This lecture is a simple presentation on Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering and Informatics: Review and Open Problems

1. g
Artificial Intelligence in
Biomedical Engineering
and Informatics: Review
and Open Problems
‫الدكتور‬ ‫األستاذ‬/‫حسنين‬ ‫عطيفى‬ ‫ابوالعال‬
‫المصرية‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫المدرسة‬ ‫ورئيس‬ ‫مؤسس‬-‫وال‬ ‫الحاسبات‬ ‫بكلية‬ ‫واألستاذ‬‫معلومات‬–
‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫االولى‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫والفنون‬ ‫للعلوم‬ ‫الدولة‬ ‫وسام‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحاصل‬
‫كلية‬‫الهندسة‬–‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫السبت‬9‫مارس‬2019
‫ظهرا‬ ‫والربع‬ ‫الواحدة‬ ‫الساعة‬
‫المؤتمرات‬ ‫قاعة‬

2. What do you think
Artificial Intelligence
is?

3. Artificial
Intelligence in
Movies
In movies, robots are
able to talk, think,
have emotions, and
make decisions just
like humans
Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering and
Informatics: Review and Open Problems, Faculty of Eng.
CU, 9 March 2019

4. What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is the theory and
development of computer systems that are
able to perform tasks that would required
human intelligence.
Examples of these tasks are visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-
making and translation between languages
“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”. – According to the
father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy

5. Real Life A.I.
Examples
❏ Self Driving Cars
❏ Google Maps - traffic
predictions are
satellite-based
❏ Video Games
❏ Movie
Recommendations
❏ Sports Strategies -
Designing strategy for
a multi-player team
sports is quite a
difficult task for AI
Summing up
AI is everywhere, and it could be
harnessed to help solve major
challenges whether business or
personal. It has already brought
dramatic changes in the whole world
with new inventions and technology
advancements, working towards
creating a smarter, more cognitive
tomorrow.

6. AI timeline

7. As we are totally surrounded by machines and
computer systems, this gave humans a general
thought like “Can a machine think and behave
like humans do? “. Though this was a general
thought, its curiosity leads to the development
of artificial intelligence (AI).
Philosophy of AI

8. Types of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)

9. Types of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
AI types
Weak AI
Strong AI

10. Weak A.I
Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI), also
known as narrow AI, is artificial intelligence that
is focused on one narrow task. Weak AI is
defined in contrast to either strong AI (a
machine with sentience and mind or artificial
general intelligence (a machine with the ability
to apply intelligence to any problem, rather than
just one specific problem.

11. Strong A.I.
A machine with strong A.I.
is able to think and act
just like a human. It is
able to learn from
experiences.
Since there are no real life
examples of strong A.I.
yet, the best
representation would be
how Hollywood portrays
robots.

12. Machine
Learning
An application of
Artificial Intelligence
that gives machines
the ability to learn
and improve without
the help of humans
or new programming.
Machine
Learning
AI

13. Deep Learning
Deep learning (also
known as deep structured
learning or
hierarchical learning) is
part of a broader family
of machine
learning methods based
on learning data
representations, as
opposed to task-specific
algorithms. Learning can
be supervised, semi-
supervised or
unsupervised.

14. Deep
Learning
Artificial intelligence is
the broader concept that
consists of everything
from Good Old-
Fashioned AI (GOFAI) all
the way to futuristic
technologies such
as deep learning. ... The
narrow intelligence AI
machines can perform
specific tasks very well,
sometimes better than
humans — though they
are limited in scope.

15. The Turing Test
Inthe1950s AlanTuringcreated
theTuringTestwhichisusedto
determinethelevelof intelligenceof
acomputer.
A computer program
mimicked human
conversation so well that it
was mistaken for a real live
human
but “machine intelligence”
still has a long way to go

16. The Turing Test Measures
Something, But It’s Not
“Intelligence”
Some people disagree
with the Turing Test. They
claim it does not actually
measure a computer's
intelligence.

17. The Future of
A.I.
★ Military Bots
★ Theperfectlawyer
★ Music
★ Business
★ Healthcare
★ Nano-robotic

18. Benefits of A.I.
Themostimportantpurpose of
A.I.istoreducehuman
casualtiesin
➔ wars
➔ Dangerous Workspaces
➔ CarAccidents
➔ NaturalDisasters
➔ Healthcare
Or tojustmakeeverydaylife
easierbyhelpingwithtasks
suchas:
➔ Cleaning
➔ Shopping
➔ Transportation

19. AI would have a low error
rate compared to humans,
if coded properly. They
would have incredible
precision, accuracy,
and speed. They won't be
affected by hostile
environments, thus able
to complete dangerous
tasks, explore in space,
and endure problems that
would injure or kill us.

