‬
1.9‫اﻟﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬167
2.9‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ‬167
1.2.9‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬167
2.2.9‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬168
3.9‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬169
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12. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
vi
4.9‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬170
5.9‫اﻟﺤﺪادة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬175
6.9‫اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬178
1.6.9‫طﺮق‬ُ‫اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬178
2.6.9‫أﺳﺎﻟﯿ‬‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬179
3.6.9‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬180
4.6.9‫ﺑﺜﻖ‬‫اﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻦ‬182
7.9‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬183
8.9‫اﻟﺪرﻓﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬187
9.9‫اﻟﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬191
10.9‫واﻟﺨﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت‬َ196
11.9‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬196
12.9‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪوران‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬197
13.9‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬198
14.9‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﺎﻟﻮرﺟﯿﺎ‬198
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
10‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤــــــــــــﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـــــــــﻢ‬
1.10‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﻘـــﺪﻣــﺔ‬201
2.10‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬202
3.10‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬204
4.10‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎور‬206
5.10‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﻠﻮب‬207
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼـــــــــــــﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬
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13. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
1
1.1-‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬(Introduction).
‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ُ
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ُ ُ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺰاﻟﺔ‬(Chip).‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬(Machining)‫ﺑﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ُ
‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ُ ُ.‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ُ
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮه‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻄﮫ‬ُ‫وﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺷﻈﺎﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﺮه‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-1.(
‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫طﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬(Shear Plane)‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫وﻋﻨ‬
‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬)φ(Shear Angle -.‫ﺪﻋﻰ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫اﻷوﻟ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﯿﺘﺎن‬‫ﻓﺮﺿ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ھﻨﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻖ‬‫اﻟﺮﻗﯿ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻣ‬(Thin Shear plane)‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫وﺗ‬‫إ‬‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﻋﺘﺒ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺪا‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫رﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ً.‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫أﻣ‬
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‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-1(:‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺔ‬

14. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
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‫اﻟﺴﻤﯿﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬(Thick Shear plane)‫ﻜﻼ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ً
‫ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺎ‬ً‫وﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺒﮫ‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻮﺿﺢ‬‫رﻗﻢ‬(2-1).
‫أو‬ ‫ﺮد‬‫ﻣﻔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫وﺑ‬ ‫ﺎوت‬‫ﻣﺘﻔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ، ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬(Cutting Speed).‫ﺸﻐﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺪن‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿ‬ ‫ﻮاص‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬.
2-‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬(Cutting Depth).‫ا‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﻤ‬‫ﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫اﻻﻧﺘﮭ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯿﻼ‬‫ﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻟﻘﻄ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫وﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬.
3-‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬(Feed Rate).‫ﺪل‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻠﺪ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺪن‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬.
4-‫إﺳﺘﻘﺮارﯾﺔ‬‫واﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ، ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺴﺎءة‬ُ ُ.
5-‫واﻟﺜﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ُ
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬(2-2):‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﺎت‬
Workpiece
Tool
Workpiece
Tool
(a)(b)
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15. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
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2.1-‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ُ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺪد‬(Cutting Tools Materials).
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ُ
‫إ‬‫ﺼﻼدة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻷﺧﺺ‬‫وﺑ‬ ‫ﻮع‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪن‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿ‬ ‫ﻮاص‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫أﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬،
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺠ‬ ‫ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺎء‬ ‫أﺛﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﮭ‬ ‫ﻼدﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎظ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫رة‬
‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﺿ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﮭ‬ ، ‫ﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻟﻺ‬‫اﻟﺨﻮاص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬.‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ُ‫ﺑﺎﻵ‬ ‫ﺪد‬‫ﺗﻲ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ‬(High Carbon Steel).
‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎرﺑﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﻠ‬ُ‫ﺪد‬
)0.8%-1.2.(%‫ﺪ‬‫ﯾﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫وﻟﻜﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻼدة‬‫وﺻ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﺟﯿ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﯿﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻼدﺗﮫ‬(300Cº)‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫واﻟﻌﻤ‬‫اﻟﻌﻨﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻞ‬.