20. How to take advantage
of AI
Business need to overcome the trust and bias
issues surrounding AI by achieving an effective and
successful implementation that makes it possible
for everyone to benefit.
Governments must ensure that gains from AI
are shared widely across society to prevent social
inequality between those affected and unaffected
by these developments. For example, this could be
through increased investment into training.
With the additional cost-savings from
implementing AI systems, employers should
also focus on up-skilling their current
employees.

21. AI in
Healthcare
Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare
is the use of algorithms and software
to approximate human cognition in the
analysis of complex medical data.
Specifically, AI is the ability for
computer algorithms to approximate
conclusions without direct human
input.

22. Medical image processing
Breast cancer analysis, (sonar,
MRI, fMRI, CT)
Liver fibrosis and tumour
analysis (biopsy, MRI, CT)
Medical image annotation
Computer based Cell blood disorder
Problems:
- Breast Cancer Case
- Liver Fibrosis – HCV
- Content-based image retrieval
- Formal Concept Analysis (visualize
(rule based))
Biomedical Engineering

23. Nano-
technology
Artificial Intelligence Intersects
with Nanotechnology

24. Nano-
technology
A truly multidisciplinary field A
truly multidisciplinary
Artificial
Intelligence
Intersects with
Nanotechnology

25. Nanorobots can be used in blood cell to detect
pathogens:
Artificial
Intelligence
Intersects
with
Nanotechn
ology
‫الطبى‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫فى‬ ‫وتطبيقاتة‬ ‫االصطناعى‬ ‫الذكاء‬ ‫محاضرة‬–‫الهندسة‬ ‫كلية‬–‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬9‫مارس‬2019

26. Elkhosht: Nanotechnology Center at Cairo University Plays
Effective Role in Industry Development and Economy Service
‫الخشت‬:‫القاهرة‬ ‫بجامعة‬ ‫اإلصطناعى‬ ‫للذكاء‬ ‫كلية‬ ‫بإنشاء‬ ‫أحلم‬
Artificial Intelligence Intersects with Nanotechnology

27. Breast Cancer Case
According to the USA National Cancer Institute
report:
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in
women today and it is the most common type of cancer in
women.
Each year about 180,000 women in the United States
develop breast cancer, and
About 48,000 lose their lives to this disease.
It is also reported that a woman's lifetime risk of
developing breast cancer is one in eight.
Currently, digital mammography is one of the most
promising cancer control strategies in earliest stages.
A novel approach for detection of breast cancer at an early
stage using digital image processing techniques
Breast cancer screening is used to identify breast cancer
in women who have no physical symptoms. It is hoped
that finding breast cancer early will enable women to
undergo less invasive treatments, with better outcomes.

28. Thermography
Thermography is a test that detects
and records temperature changes on
the surface of the skin.
Digital infrared thermal imaging
(DITI), a type of thermography used in
the screening of breast cancer, uses an
infrared thermal camera to take a picture
of the areas of different temperature in the
breasts. The camera displays these
patterns as a sort of heat map.
Computer-aided analysis for breast cancer detection
in thermography

29. Blood cell disorders
Developing a Computer-based
*Developing a Computer-based Information System to Improve the Diagnosis of Blood Anemia
*Image Analysis System For Detection Of Red Blood Cell Disorders
What Are Blood Cell Disorders
A blood cell disorder is a condition in which
there’s a problem with your red blood cells,
white blood cells, or the smaller, circulating
cells called platelets, which are critical for clot
formation. All three cell types form in the bone
marrow, which is the soft tissue inside your
bones. Red blood cells transport oxygen to your
body’s organs and tissues. White blood cells
help your body fight infections. Platelets help
your blood to clot. Blood cell disorders impair
the formation and function of one or more of
these types of blood cells.

30. Blood cell disorders
Developing a Computer-based
Perform an accurate and consistent blood
cell count automatically
Generate blood count reports based on
standard routine
Diagnose the blood diseases automatically,
efficiently and accurately
Detect shapes of the abnormal red blood
cells automatically
Separate overlapped cells from red blood
cells

31. Blood cell disorders
Developing a Computer-based (WBC)
Normally, people produce about 100 billion white
blood cells a day. The number of white blood cells in
a given volume of blood is expressed as cells per
microliter of blood. The total white blood cell count
normally ranges between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per
microliter. The proportion of each of the five major
types of white blood cells and the total number of
cells of each type in a given volume of blood can also
be determined through laboratory tests.
Leukopenia, a decrease in the number of
white blood cells to fewer than 4,000 cells per
microliter of blood, frequently makes people
more susceptible to infections.
Leukocytosis, an increase in the number of
white blood cells to more than 11,000 cells per
microliter of blood, is often caused by the
normal response of the body to help fight an
infection
*Developing a Computer-based Information System to Improve the Diagnosis of Blood Anemia
*Image Analysis System For Detection Of Red/white Blood Cell Disorders