2-‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ‬(High Speed Steel).
،‫ﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻜ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻚ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺋﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫وھ‬
،‫ﺎدﯾﻮم‬‫اﻟﻔﻨ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﺮوم‬‫ﺪﻧﻮم‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺒ‬،‫اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺎزة‬‫ﻣﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﯿﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠ‬ ،
‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﯾﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬)‫ﺗﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬(‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬(650Cº)‫أي‬‫إ‬‫ﻼدة‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء‬(Red or Hot Hardness).
3-‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﯿﺪات‬(Carbides).
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﯾ‬ُ ُ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﺎﻟﻮرﺟﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﻨﯿ‬ ‫ﺎدن‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺣﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫طﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﯿﻖ‬،‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬‫ﺪ‬‫وﻛﺎرﺑﯿ‬ ،‫ﺎﻧﯿﻮم‬‫اﻟﺘﯿﺘ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﯿﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻨﻜﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﯿﺪ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺘﺎﻟﯿﻮم‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒﺲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻹﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫ﺧﻮاﺻ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿ‬.‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﯾ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﯿ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺮاء‬ ‫ﺣﻤ‬ ‫ﻼدة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠ‬
(1200Cº)‫ﻟﻺ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﮭ‬ ‫ﻼدﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﺿ‬‫ﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺘﯿ‬‫ﻦ‬،‫ﺔ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﺿ‬
‫إ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺼﺪم‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎوﻣ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺪدات‬ ‫ﺤ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬.
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16. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
4
4-‫اﻟﺴﯿﺮاﻣﯿﻚ‬(Ceramic).
‫ﺪد‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﯾ‬‫أ‬ُ‫ﺴﯿﺪ‬‫وﻛ‬‫ﻮم‬‫اﻷﻟﻤﻨﯿ‬‫ﻀﺎﻓﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ً‫ﮫ‬‫إﻟﯿ‬‫أ‬ُ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨ‬ ، ‫ﺎﻧﯿﻮم‬‫اﻟﺘﯿﺘ‬ ‫ﺴﯿﺪ‬‫وﻛ‬‫ﯿ‬، ‫ﺴﯿﻮم‬‫أو‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوم‬‫ﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻂ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ُ‫إ‬‫ﺪا‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ً‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻼدة‬‫وﺻ‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ھﺸﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻄﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ُ.
5-‫اﻟﺴﺮﻣﯿﺖ‬(Cermet).
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﮭ‬ ‫ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘ‬ُ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﯿﺮاﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨ‬ ‫ﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻨ‬
)alMetamicCer(‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬‫إ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺪﻧﻲ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫راﺑ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﯿﺮاﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ‬‫ﺖ‬،
‫وﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﻮب‬‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺒﺲ‬‫وﺗﻜ‬ ‫وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﻜﻞ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠ‬ُ‫ﺪ‬‫د‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺮاء‬‫ﺣﻤ‬ ‫ﻼدة‬‫ﺻ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﮭ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬.
6-‫اﻟﻤﺎس‬(Diamond).
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺑﻨﻮﻋﯿ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﻛﻌ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ُ‫ﺪد‬‫إ‬‫ﺮد‬‫ﻣﻔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎل‬(Single Point Tools)
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬‫وﺑ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫اﻟﺨﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄ‬.‫ﺸﻐﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺼﻌﺐ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫ﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬‫ﯾ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫وإﻧﮭﺎء‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫وأﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬ُ.
7-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺣﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬(Cast Nonferrous Alloys).
، ‫ﺮوم‬‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وھﻲ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻀﺎﻓﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻦ‬‫واﻟﺘﻨﻜ‬ ،ً‫ﺎ‬‫إﻟﯿﮭ‬
، ‫ﺎﻟﯿﻮم‬‫اﻟﺘﻨﺘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎرﺑﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺪﻧﻮم‬،‫أو‬‫ﻮرون‬‫اﻟﺒ‬.‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠ‬
‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﺻﻼدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ھﺬه‬‫ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻔﺎظ‬(925 Cº).
3.1-‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬(Types of Chip).
‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻋﻼﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫وھﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻮث‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫واﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ُ ُ.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬:
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17. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
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1-‫اﻟﺮاﯾ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻈﻲ‬ ‫ﺶ‬(Discontinuous Chip).
‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫واﻟﺒﺮوﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺰھ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺣﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺸﺔ‬‫اﻟﮭ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻐﯿﺮة‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وزاوﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺮوف‬‫ظ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻄﯿﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺎدن‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ردﯾﺌﺔ‬)‫إﻧﻈﺮ‬‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-3-a((.
1.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬(Continuous Chip).
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻄﯿﻠﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋ‬‫ﺮف‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وزاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬.‫ﺎل‬‫اﻟﻔﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻟﻔﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫وﯾﻌﺘﺒ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮﯾﻂ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬.
‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬)1-3-b. (
2.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬(Built up Edge Chip).
‫ﻐﯿﺮة‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫وﺑﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫واطﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﯿﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺊ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﯾﺘﻜ‬.‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺮوف‬‫ظ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﯾﻜ‬ ‫ﻼه‬‫أﻋ‬‫ﺮارة‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﯾﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫وﺟ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺣﻘ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫رﺑ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬
‫ﺆات‬‫ﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﺎرﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﯿﺮھ‬ ‫ﺄﺗﻲ‬‫وﺗ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬
‫وﺗﻮﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺎء‬‫إﻧﮭ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫رديء‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬)1-3-c. (
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-3: (‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
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18. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
6
4.1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬(Types of Cutting Processes).
‫وھﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫رﺋﯿﺴﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬:-
1-‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ﻮدي‬.‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬‫إ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎھﯿﻦ‬.
2-‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬.‫ﺗ‬ُ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻞ‬‫إ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎھﺎت‬.
1.4.1-‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬(Orthogonal Cutting).
‫ﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺻ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻮازﯾ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ُ
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮدي‬‫إ‬‫وﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎه‬‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺎ‬)1-4-(a.‫ھﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮان‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻗﻮﺗ‬ ‫ﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻌ‬ُ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺪة‬(Axial Force)‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫واﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫أو‬(Tangential).‫إن‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ُ.
‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬‫آ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻨﺖ‬‫وﻣﯿﺮﺷ‬ ‫رﻧﺴﺖ‬‫ﻦ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺴﺎب‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬ ،‫ﻮدي‬‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺮك‬‫ﺗﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬(Vc)‫ﺸ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ُ‫ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫وﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬(AB).
‫ﻤﻚ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬(t2)‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫وﻋﻤ‬(t1)‫ﺮف‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻨ‬)γ(‫ﻮص‬‫ﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وزاوﯾ‬
)α(‫و‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)1-5.(
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-4:(a-‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬b-‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
θ
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19. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
7
φsin
BD
AB =
φsin
1t
AB =
( )γφ −
=
cos
BC
AB
( )
AB
BC
=− γφcos
2tBC =
( )γφ −
=
cos
2t
AB
AB
BD
=φsin
1tBD =
‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬(ABD)‫ﻧ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻞ‬:
;
‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬(ABC)‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬:
;
)1(
)2(
Chip Thickness after Cutting
(t2)
Undeformed Chip Thickness
(t1)
γ
Ø
D
B
A
γ-Ø
α
Workpiece
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-5(:‫وﻣﯿﺮﺷﻨﺖ‬ ‫آرﻧﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
Tool
C
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20. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
8
( )γ−φ
φ
==
cos
sin
2
1
c
r
t
t
γ
γ
φ
sin1
cos
tan 1
c
c
r
r
−
= −
°=⇒






×−
×
=






−
=
−
−
66.18
12sin318.01
12cos318.0
tan
sin1
cos
tan
1
1
φ
φ
γ
γ
φ
c
c
r
r
2
1
t
t
rc = 318.0
1.1
35.0
=⇒= cc rr
‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻼه‬‫أﻋ‬ ‫ﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻼل‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺴﺎب‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻤﻜ‬‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻚ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻧ‬(Chip Thickness Ratio)
)
2
1
t
t
(‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ُ(rc).