32. Hepatitis C Virus in Egypt -HCV
 The World Health Organization has
decleared hepatitis C a global health
problem, with approximately 3% of
the world’s population (roughly 170-
200 million people) infected with
HCV.
 Egypt has one of the highest
prevalence rates of the C virus in the
world
 In Egypt the situation is quite worse.
EGYPT:14.7 % infected with Hepatitis C

33. Liver Fibrosis
 Stage 0 No fibrosis (fatty liver)
 Stage 1 Portal expansion with fibrosis (<1/3 area)
 Stage 2 Bridging fibrosis (>1/3)
 Stage 3 Marked bridging fibrosis or early cirrhosis (
no reason for tissue conversion)
 Stage 4 Definite cirrhosis (<50% of biopsy fibrosis)
 Stage 5 Definite cirrhosis (>50% of biopsy fibrosis)
Challenges: distinguish between the late fibrosis stage
and tumor Good segmentation techniques/features-
based/classifier/
extract the liver features using the joint features of fractal dimension and the entropies of texture edge co-
occurrence matrix based on ultrasound images =========== Classification problem

34. Fibro Scan – Avoid liver
biopsy
A combination of blood test and
fibroscan for accurate non-invasive
diagnosis of liver fibrosis stages in
chronic hepatitis C.
Fibroscan for assessing liver fibrosis
Liver fibrosis identification based on ultrasound images

35. Content-based Medical Image
Retrieval
Query Image
Extract Features
(Primitives)
Image
Databas
e
Features Database
Similarity
Measure
Matched
Results
Relevance
Feedback
Algorithm
Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) makes use of image features, such
as color and texture, to index images with minimal human intervention.

36. Retinal Vessel Segmentation
An Improved Ant Colony System
Retinal Image Ground-Truth
Segmentation
Segmentation of
ACS with Old
Heuristic Function
Segmentation of
ACS with New
Heuristic Function

37. Heart Sound:
Recognition and
Diagnosis
Biometric
Machine learning and swarms for
feature extractions

38. The essential mission of SRGE toward the research
and education in Egypt is to foster learning and
promoting research integrity in the current and next
generation of researchers in Egypt. SRGE is
rededicating itself to this fundamental purpose.
**Slides are adapted from several presentations on the internet as well as
experiences

39. Permission

40. About the
Author
Dr Aboul Ella Hassanein is the Founder and Head of the Egyptian Scientific
Research Group (SRGE) and a Professor of Information Technology at the Faculty
of Computer and Information, Cairo University. Professor Hassanien is ex-dean of
the faculty of computers and information, Beni Suef University.
Prof. Hassanien is a collaborative researcher member of the Computational
Intelligence Laboratory at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Manitoba. Dr Hassanien is the founder and head of Africa Scholars
Association in Information and Communication Technology. His other research
areas include computational intelligence, medical image analysis, security, animal
identification, space sciences and telemetry mining and multimedia data mining.
Professor Abo is number 6 in the citation of Cairo university (more than 7900
citation)
Prof. Hassanien won several awards including the Best Researcher of the Youth
Award of Astronomy and Geophysics of the National Research Institute, Academy
of Scientific Research (Egypt, 1990). He was also granted a scientific excellence
award in humanities from the University of Kuwait for the 2004 Award, and
received the superiority of scientific in technology - University Award (Cairo
University, 2013). Also He honored in Egypt as the best researcher in Cairo
University in 2013. He was also received the Islamic Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (ISESCO) prize on Technology (2014) and received the state
Award ( ‫جائزة‬‫الدولة‬ )for excellence in engineering sciences 2015. ‫حاصل‬‫على‬‫وسام‬‫العلوم‬
‫والفنون‬‫من‬‫الطبقة‬‫االولى‬‫من‬‫السيد‬‫عبد‬‫الفتاح‬‫السيسى‬‫رئيس‬‫الجمهورية‬. Holds the Medal (‫)وسام‬ of
Sciences and Arts from the first class from President Al-Sisi

41. Sources
**Slides are adapted from several
presentations on the internet as well as my
own slides. In addition, presentation on
Artificial Intelligence (AI) By Amina Irizarry-
Nones Anjali Palepu Merrick Wallaceown

42. THE END
Thank You