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬(rc)‫أ‬‫ﻷ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬ً‫ﻮ‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻚ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛﺒ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬.
‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬)φ(‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬:
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻮدي‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬(500m/min)‫ﺮف‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬(12º)‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﻤ‬
(0.35mm)‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ،(1.1 mm)،‫إ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬.
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬//
;
)3(
)4(
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21. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
9
φφ sincos hvs FFN +=
( )γβφ −+= tanSs FN
γγ cossin vh FFF +=
γγ sincos vh FFN −=
φφ sincos vhs FFF −=
‫ھﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻢ‬‫رﻗ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯿﺤﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮدي‬‫ﻟﻌﻤ‬
)1-6(‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺮﺷﻨﺖ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬:
‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫ﻗ‬(Fh)‫ﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫ﻗ‬ ،(Fv)‫ﺎك‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫ﻗ‬ ،(F)‫ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫ﻗ‬ ،(Ns)،
‫اﻟﻘﻮ‬‫ة‬‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮي‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬(Fs)‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻟﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫وﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ،(N)،
Ø=‫زاوﯾ‬، ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﺔ‬γ=‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬،β=‫اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬:
N
F
Fv R
Ns
Fh
γ-β
β
γ
Ø
Fs
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-6(:‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺮﺷﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬
Tool
Workpiece
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22. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
10
( )nγθψ costantan 1−
=
nγ=
θ=
‫ھﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬:
1-‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮص‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬ ‫طﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ.
2-‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻊ‬.
3-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬.
4-‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ً.
5-‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ُ.
6-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫واﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬
7-‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫راﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬.
8-‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ُ.
2.4.1-‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬(Oblique Cutting).
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛﯿ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫واﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮاط‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺐ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺎد‬‫ﺑﻌ‬.‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺰاوﯾ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ھ‬)θ(‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
(Inclination Angle)‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋ‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺎه‬‫ﺗﺠ‬ُ)‫إ‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫رﻗ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬)1-4-b((.
‫و‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫أط‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﯾﻜ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻮدي‬‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫أ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻧﺤ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻼ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ً‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺎ‬ً‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ،‫إ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎه‬‫إ‬‫ﻮق‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﯿﺎب‬‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫وﺟ‬ُ.
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ظﮭﺮت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬)‫واﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﺔ‬(‫ﺮى‬‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﻮة‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻈﮭ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(Radial Force)‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬‫إ‬‫ﺸ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮاف‬‫ﻧﺤ‬ُ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬.‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮض‬‫ﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻘﻄ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﻦ‬.
‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬)ψ(‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿ‬‫ﺔ‬:
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬.
‫ز‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫اوﯾﺔ‬.
)5(
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23. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
11
ψθψγθγ
γθθγ
sinsincossincossin
sincossinsin 22
+=
=
ne
ne
°=⇒
×+=
+=
°=⇒
×=
=
−
−
2.13
10sin1515sinsin
sinsinsin
8.14
)10cos15(tantan
)cos(tantan
2
22
1
1
e
e
ne
n
sos
sos
γ
γ
γθθγ
ψ
ψ
γθψ
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬( )eγ‫ﺎن‬‫ﺟﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻣﺘﺠ‬ ‫ﻄﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺮا‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺶ‬:
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫إ‬‫إن‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫وزاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺐ‬‫ﺣ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬)º10(‫اﻟﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫وزاوﯾﺔ‬)º15.(
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬//
5.1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ُ ُ(Cutting Tool Life).
‫إن‬‫ﺎﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ‬‫ﻣﯿﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ُ(Wear)
‫ﻠﺒﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫وھ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺎوزه‬‫ﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ً،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮدة‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
‫أو‬ ‫ﺤﺬھﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﯾﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫وﺻﻮل‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ‬ُ‫إ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫ﺘﺒﺪاﻟﮭﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ُ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬ُ
‫إ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﻧﺘﮭ‬.‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﯾﻤﻜ‬ُ ُ‫إ‬‫ﺤﺬ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎﺑﯿﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿ‬ ‫ﺮة‬‫اﻟﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ً ُ‫ﻼل‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺰال‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺮاﯾﺶ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺑﺤﺠ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬
)6(
)7(
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24. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
12
CVTn
=
‫أﻋﻼه‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬.‫وا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ُ ُ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻟﺘ‬
‫ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻮر‬(F.W.Taylor):
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
V=‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬(m/min).
T=‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ُ ُ(min).
n=‫واﻟﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ُ ُ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬)‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫إﻧﻈﺮ‬)1-7((.
C=‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.
‫ﻢ‬ ‫رﻗ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬)1-7(‫اﻟ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪث‬ ‫ﯾﺤ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻘﻄ‬ً
‫ﻚ‬ ‫وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاطﺌ‬ً‫ﻷ‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺆدي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﻜ‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﮭﯿ‬ُ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬
‫ﺎج‬‫اﻹﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﻮاطﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬.‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﯾﻤﻜ‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎدة‬‫ﺳ‬
)8(
y
x
x
y
n =
log T
logV
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-7:(‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ُ ُ
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25. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
13
‫ﻰ‬‫اﻷوﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼه‬‫أﻋ‬‫إ‬‫ﺖ‬‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑ‬ ‫ﯿﻢ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺮاج‬‫ﺳ‬(C,n)‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﯾﻠﻮر‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﻮﻗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ُ ُ.‫ﻢ‬‫رﻗ‬ ‫ﺪول‬‫اﻟﺠ‬)1-1(‫ﺖ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﯿﻢ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﯾﻮﺿ‬(n)
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮاد‬ُ.
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬)1-1(‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬(n)‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮاد‬ُ
Plain CarbonOxidesCarbidesH . SSTool Material
0.10.5-0.70.2-0.490.08-0.2Constant ,n
‫ﺑﺎﻵ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬ُ ُ‫ﺗﻲ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ُ:‫اﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬:
a-‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬(Rake Angle ):‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬ ‫ﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫إن‬(Side R.A)
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻈﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬‫ﺣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬‫إن‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬‫زﯾ‬‫إ‬‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺰال‬‫ﺧﺘ‬ُ ُ.‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫أﻣ‬
(Back R.A)‫ﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﮭ‬.‫ﻲ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺰاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻓ‬ ‫إن‬
(40º - 5º)‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮا‬ً ً‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ.
b-‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬(Cutting Edge Angle):‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿ‬(End C. E)‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺰاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫أﻣ‬ ،‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﯾﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤ‬ ‫ذات‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬‫ﺠﺎﻧﺒ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﯿ‬(Side C. E)‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮا‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈﻧﮭ‬ً‫إ‬‫ﻦ‬‫وﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿ‬ُ ُ ً‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬‫زﯾ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬)º15(‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫وﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻈﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬ُ ُ.
c-‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬(Nose Radius):‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻦ‬‫ﯾﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺼﻒ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ُ ُ
‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺰة‬‫ﻣﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺎدات‬‫إﺟﮭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ظﮭ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ
‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻰ‬.
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26. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
14
2-‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬.‫اﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬:
a-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬(Cutting Speed):‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻜﻮن‬ُ ُ
‫ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬.
b-‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪل‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬)(Feed or Feed Rate:‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻀﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔ‬
‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫وﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ُ‫أ‬‫أن‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛﺒ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ُ ُ‫أ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﻮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫زﯾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺆدي‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫زﯾ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮى‬ ‫أﺧ‬،‫ﻐﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬‫زﯾ‬ ‫ﺘﺞ‬‫ﯾﻨ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻂ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬‫زﯾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ُ
‫ﺐ‬‫ﯾﺠ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫وﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ُ ُ‫إ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺗﻌﻄ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺧﺘﺒ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮا‬ً ُ‫أ‬‫أﺑﻄﺄ‬ ‫وﺑﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬.
3-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(Cutting Fluids):‫زﯾﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ة‬ُ ُ:
a-‫ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻼل‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬.
b-‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻘﻠﻞ‬‫ﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬.
4-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫طﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬:‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫إن‬ُ
‫ﻚ‬‫وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ن‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺼﺪﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺪﻻت‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫زﯾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺆدي‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﻄ‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬‫إ‬‫ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﮭﯿﺎر‬ُ.
5-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﮭﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬:‫واﻟﺼﻼدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.
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27. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
15
1.26
12010 2.0
=⇒
=×
=
C
C
CVT n
min3.14
1.2620 1.0
=⇒
=×
T
T
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺮاط‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺰھ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺣﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻠﺔ‬ُ(10 mmin)
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺈ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ُ ُ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻤﺮ‬ُ(120 min)‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻢ‬ ،ُ ُ
‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺰداد‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺮوف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻟ‬ ‫ﺎرﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬
(20 mmin).‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫أس‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫إذا‬ُ(n)‫ﻮ‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎرﺑﯿ‬(0.2)‫ﺎرﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻮﻻذ‬‫وﻟﻠﻔ‬
)0.1.(
‫اﻟ‬‫ﺤﻞ‬//
‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ُ)‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬(20 mmin).(
6.1-‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬(Machinability).
‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺮع‬ ‫أﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺸﻐﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺪن‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﺷﺤﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ُ‫ﺪة‬.‫ﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫وﯾﻌﺘﺒ‬‫ﺎدة‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﮭﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﯿﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ‬ً ً
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬.‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬
‫ھﻲ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ُ.‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺮھ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﯾﻘﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﺮع‬‫أﺳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﺑﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ُ
‫ذات‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻜﻢ‬‫ذات‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻠﯿﻨ‬ ‫ﺎدن‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬.
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28. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
16
2-‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫وزاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬.
3-‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬.
4-‫اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬.
7.1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬(Cutting Heat).
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺮارة‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺰة‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﮭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ ُ‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ،‫واﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ، ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮه‬.
2-‫اﻹ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬ُ-‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬-‫اﻟﺸ‬ُ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬.
‫ﺣ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫ﺎطﻖ‬‫ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﻼث‬‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫أﺛﻨ‬ ‫ﺸﺄ‬‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬(A):‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠ‬ ‫ﺮارة‬‫ﻟﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﺪار‬‫ﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫أﻋﻈ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫طﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮه‬.‫ﺪا‬‫ﺑﻌﯿ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﯾﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﺮارة‬‫ﻟﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻷﻛﺒ‬ ‫ﺪار‬‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ً ُ‫ﻄﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ُ.
2-‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬(B):‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﺮف‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬ُ.
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ُ.
3-‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬(C):‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺼﻞ‬ُ-‫ﺸ‬‫اﻟ‬ُ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠ‬ ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ.
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-8(‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬.
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29. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
17
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻮزع‬(Q)‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬:
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
Q1=‫وﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬)60%-85. (%
Q2=‫وﻗﺪرھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ُ)10%-40. (%
Q3=‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ُ)3%-10. (%
Q4=‫وﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬)1. (%
8.1-‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫إ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﮭﯿﺎر‬(Tool Failures).
‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻼل‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺼﯿﺒﮭﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض‬ُ
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫إ‬‫د‬‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫راﺟﮭﺎ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﮭﯿﺎرات‬.‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬:
a-‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮه‬.
b-‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﮭﺎدات‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ‬.
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-8(‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ‬
A
Tool
C
B
Chip
Workpiece
4321 QQQQQTotal +++= )9(
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30. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
18
2-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻈﻲ‬‫أو‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬.
3-‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬:‫إن‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﯾﺼﯿﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ُ‫ﻹ‬‫اﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬ ‫طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺸ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ُ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وﻛ‬ ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬‫ﺸ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﺣﺘﻜ‬ُ ُ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬‫إﺿ‬ ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬‫إ‬‫ﺪرة‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﺎع‬‫رﺗﻔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬.‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻰ‬:
1-‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬(Flank Wear).
‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ‬‫ﯾﺤ‬‫ﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠ‬)‫ﺮ‬‫إﻧﻈ‬‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫رﻗ‬)1-9-a((‫ﻮص‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠ‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫وﺳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ُ
‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫وھ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﯾ‬ ‫ﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒ‬ ‫ﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﻟﺘ‬
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﺸﻮاﺋﺐ‬‫اﻟ‬‫اﻹ‬‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﺣﺘﻜ‬‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫وﯾﻌﺘﻤ‬ ،‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫وﻋ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ُ
‫اﻵﺗﻲ‬:
a-‫واﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﺻﻼدة‬ُ ُ.
b-‫واﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎوة‬ُ ُ.
c-‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ُ.
d-‫ا‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼد‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬‫ﻹ‬‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬.
2-‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬(Crater wear).
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿ‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ُ
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-9-b.(‫ا‬ ‫إﺿﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﯾﺴﺎھﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ُ
‫اﻹ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ،‫ﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬.
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬)1-9(:a-‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬b-‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ُ
(b)(a)
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31. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
19
9.1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(Cutting Fluids).
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬ ‫إن‬‫إ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫وﯾﻘﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﻦ‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﺿ‬ ،‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﺮارة‬‫اﻟﺤ‬‫إ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬‫ﺈ‬‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺳ‬ُ
‫ﻀﺎ‬‫وأﯾ‬ ‫ﺼﮭﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻐﯿ‬ ‫ﺪون‬‫وﺑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ً‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻘﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﺣﺘﻜ‬
‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪود‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻠ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﻄﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻮى‬ ‫واﻟﻘ‬ُ ُ ُ
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬.
1.9.1-‫ﺧﻮاص‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(Properties of Cutting Fluids ).
‫ھﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﺣﺘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻮاﺋﻞ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮﻓﺮ‬‫ﺗﺘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫إ‬‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص‬ ‫وھﺬه‬:
1-‫إ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬.
2-‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬.
3-‫درﺟﺔ‬‫إ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﻌﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬.
4-‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة‬ً.
5-‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺆذﯾﺔ‬.
6-‫وﻏﯿ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺔ‬.
7-‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬.
8-‫اﻹ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺿﺒﺎب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫دﺧﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.
9-‫ﻛﺮﯾﮭﺔ‬ ‫راﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
10-‫ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
11-‫ﻟﻠﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ُ‫واﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻐﻠﺔ‬.
12-‫واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﮭﻠﺔ‬.
13-‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺪاﺋﻲ‬.
14-‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬.
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32. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
20
15-‫اﻟﺠﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬.
16-‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻏﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
17-‫طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬.
18-‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬‫إ‬‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫وﻏﯿﺮ‬.
2.9.1-‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(Benefit of Cutting Fluids ).
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻔ‬ ‫ﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻠﮭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺘﻠ‬
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ُ ُ.
2-‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻮى‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ‬ُ‫ﺪة‬.‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﯿ‬‫إ‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺰال‬‫ﺧﺘ‬‫ﻮى‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺾ‬‫ﯾﺨﻔ‬ ‫ﺪوره‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﺣﺘﻜ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬.
3-‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﮭﺎء‬.
4-‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬‫اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬.
5-‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬‫ﻷ‬‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ُ.
6-‫اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫وھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬‫ﺎﻻت‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﺾ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬‫إﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬.
7-‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬.
3.9.1-‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬(Types of Cutting Fluids ).
‫أ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫إدراﺟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻦ‬:
1-‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬(Air).
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺼﺢ‬‫ﯾﻨ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻓﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺪا‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺧﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﻮاء‬‫اﻟﮭ‬ ‫وﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ً
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﮭﺎ‬.
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33. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
21
2-‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬(Water).
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ‬ُ ُ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬.‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻗﺪر‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﺠﻌﻠ‬‫ﻮل‬‫ﻣﻘﺒ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﻗﺪرﺗ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﺮاري‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﯿﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬.‫ﺾ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫إﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﻀﺎﻓﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯿﻂ‬‫ﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ً
‫أ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻼح‬ُ‫و‬‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬.
3-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬(Emulsim).
‫واﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬.‫ﯾ‬‫ﺘ‬‫أوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ً‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎف‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺲ‬
‫ﺴﺮ‬ ‫وﯾ‬ ‫ﺎرد‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﯾﻜ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﯾﺠ‬.‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﺪرة‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠ‬‫إ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﯾﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻛﺬ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬‫ﺈ‬‫ﺪر‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وﯾﻌﻄ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ن‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬.
4-‫اﻟﺰﯾﻮت‬(Oils).
‫ﻮاص‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫ﻹﻋﻄ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫وﻣﺮﻛﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺎت‬‫إﺿ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻮاد‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬
‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬‫ﻹ‬‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎم‬.‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫زﯾﻮت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬:
a-‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻮت‬.
‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬‫ة‬‫إﺿ‬‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫إ‬‫ﺖ‬‫اﻟﺘﺰﯾﯿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪودﯾﺘﮭﺎ‬‫ﺑﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻊ‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎم‬.
b-‫اﻟﺪھﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻮت‬.
‫ﺴﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻠﯿﻠ‬ ‫ﺪودة‬ ‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫إﺳ‬.‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﯾ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬.
c-‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻮت‬–‫اﻟﺪھﻨﯿﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿ‬ ‫ﻮت‬‫اﻟﺰﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺰﯾﺞ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وھ‬‫ﺴﺒﯿﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻠﯿﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﻠﻔ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫إﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰاﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪھﻨﯿ‬ ‫ﻮت‬‫واﻟﺰﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ً
‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻼﺣﺪﯾﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫،وﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪھﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫وﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ‬ُ.
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34. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
22
10.1-‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬(Surface Roughness).
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ‬(Surface Quality)‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﮭﻤ‬ ‫دورا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ً ً
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫أدﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺘﺰﯾﯿﺖ‬ ،‫اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫اﻷﺧ‬ ‫ﺰء‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮫ‬‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪﻗ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وﻛ‬ ‫ﺰء‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬.‫ﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫ﻣﻔﮭ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ً‫ﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺎوت‬ ‫ﺗﻔ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔﮫ‬ ‫وﺻ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬(Uneven)‫ﺎم‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﻈ‬ ‫ﺪم‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ،
(Irregular)‫ﺼﻼدة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬.‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ‬ ‫وواﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺎط‬ ‫أﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﺮك‬ ‫ﺗﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ‬ُ.
1.10.1-‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬(Types of Surface Roughness).
‫ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬:
1-‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬(Ideal Roughness).
‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾ‬ ‫ﺪار‬‫وﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭ‬ ‫ﺼﻮل‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻀﻞ‬‫أﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وھ‬.‫ﻦ‬‫وﯾﻤﻜ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮو‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ط‬:
a-‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬(B.U.E).
b-‫إﺻﻄﻜﺎك‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬.
c-‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎت‬ً.
‫ﺪة‬‫ﻟﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﺼﻒ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫إن‬(Nose Radius)‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﺠﻤ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾ‬
‫ﺼ‬‫اﻹﺗ‬ ‫ﺮدة‬‫ﻣﻔ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬‫ﺎل‬
‫واﻟﻘﺸﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاطﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬:
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
Ri=‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬(mm).
NR
f
Ri
32
2
= )10(
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35. ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
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f=‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬(mmrev).
NR=‫اﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫طﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬(mm).
‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫وﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮا‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮض‬ً
‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺪ‬.
‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(Slab Milling)‫ﺎطﻊ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺣﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬:
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
Ri=‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺜ‬‫ﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬(mm).
f=‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬(mmtooth).
D=‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬(mm).
Z=‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬.
‫ﺎرة‬‫اﻹﺷ‬ ‫إن‬(+)‫ﻰ‬‫ﻟﻸﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ھ‬(Up Milling)‫ﺎرة‬‫واﻹﺷ‬ ،)-(‫ﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ھ‬
(Down Milling).
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬ ‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒ‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﯾﺘﺨ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮاء‬‫اﻹﺟ‬ ‫إن‬ُ(Actual Surface Roughness)
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺮب‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬)1-10(‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺋﻢ‬ُ:
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬:
Ra=‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.
rai=‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬‫وﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬ ،‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬)1-10. (
iaia RrR ×= )12(
( ) ( )π/f/D
f.
R
Z
i
±
=
2
1250 2
)11(
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